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My Study Notes for Journalism course
Citation preview
Intellect Explorer
Compiled by Gokul B.Alex
Thursday, April 13, 2023 2
Index
Archaeology Current Affairs General
Awareness General Science Geography History of
Journalism History Of Reading
Personalities & Quotes
Political Economy Sociology
Archaeology
Archaic indeed …
Thursday, April 13, 2023 4
El Mirador World’s largest ancient pyramid structure In the Peten jungle, Guatemala It has the remnants of the Mayan city
state Pre-Columbian inhabitants mined
limestone quarries here to make the Mayan temple
Mayan civilization collapsed mysteriously around the 9th century A.D.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 5
Hampi
A village in northern Karnataka state It is located within the ruins of
Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire
The name is derived from Pampa, which is the old name of the Tungabhadra River on whose banks the city is built
Hampi is identified with the historical Kishkindha, the Vanara (monkey) kingdom mentioned in the Ramayana.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 6
Hampi
Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base is located here
Thursday, April 13, 2023 7
Machu Picchu
A pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,430 metres above sea level.
Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472).
Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 8
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls.
it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham.
The Incas were masters of this technique, called ashlar, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar.
Current Affairs !
Always ticking …
Thursday, April 13, 2023 10
Indo-Czech Relations
The Bata shoe company originated in the erstwhile Czechoslovakia
Professor Vincenc Lesney of the Charles university was the first European to have translated Tagore’s verses directly from Bengali to Czech
President of the Czech Republic Vaclav Klaus committed his country’s support for India’s bid for security council membership
Thursday, April 13, 2023 11
Indo – Myanmar Relations
This month, New Delhi will extend a red carpet reception to the leader of Myanmar's junta, Senior General Than Shwe, who will be in India from July 25 to 29, his second visit in six years.
Tamanthi hydro-electric project between India & Myanmar
Naypyidaw – The Capital of Myanmar India awarded its highest civilian honor,
the Jawaharlal Nehru Award, to Aung San Suu Kyi in 1993
Thursday, April 13, 2023 12
Social Media Networks
Philippines President Benigno Aquino ||| announced that his government would use Facebook and Twitter to enlist public cooperation for government campaigns.
General Awareness
A Kaleidoscope
Thursday, April 13, 2023 14
Global Warming
The records show that 2010 has surpassed 1998 for the most record-breaking months in a calendar year, reports The Telegraph, Britain.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 15
Climate Change: Timeline
1979 – First climate conference 1987 – Brundtland commission
report 1989 – Montreal Protocol entered in
force 1995 – First COP (Berlin Mandate) 2002 – COP 8 held in New Delhi
Thursday, April 13, 2023 16
Climate Change
Earth’s surface temperature has risen by 0.76 degree Celsius since 1850
Projected global warming can cause a rise of sea levels of between 18 to 59 cm
Primary source of tetrafluromethane, an extremely potent greenhouse gas is the production of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina
Snow cover is decreasing in most regions, particularly in spring
Thursday, April 13, 2023 17
Climate Change
Kyoto protocol: Adopted in 1997 Annex-I countries to reduce the GHG emissions
by 5.2% below their 1990 levels There are Annex-1, Annex-2 and Developing
Countries 172 countries have signed it so far
France, the UK and Germany reduced GHG emissions by 7, 15 and 19 %
Canada, Spain and Turkey increased GHG Emissions by 50 % Emissions from USA increased by 16%
Thursday, April 13, 2023 18
Climate Change
Population of penguins are decreasing by 20 percent
IPCC was established in 1988 UNFCC was launched in 1992 at the
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and adopted in March, 1994
According to the IPCC, SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas
Thursday, April 13, 2023 19
Climate Change
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)- Provided under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol Enables developing countries to
participate in joint GHG migration projects
Carbon Trading – Incentivising the industrial units which pollute less
Thursday, April 13, 2023 20
Climate Change
Cyclone detection using Doppler Weather Radar Chennai and Kolkota are selected for
their use MONEX- Monsoon Experiment IONEX-Indian Ocean Experiment
Thursday, April 13, 2023 21
World Around Us
Fiji will have a new constitution by 2013 Korean Peninsula :-
38th parallel- Between South and North Korea Korean War started in 1950 North Korea is a signatory to the 1968 Nuclear
Non-proliferation Treaty All nations except India, Pakistan, Israel
and Cuba are parties to this treaty
General Science
A Life process …
Thursday, April 13, 2023 23
CERN
Located in the North west suburb of Geneva, in the France-Swiss border
Provides particle accelerators for high energy physics
World wide web originated here Started in 1952 Achievements
1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments.
1989: The determination of the number of light neutrino families at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 24
Space Projects Of India
Aditya-1, India’s first space-based solar coronagraph.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 25
Particle Physics
The W and Z⁰ bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak force.
The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model in particle physics.
At present there are no known elementary scalar (spin-0) particles in nature, although many composite spin-0 particles are known.
The term hadron refers to particles composed of quarks.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 26
Particle Physics
The Higgs boson would explain the difference between the massless photon, which mediates electromagnetism, and the massive W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak force.
Higgs mechanism was theorized in 1964
Thursday, April 13, 2023 27
God’s particle
The Higgs boson is often referred to as "the God particle" by the media, after the title of Leon Lederman's book, The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 28
Applied Chemistry
Benzene, Toluene and Xylene are known carcinogens They are Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH) Contained in Crude oil Possible contamination in Gulf of
Mexico oil spill
Thursday, April 13, 2023 29
Metric System
One barrel roughly is 160 litres
Geography
Earth matters most …
Thursday, April 13, 2023 31
El Nino
Ocean atmospheric phenomenon originating in the south of the equator in the Pacific ocean
Responsible for warm, wet conditions in Northern Peru and Ecuador in December – January
Accompanied by dry, drought like conditions in Australia and Indonesia
Thursday, April 13, 2023 32
Other Causes of Delayed Monsoon
ENSO : El Nino Southern Oscillations The atmospheric component of El Nino
and La Nina IOD – Indian Ocean Dipole
Effective all over Indian Ocean Responsible for the sea surface
temperature and wind anomalies occurring on inter-annual time scales
Thursday, April 13, 2023 33
Other Causes of Delayed Monsoon
PIOD – Positive IOD Causes a cooling of sea surface
temperatures in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean ( Off Java Island )
Brings drought in the Indonesian and Australian region
Western tropical Indian Ocean ( off the east coast of Africa ) experiences warming of the sea and hence the rainfall
Thursday, April 13, 2023 34
Other Causes of Delayed Monsoon
NIOD – Negative IOD Opposite of PIOD in effect
Concurrent El Nino – PIOD years Sea surface temp: in pre-monsoon
season was cooler leading to the delayed monsoon onset
Concurrent La Nina – NIOD years Sea surface temp: warmer leading to
an early monsoon onset
Thursday, April 13, 2023 35
Mount Everest
In 1865, Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society upon recommendation of Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India at the time.
By the same measure of base to summit, Mount McKinley, in Alaska, is also taller than Everest.
Mt. Everest has two main climbing routes, the southeast ridge from Nepal and the northeast ridge from Tibet,
History Of Reading
A Cognitive Analysis
Thursday, April 13, 2023 37
What makes a reading ?
Prior knowledge + Prediction = Comprehension
There are stages in the development of reading ability
Whether language based or knowledge based
Thursday, April 13, 2023 38
Analysing the reading
Reading is a means of language acquisition, communication and sharing ideas
Reading involves multiple intelligence The history of reading dates back to the
invention of writing in Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC
Personalities & Quotes
‘I speak, therefore I am’
Thursday, April 13, 2023 40
Kamala Surayya
She openly and honestly discussed and wrote about the sexual desires of Indian women, which made her an iconoclast of her generation
On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune.
Kamala Das was born in Punnayurkulam, Thrissur
first book, Summer In Calcutta was a promising start.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 41
Kamala Surayya
Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal
She wrote a few novels , among which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was received favourably by the reading public as well as the critics, stands out
In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections
Thursday, April 13, 2023 42
Kovilan
Kandanisseri Vattomparambil Velappan Ayyappan (9 July 1923 – 2 June 2010)
Malayalam Novelist Recipient of Ezuthachan puraskaram Born in Guruvayur, Thrissur He had worked in the Royal Indian Navy from
1943 to 1968 in the Corps of Signals. Novels
Thattakam (1995), Current Books, Thrissur Janmantharanngal (1982), Sahitya Pravrthaka Co-
opertaive Society Ltd., Kottayam Bharathan (1976), Poorna Publications, Calicut Thottanngal (1970), Current Books, Trissur
Thursday, April 13, 2023 43
MG Radhakrishnan
born on 8 August 1940 at Haripad, in Alappuzha district
was a disciple of Sree Vidyadhiraja Hridayanjali
In 1962, he joined All India Radio as music composer
His debut film as a music director was G. Aravindan's Thampu (1978).
The other major works by him include Adwaitham, Devasuram, Manichithrathazhu, Rakkuyilin Rajasadassil and Ananthabhadram
Thursday, April 13, 2023 44
Rupert Murdoch
Born in Australia, studies in Oxford The Adelaide News was Rupert Murdoch’s
base to launch into the global media empire he went on to create.
"I'm a catalyst for change … You can't be an outsider and be successful over 30 years without leaving a certain amount of scar tissue around the place." Rupert Murdoch
Thursday, April 13, 2023 45
Rupert Murdoch
In an effort to expand his television interests further in the United States Rupert Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985.
"The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small anymore. It will be the fast beating the slow." Rupert Murdoch
Thursday, April 13, 2023 46
Mass Society
‘Forward, let us range, Let the great world spin for ever
down the ringing grooves of change’ ( Tennyson, ‘Locksley Hall’ )
TS Eliot once asked ‘Where was the wisdom we have lost in knowledge and where the knowledge we have lost in information
Thursday, April 13, 2023 47
News
“News is what someone want to suppress. Everything else is advertising” Rubin Frank of NBC
Thursday, April 13, 2023 48
Jawaharlal Nehru
Said on the eve of independence “ The spirit of the age is in favour of equality, though practice denies it everywhere”
Thursday, April 13, 2023 49
Andre Beteille
The academician and social scientist, has observed that the Indian approach to inequality oscillates between the utopian and the fatalistic. In the utopian mode there is a call for removing all the inequalities in toto but in the fatalistic mode the Indian mindset says nothing will ever change except for the worse in India.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 50
Ryszard Kapuscinsky
Well known Polish journalist of the nineteenth century
Describes what happens in a crowd when Czar had a military parade outside Moscow
During the free bread distribution, stampede happens and crowd becomes so frantic that dead are seen moving with the alive
Political Economy
Matrix of evolution …
Thursday, April 13, 2023 52
World Economic Crisis 2008
1997 – Asian Tigers felt the heat of the economic crisis
After Dec 2007, USA lost 7 million jobs 2008 March – Bear Stearns was saved by
rival Morgan Chase Sept 2008 – Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, AIG
were saved by US govt October 2008
US Govt introduced the bail out BSE lost 1000 points a day
Thursday, April 13, 2023 53
Goods and Services Tax
The GST is an indirect tax that would replace existing levies such as excise duty, service tax, and value-added tax (VAT)
The reform would eliminate multiple indirect taxes levied by states and the central government
Leading to a reduction in the average tax burden on companies and a rise in the country's tax-to-GDP ratio.
Exports would not be subject to GST For the first two years of operation, the proposal is for two
rates both at the federal and state levels, converging to a single rate in the third year.
Direct taxes, such as income tax, corporate tax and capital gains tax would not be affected.
Increased compliance and fewer exemptions to GST would lift India's federal tax-to-GDP ratio from the 11.8 percent it currently estimates for the financial year 2012/13.
Reducing production costs would make exporters more competitive.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 54
Goods and Service Tax
For the first year: 10 percent and 6 percent. Depending on revenue collections and compensation handouts to states, the higher rate would come down to 9 percent in the second year, and the two rates would converge at 8 percent in the third year.
Asim Dasgupta, the chairman of the panel of state finance ministers, said alcohol, petroleum and electricity would not come under GST.
Goods deemed necessary or of basic importance would be taxed at a lower rate.
The GST is initially intended to be revenue-neutral Implementation of a comprehensive GST would lift India's
economy of over $1 trillion by between 0.9 percent and 1.7 percent,
Exports would rise by between 3.2 percent and 6.3 percent, while imports would increase 2.4 percent to 4.7 percent
Thursday, April 13, 2023 55
Global Recession
Factors: Easy monetary policies & Easy credit in
G7 Economies Bubble in asset prices Resultant deleveraging
Reactions Reducing interest rates Fiscal stimulus involving tax reductions
and spending
Thursday, April 13, 2023 56
Direct Tax Code
A New comprehensive definition of income that include prerequisites
Long term capital gains in the equity market are taken under taxation
Slashes both corporate and personal income taxes
Proposes to alter the structure of corporate tax exemptions by linking tax benefits to investment rather than profits
Thursday, April 13, 2023 57
Indian Economy
SEZ’s - under the current law, SEZ units are given 100% tax exemption on profits for the first five years and 50% on the next five years
In the year 2009 – 2010 India has exported 28 million tonnes of petroleum products against an import of 10 million tonnes.
IOC is the first and the highest ranked Indian company in the Fortune `Global 500’, placed at 116th position by sales in 2008.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 58
Inflation In India
Inflation rate for manufactured articles has increased in May 2010 to 6.41%, which was only 2.18% in May last year.
The growth rate of food grains during 1993-94 to 2003-04 was only 0.69% which further reduced to 0.32% during 2004-05 to 2009-10.
This meagre rate of growth of food grain should be compared with a population growth rate of 1.4%.
This inflation is aggravated by speculation in the commodity market.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 59
Inflation in India
As given by the RBI Bulletin of May 2010, India had a much higher rate of inflation than all the other developing countries like Brazil, China, Indonesia, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Russia, Thailand etc.
inflation hurts the poor only when the prices of commodities rise with respect to money wages/income.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 60
Inflation in India
Inflation hurts finance capital because it is concerned about the real rate of interest which is the difference between the nominal rate of interest and inflation.
If there is high inflation the real rate of interest gets reduced, thereby harming finance capital.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 61
Inflation in India
The idea that by bridging fiscal deficit inflation can be controlled is erroneous because fiscal deficit is positively related with inflation only in situation of full-capacity or full-employment both of which are absent in today's India.
Supply side constraints are leading to inflation every time growth picks up.
Effect of reducing subsidies, raising administered prices
Thursday, April 13, 2023 62
Inflation in India
PDS as a tool against speculation in the food market
Government suggested opening up the retail trade to combat inflation
Thursday, April 13, 2023 63
Oil Pricing Mechanism In India
Till the nationalisation of foreign oil companies i.e. Burma Shell, Caltex, and Esso, the pricing of petroleum products was done based on the international prices of the products.
This was known as import parity pricing system. In 1976, import pricing system was discontinued
and Administrative Pricing Mechanism (APM) was introduced as with continued increase in the domestic refining capacity, the share of imported products was coming down.
As per APM the actual cost of crude and refining cost of crude were assessed and a reasonable profit margin was ensured to the companies before fixing the price of products.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 64
Developing Countries
The share of the developing countries in the world’s income is only 20% while they carry 80% of the world population
They have only 10% of the advanced technological infrastructure
A Course on Print Journalism
11 July 2010 Onwards …
History Of Journalism
A bird’s eye view
Thursday, April 13, 2023 67
Ancient History of journalism
59 B.C.- Published in Rome. In the time of Julius Ceaser. Actuarii – State appointed reporter
713 – Mixed News. First newspaper published in China 1040 – In China, Pi Sheng invents printing from
movable woodblocks 1392 – Movable copper type is invented in Korea 1447 – Johann Gutenberg invents letterpress printing 1556 – Veneitian publishes Notize Scritte, readers
should pay a ‘gazetta’ a small coin 1844 – Telegraph invented 1851 – Reuters established 1903 – Alfred Harmsworth develops the first tabloid
newspaper, Daily Mirror in London 1994 – First on-line daily appears
Thursday, April 13, 2023 68
Nationalist Journalism
Balagangadhara Thilak, Gopalakrishna Gokhale 1905 – Militant movement 1907 – Muzzafpur Bomb case Seditious Meeting Bill 1905 1908 – Newspaper Act
Local authorities can take action against editors 1909 – Minto Morley Reform
More representation of Indian elected members 1910 – Newspaper Act Trial for sedition against Thilakan
Maratha Kesari – Edited by Thilakan Desasevak – From Nagpur Vandemataram – Aurbindo
New Path Doctrine Kaal – SM Paranjpe, Thilakan’s associate Jugandar, Sandhya- CR Das Bhupendra Nath Dutt – Brother Swami Vivekananda
Thursday, April 13, 2023 69
Nationalist journalism
Madan Mohan Malavya, Feroz Shah Mehta – Congress leaders supported Press freedom
Advocate of India – Feroz Shah Mehta Times Of India became moderate Indian Spectator – MM Malabari Bombay Chronicle – Benjamin Guy Horniman
Irish Editor Described TOI as ‘Old lady of Boribandhar’ Participated in the protest against Rowlett act
1915 – 1916 – Militant movement subsided 1916 – MK Gandhi attended the Lucknow Congress CY Chinthamani – Leader
Mouthpiece of the conservatives in congress
Thursday, April 13, 2023 70
Nationalist Journalism
Independent – By Syed Hussain George Joseph became the editor
MK Gandhi 1904 - Started first newspaper in South Africa ‘Indian Opinion’ Publishes in Tamil, Gujarati, English 1919 – Editor of Young India Navajeevan – Another paper edited by MK
Gandhi 1924-25 – Gandhiji Harijan
Mahadev Desai was the editor
Thursday, April 13, 2023 71
Nationalist Journalism
Annie Beasant – 1914 – started Madras Standard
Renamed it to ‘New India’ Indian Patriot – Karunakara Menon Justice paper – Edited by TM Nair Swarajya – T Praksom Sadhana – Started by Rabindra Nath
Tagore Swaraj – Bipin Chandra Pal
Thursday, April 13, 2023 72
Joseph Pulitzer
A Hungarian immigrant with few resources, Pulitzer rose to purchase the struggling New York World newspaper in 1883 after many successes in St. Louis.
Pulitzer used his newspapers to crusade for the rights of immigrants, the poor and the working class.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 73
History Of American Journalism
1690 – Public Occurrences from Boston – First newspaper in America Publisher was arrested and destroyed the copies
1704 - Boston News-letter – First successful newspaper by John Campbell, a post master
By 1783, end of war, there were 43 newspapers 1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed the press
freedom 1814 – 346 newspapers 1830’s – Advancements in paper making and
printing; led to explosion in newspaper; emergence of ‘Penny Press’ A copy one cent
Thursday, April 13, 2023 74
History of American Journalism
Yellow Journalism: In 1800’s, the headline wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
Use of sensationalistic, lurid stories, attention-grabbing banner headlines
Decline of yellow journalism coincided with the rise of journalism as a profession
Early newspapers in the US were highly partisan
Thursday, April 13, 2023 75
Impact of Industrial Revolution in American Newspapers
Number of papers and their paid circulation continued to rise
1850 census catalogued 2526 titles In 1850’s giant presses emerged First pictorial newspapers emerged During Civil War, demand for timely,
accurate news reporting transformed American journalism
By 1910, all the essential features of modern newspapers emerged
Thursday, April 13, 2023 76
History of American Journalism
Pennsylvania Gazette – Benjamin Franklin American Mercury – Andrew Bradford 1720 – New England Current 1780 – 1st Amendment to American constitution 1735 - John Peter Zenger in NewYork Weekly
Journal – Not guilty of seditious libel- Found not guilty by Jurors
By 1750’s Political Newspapers emerged 1754 – First cartoon in Pennsylvania Gazette 1783 – Pennsylvania Evening Post becomes the
first American daily newspaper Frederic Hudson – Father of American journalism
Thursday, April 13, 2023 77
History of Indian Journalism
1780 – Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Adviser by James Augustus Hickey
1785 - The Madras Courier by Richard Hudson 1878 – The Hindu was founded Raja Ram Mohan Roy
1820’s The Brahmanical Magazine in English The Sambad Kaudi, in Bengali Mirat-ul-Akhbar in Persian
Bombay Samachar – 1822, Fardoonji Murzban Gujarati Daily
By 1870’s Vernacular papers grew in strength 1878, Vernacular Press Act 1936, All India Radio
Thursday, April 13, 2023 78
History of British Journalism
1620 – First coranto in English 1641 – Abolition of Star Chamber, measure of
press freedom First reporting of Parliament
1643 – Rivalary between Royalist and Parliamentarian newspapers
1655 – Cromwell restores licensing system and suppresses all newspapers except Mercurius Politicus
1665 – Oxford Gazette founded. Became London Gazette in February 1666. World’s oldest surviving periodical
1693 – Ladies Mercury founded, the first women’s magazine
Thursday, April 13, 2023 79
History of British Journalism
1702 – Daily Courant founded. First daily newspaper. Ceased published in 1735.
1704 – Weekly Review by Daniel Defoe.
1709 – First CopyRight Act. 1785 – Daily Universal Register
founded by John Walter. Became the Times on 1788.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 80
Where it began
1456- Invention of printing using movable types by Gutenberg He developed a punch and mold system He was a gold smith
However, Movable type was originally invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 to 1048 He used clay type Wang Zang later used wood type
Arabs had paper mill in Bagdad as early as AD 794 First printing press in a Muslim territory opened in
Andalusia in the 1480s.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 81
Martin Luther and Reformation
1483 – 1546, a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation
Strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money
The 95 Theses were quickly translated from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press.
Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe.
his was excommunicated by the pope and condemned as an outlaw by the emperor as he was reluctant to retract his statements
Thursday, April 13, 2023 82
Martin Luther and Reformation
His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible
Tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of
the German language Added several principles to the art of translation Influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible In the first three critical years after Luther posted his 95
Theses in Wittenberg, from 1517 to 1520, Luther published 30 pamphlets and flooded Germany with 400 000 copies.
By 1523, half of all the printed works in Germany were Luther’s works.
In 1517 there were about 24 printing centres in Europe.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 83
Gutenberg’s contribution
Perfected oil-based ink Devised a mould of metal prism
matrices Devised punch-stamped typeface
moulds Devised punch cutting, matrix
fitting, type casting and composing
Thursday, April 13, 2023 84
Timeline
59 BC – News sheets known as Acta Diurna were posted in public places in Rome.
Acta Diurna – Means Daily Activity Contained Govt: and military developments Regarding births, deaths, sports
HMD Pages – Hatch, Match, Despatch AD 868 – Wang Cheih published a book from blocks. It
is the oldest printed book. Marco Polo described Chinese printing methods when
he returned to Venice from East in 1295. 1476 – William Caxton set up the first printing press in
England PAO – Report, 1618, Another Newspaper First reference to Kerala- Asoka rock edict
Thursday, April 13, 2023 85
16th Century Forerunners
Newsletters Handwritten Publications used to ring Industrial
fares Ex: Fuggers, Fogli Di Avissi, a newsletter from Venice, 1563
About the war with Turky Newsbooks
Pamphlets About one particular event of the time or day Not a daily or weekly About Crime, Politics etc
Battle of Ploddenfield, war between England & Scotland
Thursday, April 13, 2023 86
17th Century
Saw the invention of newspapers Different characterization of newspaper
A miscellaneous source of information Topical-relevant to that particular point of the time Element of regularity
Nieuwe Tijdinghen – One of the first newspaper South Netherlands newspaper
Flemish Newspaper by Abraham Verhoeven Dutch were the richest countries during those times Netherland become the centre of newspapers
Dutch papers were called ‘Corantos’ Almost all newspapers in the world were called by this
name Slowly power concentrated in Britain 1600, Establishment of East India Company
Thursday, April 13, 2023 87
17th Century
Newspapers were linked with urban sector Age of Pen and Sword Lot of wars in this period Impact of Colonialism Portuguese helped the spread of Christianity 1621, Thomas Archer was the first to start a newspaper
in England He was imprisoned
License act came into being Introduced by Nathaniel Butler Translations of Dutch creations
Decree of Star Chamber, 1632 Withdrawn in 1641 and age of free journalism began
Thursday, April 13, 2023 88
17th Century
Age of Mercuries Partisan journalism Almost all newspapers had the prefix ‘Mercury’ Mercury – Messenger God Mercuries Politicus, Mercurius Civics, Mercurius
Academicus 1651, John Milton was the editor of Mercurius Politicus Mercurius Civicus had full of illustrations 1662, Licensing act 1688, Newspapers began to flourish 1649, Parliament won the war against the royalists Oliver Cromwell became the ruler
Banned all newspapers except two owned by him Marc Mond The royalty came after Cromwell
Thursday, April 13, 2023 89
18th Century
Imperial power was at its peak Called the ‘Twilight of Princes’ Right of the individual French Revolution
Common man in power Enlightenment
Scepticism, Rationalism, Science and Logic
Adam smith and importance of individual
1702-1735, First Daily, Daily Courant
Thursday, April 13, 2023 90
18th century
1712 – Stamp Duty to control the radical press Robinson Crusoe, First novel 1740, Pamela, Samuel Richardson 1749, Ton Jones – Henry Fielding Universalization of education in Britain Daily Universal Register – John Walter Daniel Defoe wrote the editorial for the first
time Review was his newspaper
Magazine journalism Spectator- Richard Steele, The Tatler – Joseph
Addison
Thursday, April 13, 2023 91
19th Century
1813, Charter Act : Removed some of the chief institutional
restrictions to private trade, both English and Indian, the former enjoying privileged conditions.
1815, Waterloo 1835, Macaulay minute
English as the medium of instruction To create an intermediary social class
Dreyfus affair : In France Emile Zola wrote the letter to save Alfred
Dreyfus
Thursday, April 13, 2023 92
American Journalism
17th century 1773 - Boston Gazette, By James
Franklin 1735 - John Peter Zenger ‘ New York
Weekly Journal’
Thursday, April 13, 2023 93
Timeline
1400 - Technique of printing with wooden blocks arrived in Europe from the far east
Wine presses had been used in the Rhine valley since the days of the Roman empire
1460 - Printers ink invented 1500 – Handbill began to replace the town
criers 1600 – Screw press was improved
Thursday, April 13, 2023 94
Timeline
1621- Primitive news sheets known as Corantos appeared in England
1665 – Publication of Oxford Gazette 1681 – Benjamin Harris published a
periodical in America 1704 – First Newsletter in America ‘Boston
Newsletter’ was launched John Campbell was the editor
New England in America was the birth place of the American newspaper
Thursday, April 13, 2023 95
Timeline
1600 – The printed medium changed the advertisements from announcements to persuasion
Newspapers first flourished in Germany where authority was weak
1799 – Printing by lithography was invented by an Austrian printer Alois Senefelder. He found that flat, fine-grained limestone surface could be used for printing
Thursday, April 13, 2023 96
Timeline
Early 19th century – Reproduction was better if the ink was transferred to the paper via a rubber blanket instead of directly from the stone. This became called ‘offsetting’.
1803 – Machine paper began to replace hand-made paper. The first paper machine was invented by Nicholas Louis Robert at the Essonnes Mill, France
Tudor controlled the English press
Thursday, April 13, 2023 97
Timeline
First Tabloid – Daily Mail by Alfred Hamsworth Started Daily Mirror in 1903 Daily Mirror for women – first tabloid
William Howard Russel – First war currespondant News Agencies
1835 - Charles Havas in Paris 1846 – US v/s Mexico war
New York Associated Press 1851 – Paul Julius Reuter in London
Bernard Woff in Berlin 1870 – First Agency Treaty Second Agency Treaty
Between AP and Reuters
Thursday, April 13, 2023 98
American Press
The Courant of James Franklin Mercury Weekly – 1719
Another postmaster paper Defended James Franklin Printed the controversial ‘Cato Letters’ By Andrew Bradford
Franklin took over the management of the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729
Thursday, April 13, 2023 99
American Press
More than half of the 2120 newspapers established between 1690 and 1820 expired before they were two years old
Only 34 lasted a generation New York Sun – In 1833, launched by a
young printer, Ben Day in his hand press and sold for a penny
1883 – Joseph Pulitzer bought “The New York World”
Thursday, April 13, 2023 100
American Press
1895 – William Hearst bought the “New York Journal”
Morril Goddard – Famous “Sunday” journalist for whom Hearst and Pulitzer matched dollars
Thursday, April 13, 2023 101
Yellow Kid
The Yellow Kid emerged as the lead character in Hogan's Alley, drawn by Richard F. Outcault, which became one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper
Thursday, April 13, 2023 102
Indian Press
1674 – East India Company installed a printing press in Mumbai
James Augustus Hicky – Launched the first English newspaper in India in 1780 It was named Bengal Gazette alias
Calcutta General Advisor It annoyed Warren Hastings
Thursday, April 13, 2023 103
Indian Press
Indian Gazette – contemporary of Bengal Gazette Owned by Peter Read and B.Messinck
Madras Courier – The first newspaper in Chennai (1785) Founded by Richard Johnson Censorship was first introduced in
Chennai in 1795
Thursday, April 13, 2023 104
Indian Press
Bombay Herald – Mumbai’s first newspaper (1789)
In Mumbai and Chennai, newspapers tried to appease the Company
William Duane – Acquired Bengal Journal (1791) In conflict with the Company
Bengal Harkaru – By Dr.Charles Maclean Asiatic Mirror – By Rt: Samuel James Bryce
Thursday, April 13, 2023 105
James Silk Buckingham
Founded “Calcutta journal” Edited his paper fearlessly in 1823, when
he was deported John Adam, the Governor General was behind
this In England, he started “Oriental Herald” He started “Athenaeum” for serious
literary criticism of the mass of books
Thursday, April 13, 2023 106
Block Printing
Pressing sheets of paper onto individually carved wooden blocks (xylography) Believed to be originated in Asia A Buddhist sutra dated AD 750-751
from a Korean pagoda excavation is the oldest printed work
Thursday, April 13, 2023 107
Movable type
Came about in AD 1234 during the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea by Chwe Yun-Ui
Oldest extant movable metal print book is the Jikji, printed in Korea in 1377
Gutenberg is credited with the first use of the soya-based ink He created the movable type from an alloy of
lead, tin and antimony
Thursday, April 13, 2023 108
Printing in the Industrial age
1812- Steam powered press : By Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer
1833 – Rotary Press: Richard M. Hoe of USA
Jobbing press- quick setup and quick production
Led to the decline of the Latin language
Thursday, April 13, 2023 109
World’s oldest !
A newspaper that was begun in 1645 in Stockholm still appears and thus the credit ungrudgingly goes to it for being the world’s oldest known continuously published newspaper.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 110
First Daily Newspaper !
The first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, appeared in 1702 and continued publication for more than 30 years. Its first editor was also the first woman in journalism, although she was replaced after only a couple of weeks.
Kerala Culture
Thursday, April 13, 2023 112
Kerala Newspapers
Mahabharatam Translation – Kodungaloor Kunnhikuttan Tampuran
Mahabharatham Prose translation – K Prakasom
Rajyasamacharam – By Herman Gundert
Kerala Pathrika – P.Kunnhirama Menon
Thursday, April 13, 2023 113
Kerala Newspapers
Kerala Sanchari - Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Vadakkan Kesari
Swadeshabhimani (edited by K. Ramakrishna Pillai and published by Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi)
Mithavadhi (edited by Moorkkoththu Kumaran and later by C. Krishnan)
Mathrubhumi (founded and edited initially by K. P. Kesava Menon)
Malayala Manorama (founded and edited initially by Kandathil Varghese Mappila)
Thursday, April 13, 2023 114
Kerala Culture
Mahodayapuram – Old name of Kodungallur
Swapna Vasavadatham – By Bhasan in 4th century
Sangam literature – Avvayar, Andar Reign of Chera Kingdom ended in 12th
century Mavelikkara, Thakazhi, Karumadi –
Centers of Buddhism Kapilavasthu – In Nepal
Thursday, April 13, 2023 115
Kerala culture
Venad – From Aaruvamozhi to Edava 1884 – 1915- Kerala renaissance
Vakom Abdulkhadar Moulavi 1915 – 1937 – Emergence of Communist Party in
Kerala First trade union – K.P.Kesavadev First Book in Malayalam is : Samkshepa
Vedartham Samkshepa Vedartham is written by : Clement
Piyanus Pathiri in A.D. 1772 Huang Tsang a Chinese Traveler visited Kerala in :
A.D. 630 Italiam Traveller Marco Polo visited Kerala in : A.D.
1292
Thursday, April 13, 2023 116
Kerala Culture
Kundara Proclamation was made by Veluthampi in the year : A.D. 1809
Mahodayapuram was the Capital of : Kulasekharas Mamankom held during the reign of Samoothiri of
Kozhikode at : Thirunavaya in Malappuram Districts Name of the Ship in which Vascoda Gama came : Saint
Gabriel St. Thomas came to Kerala in : A.D.52 The Capital City of Venad Kingdom was : Kollam The only Muslim Kingdom in Kerala was the : Arakkal
Kingdom Who established the Chala Bazar in Thiruvanathapuram
: Raja Kesavadas Who was the first Britisher to come to Kerala : Captain
Keeling
Thursday, April 13, 2023 117
Kerla Culture
1917 – Champthur Chinnamu Amma – First detective novel
1824 – Cherupaithangalude Upakaraartham Englishil ninnum paribhashapedthiya kadhakal, Benjamin Baily
1834 – Government Press began in Kerala First short story – Vasana Vikruthi First verse in Malayalam – Ramacharitham by
Cheeraman Ayurvedam began in 5th century AD Ashatangahridayam - Vagbhadan
Thursday, April 13, 2023 118
Kerala Mathematics
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Malabar, Kerala, South India,
Its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar.
The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632).
Business Reporting
Thursday, April 13, 2023 120
Terms
PMS – Portfolio Management Services SLR – Statutory Liquidity Ratio – Min 25%, At present 30%
Section 24 of the Banking regulation act, 1949 CRR – Cash Reserve Ratio, Min 5%,
Can be made up to 15% (CRR), the percentage of cash banks must keep in reserve with the
RBI AMC – Asset Management Companies
More diversification, liquidity of assets than individual companies
Depository Services NSDL – National Security Depository Ltd: CDSL – Central Depository Services Ltd:
NPA – Non-Performing Assets an asset which is not producing income
Thursday, April 13, 2023 121
Terms
DEMAT Depository Participants ETGF - Exchange Rate Gold Fund
SEBI – Security Exchange Board of India Overdraft is issued only for Current Account
holders Financial Market
Money Market, short term supply and demand Treasury Bills, Purchase Bill Organized Un-organized
Capital Market, long term supply and demand Shares and debentures
Thursday, April 13, 2023 122
Terms
Open market operations the means of implementing monetary policy a central bank controls in an economy
the short term interest rate the supply of base money indirectly the total money supply
VCF – Venture Capital Fund Gets only dividend, no interest
Repo ( Repurchase ) Rate Rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI
Reverse Repo Rate Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks.
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition For processing cheques Can be read by humans
ECS – Electronic Clearing System
Thursday, April 13, 2023 123
Terms
ADR – American Depository Receipt A negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank
representing a specific number of shares of a foreign stock traded on a U.S. stock exchange.
ADRs make it easier for Americans to invest in foreign companies, due to the widespread availability of dollar-denominated price information, lower transaction costs, and timely dividend distributions.
GDR – Global Depository Receipt A bank certificate issued in more than one country
for shares in a foreign company. EDR – European Depository Receipt IDR – Indian Depository Receipt
Thursday, April 13, 2023 124
Types of Bank
Exim bank – Export Import Bank SIDBI – Small Industrial Development Bank of India IDBI – Industrial Development Bank of India NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development Urban Bank
Medium and long term financial needs of industries Commercial Bank
Provides credit for trade, industries and commerce Mobilizes saving of the people
Scheduled Bank Having paid up capital and reserve more than 5 lakh
Central Cooperative Banks
Thursday, April 13, 2023 125
Sports Reporting - Profile
Saina Nehwal Born March 17, 1990 Currently ranked number 2 in the world by
Badminton World Federation Saina is the first Indian girl to reach the singles
quarterfinals at the Olympics The first Indian to win the World Junior
Badminton Championships. Saina Nehwal made history on June 21, 2009,
becoming the first Indian to win a Super Series tournament, by clinching the Indonesia Open with a stunning victory over higher-ranked Chinese Wang Lin in Jakarta.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 126
Saina Nehwal
Saina won her second career Super Series title by winning the Singapore Open title on June 20, 2010.
She completed a hat-trick in the same year by winning the Indonesian Open on June 27, 2010.
Saina was born in Hisar, Haryana and has spent her entire life in city of Hyderabad, India.
Currently coached by Indonesian badminton legend Atik Jauhari since August 2008
The former All England champion and national coach Pullela Gopichand being her mentor
Thursday, April 13, 2023 127
Saina Nehwal - History
Her foray into the world of badminton was influenced by her father Dr. Harvir Singh, a scientist at the Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad and her mother Usha Nehwal, both of whom were former badminton champions in Haryana.
Harvir Singh and Saina, who was 8 years old at the time, would wake at 4am every morning and head to the stadium which was 25 km away. After two hours of practice, Singh would drop Saina at school on his way to work.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 128
Saina Nehwal
Saina is the reigning Under-19 national champion.
Saina Nehwal was rewarded with Arjuna award in August, 2009 and her coach Gopichand was also rewarded with Dronacharya award at the same time.
Saina has been awarded with Padma Shri award in January 2010.
Saina is brand ambassador of Deccan Chargers, an Indian Premier League team owned by Deccan chronicle.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 129
Uber Cup
The Uber Cup, sometimes called the World Team Championships for Women, is a major international badminton competition contested by women's national badminton teams.
First held in 1956-1957 and contested at three year intervals, it has been contested every two years since 1984 when its scheduled times and venues were merged with those of Thomas Cup,
Science Reporting
26 July 2010
Thursday, April 13, 2023 131
Chandrayan-1
Lunar Remote sensing satellite It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment
for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies.
It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota,
Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar
orbit on 8 November 2008 On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe
separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter
Thursday, April 13, 2023 132
Chandrayan -1
Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 percent of its planned objectives
The estimated cost for the project was Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million)
The US Space agency’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected the enormous crater - the South Pole -Aitken basin - that was created when an asteroid smacked into moon’s southern hemisphere shortly after the formation of moon
Chandrayaan's Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis, meaning that the moon was once completely molten.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 133
Chandrayan 2
To be launched in 2013, using GSLV includes a lunar orbiter made in
India as well as one lander and one rover built by Russia.
will look at powering the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter with nuclear energy.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 134
PSLV
It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 135
GSLV
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) initiated in 1990
GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launchers
The GSLV improved on the performance of the PSLV with the addition of liquid strap-on boosters and a cryogenic upper stage.
It is a three-stage launch vehicle with the first stage being solid-propelled, the second liquid-propelled (with hypergolic fuels) and the final stage being liquid propelled as well (with cryogenic fuels).
The solid first and liquid second stages are carried over from the PSLV.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 136
GSLV failure
GSLV D3 Mission fails The cost of the mission was Rs 330 crore. The failure will impact India's efforts at launching its
own communication satellites, its first manned space flight and the planned launch of Chandrayan 2 in 2012.
The first stage separates and the second stage, powered by a liquid engine takes over, while the heat shield is shed.
At an altitude of about 130 kilometres, the second stage separates and the all-important cryogenic engine takes over. Using very cold liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as fuel, this special engine helps launch heavier satellites into space.
Editing Basics
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Editing basics
Chief sub-editor does the make up design of a newspaper
News comes first, design follows to present it well
Morning v/s Evening newspapers Dinathanthi - First Indian newspaper to
cross 1 crore circulation Ingredients of designing a page
Photograph, type and whitespace
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Choice Areas
Right hand pages attract higher readership than left hand pages
The top of a page commands more attention than the bottom
Editors regard the upper right-hand corner of the right page as the most preferred choice, followed by left hand half of left hand pages
Editors balance the bottom with a good photograph or a large head stretching over a story over several columns
Thursday, April 13, 2023 140
Principles of Design and layout
Basic principles of newspaper design Make the product attractive, saleable proposition to give the paper an identity
What kind of readership is sought Have a typographical identity
Page proportion Photographic enlargements are usually 5*7 or 8*10
inches 3*5 inch proportion was used by ancient Greek
architects Square page is not used for two dimensional graphic
materials as it does not suggest movement or change
Thursday, April 13, 2023 141
Elements of layout
Column Rule Logo Headline Photo/picture Text/copy Caption Cartoon Boxes Drop letter Raise letter Colour tint Whitespace
Thursday, April 13, 2023 142
Aspects of Layout
Horizontal is heavier than vertical Left is heavier than right Line of force adds weight in that
direction Eye Movements
Human eye enter a page at the top left corner
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Principles of Design and layout
Balance Unbalanced page is an unstable page Balanced page is harmonious But the excitement of news comes from its
unpredictability Sum of optical weights should be equal Optical centre is the imaginary centre line
slightly 1/10 above the geometrical line Colour and shape affect optical weights Farther the element is from the centre, more
weight it has
Thursday, April 13, 2023 144
Principles of Design and layout
Contrast – Juxtaposition of dissimilar elements Accentuation of an element in a page Used in headline typography
To differentiate different stories Use of box items, graphics and illustrations Interplay of heavy matter with empty spaces to
highlight news items Type-Type contrast using heavy and light
headline alternatively Type – Whitespace contrast
Thursday, April 13, 2023 145
Principles of Design and layout
Unity – Same family of fonts used to achieve this Illustrations and type must be compatible Elements must not be crowded
Eye movement Primary Optical Area Line of Reading Gravity – The line from the top
left to the bottom right Balancing weights are distributed top to
bottom, rather than quarter to quarter
Thursday, April 13, 2023 146
Principles of Design and layout
Sometimes a strong focus is more important than balance
Especially on feature pages Each quarter of the page should have at least one good
large headline If there is a photograph at the bottom of the page it
should be balanced by a bigger one at the top with a headline which is heavy
Give at least one dominating story with a large headline on each page
No photograph should touch an advertisement Photograph at the exact centre should be avoided
rather it should be given at the optical centre A multi-column item should never be put immediately
next to another multi-column one
Thursday, April 13, 2023 147
Principles of Design and layout
Advertisements can be balanced with photographs, box items or thick headlines
Purpose of Layout Help the leader to locate the news
Steps in Layout Thumbnail sketches
Graphically preserve ideas Visually portray ideas Choice among two three designs
Methods of preparation Rough layout
Improvement or refine thumb nail sketch Comprehensive layout
Thursday, April 13, 2023 148
Principles of Design and layout
Types of layout Top-and-bottom balance layout
Centre part is ignored Off-balance layout
Page is divided into four areas Heaviest item is always at the top
Broken page layout Concept of balance Breaking the monotony Small items with heavy single column
headline is useful
Thursday, April 13, 2023 149
Principles of Design and layout
Types of layout Centre balance layout
Focus is on centre Front page of the newspaper can be seldom
done this way Stepped layout
Staircase from larger ones to smaller ones Heavy headlines step down to lighter Known as pyramid
Free-Style layout No balance, no limitation of headline types
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Principles of Design and layout
Vertical layout Most of the stories run into single columns Narrow or thin photographs are used Not favoured by many
Horizontal Layout Multi-column headlines Single columns are few Deep photographs
Make up and layout Layout is a trailer Make up is the final plan
Irregular makeup Square makeup Square make up offers more whitespace
Thursday, April 13, 2023 151
Principles of Design and layout
Line of force adds weight in that direction
Windows One or two words at the end of a
paragraph which are carried over to the top of the next columns
Thursday, April 13, 2023 152
Rules for Headline writing
Get a verb into the headline Change passive to active Don’t use many jargons Don’t use obscure words Don’t use too many abbreviations and
punctuations When quotes are used, always give attribution Don’t cram much into headlines Don’t labour for smart headlines Don’t laugh at a tragedy Avoid opinion headlines Don’t break lines unnaturally
Thursday, April 13, 2023 153
Photograph should have a sense
Very important in the age where attention is transient Good taste Readership profile Decapitated body Invasion of privacy Line of force principle When there is no picture, use
Graphic Caricature Tint Hanging indent Bullet Drop letter / Raise letter
Thursday, April 13, 2023 154
Rules for Headline writing
Headline as a Science Whitespace Headline collision Bumpheading or tombstoning
Headline types Left flush Right flush Centralised
Thursday, April 13, 2023 155
Rules in Caption writing
Must provide supplementary information
Must not overwrite Must identify people and relevant
things Must match the typographical
pattern of the newspaper
Thursday, April 13, 2023 156
Terms
Banger – Elimination point Banner – Line of ribbon or streamer or headline
across or top of all or most of the newspaper page Bcopy – the bottom section of a story written
ahead of an event that will occur too close to the deadline for the entire story to be processed
Break – When a news development becomes known and available The point of introduction in a story from one page to
another Brite – Shot amusing story
Thursday, April 13, 2023 157
Terms
Bull dog – Early edition or first edition Byline – Name of the reporter who wrote the
story, published at the top Clip – Newspaper cutting used for future Copy desk – The desk used by copy editors to
read the copy Crony journalism – Reporting that ignores or
treats lightly negative news about reporters or editors
Cropping – Eliminate a material from the story, unwanted portion from a photograph Known otherwise as Masking
Thursday, April 13, 2023 158
Terms
Cutline – Any descriptive or explanatory material under a picture
Column closes – small item used to fill space Dateline – Name or date of the city Dirty copy – With lot of mistakes Daily copy – A version of newspaper edition a day Flag – Printer title of a newspaper on page one Filler – Material used to fill the space Good night – Before leaving for the day, beat
reporters check with dark and give a good night, which means there is nothing further for the day
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Terms
Handout – Handwritten copy by agent Hard news – Spot story Headshot / Mugshot – A photo with only face Jump or run-over – Continuation of a story from
one page to another Kill – To delete a section or entire story Make up / layout / design Mast head – Formal statement of a newspapers
officers, place of publication and other descriptive information
Overnight – Story usually written late of night for the afternoon newspapers for the next day
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Terms
Play – Amplify a small story Rawback – A story that attempts to collect a previous
story without indicating that the prior story had been erratic
Running story – A period of story; event that is covered over a period or time
Shirtale – short fill up; short related story all to the end of a longer one
Slant – To influence the reader’s thinking Slug – Word or words placed on all copies to identify the
story Stringer – Not a regular staff member who is paid by
the story Trim – Reduce or condense the copy carefully
Thursday, April 13, 2023 161
Characteristics of a sub-editor
A perpetually replenished fund of GK
A sure grasp of language Knowledge of production process –
time management A tidy mind to avoid clutter Two types of sub-editors
Mechanical Intelligent
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Sub-editing techniques
Check the names, address, figures and other story (facts) Check and put right or wrong Any errors of grammar, spelling, and structure Check for legality, if necessary referring queries to the office lawyer Edit the story to the length needed for the page, cutting the copy or
collating copy from a number of source into one story Rewrite any part or all of the story as needed to reduce it to length or
bring it to the standard required Prepare the story for the press by typing up Write a headline to the chosen type Write any caption needed to go with the story Rewise the story in length and context for editors in the light of new
information or change in position in the paper Ensure that all these procedures are carried out to meet page and
editor deadline Translation
Thursday, April 13, 2023 163
Requirements for a good lead
Intro should be direct Should be unambiguous or uncluttered Self contained Never start with subsidiary clauses Never start with number or digit Never start with the name of official bodies Only rarely start with quotes Do not get too obsessed with length of intro Each word should count for making it attractive Intro should highlight the salient or most interesting part of
the story It should not start with time and place It should avoid the use of abbreviations whenever possible
and either spell out organizations in full or use a general reference such as the doctors, teachers etc
Public Relations
Thursday, April 13, 2023 165
Terms
Logo Crisis Management Risk Management House Journal Employee Relations Manual VNR: Video News Release ANR: Audio News Release Writing a Press release
Inverted pyramid style Eye catching headline Fundamental tool of PR work Written statement distributed to the media
Thursday, April 13, 2023 166
Terms
E-zine Double page spread FUD – Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt Ink – Space devoted to a company Mind share: Amount of thinking an
individual does about a company Reactive PR / Proactive PR Sig File – Signature block, tagging a
company USP – Unique Selling Proposition
Thursday, April 13, 2023 167
Basics
Techniques of PR Publicity Direct
communication Collateral literature Speeches
Crisis management
Reputation management
Issue management Investor relations Labour relations Grassroots PR
Thursday, April 13, 2023 168
Public Relation
Public opinion Communication Management Function PR is a two way
Mutual understanding Corporate Public image organization Sphere of influence of an organization The tool to improve the communication with people
PR is a propaganda to impose a point of view PR is not a direct sale PR is not a paid advertising PR is RACE
Research Action Communication Evolution
Thursday, April 13, 2023 169
Public Relation Reports
Public relation is not a paid news Public relation is a public content Not factual information alone Duties of PR
Image building Speech writing Editing Media relations Conducting Press Meets
Thursday, April 13, 2023 170
The Benefits & Disadvantages of Hiring Consultants
Advantages You get special expertise You use them as needed You save on tax contributions You save on benefits You have flexibility in the relationship You can terminate them easier than terminating
employees But using contractors/consultants can have its own set
of disadvantages: You may not have the same continuity in the relationship
as you would have with an employee You may have to pay high fees to the consultant You have limited control over the consultant You run the risk of tax problems if the consultant in fact
operates like an employee
Thursday, April 13, 2023 171
PR Opportunities in different media
Newspapers – news release, facts Magazines – News as feature Book Publishing Radio – Public announcements Television
Guest appearance Silent publicity Demonstration
Film PRO Corporate video
Objective Target Audience Time factor is very important, contact
Tourism
Thursday, April 13, 2023 172
Difference between Journalism & PR
In journalism, news is edited In PR, news should be creative Development journalism is a PR
Thursday, April 13, 2023 173
PR Organizational Structure
Pres CEO PR Manager
Creative services Advertising Audio Visual unit Web
Accounts Marketing
Sales promotion Administration
HR Legal
Research Polling Retrieval
Thursday, April 13, 2023 174
PR Methodology
Goals Objectives Strategy Tactics Target audience Public relations can add
credibility/authority, create an opportunity to probe new markets for your product/service less expensively than advertising
Thursday, April 13, 2023 175
Difference between PR and Ad
With public relations your control of the message is more limited than with advertising.
There is no guarantee of frequency, how often or how many times your message will appear, or placement, where your message will appear.
With public relations a reporter/editor is being "sold" a story. Even if the reporter "buys" the story, there is no guarantee of how or when he will use the story.
However, PR has the advantage of third-party credibility. People tend to believe what they read much more than the ads they see.
In fact, studies show that a reader is seven times more likely to respond to PR than to advertising and that articles written by reporters are four times more believable than advertisements
Thursday, April 13, 2023 176
Public Relation Types
Business-increasing PR Fund raising PR Enhancing Public image Public information Special Events
Thursday, April 13, 2023 177
PR tools
Print media Press release Photograph Case histories Interviews Brochure Posters and calendars Written speech Events Letters to the editor Corporate Advertising Internet E-mail Audio-Visual Special events
Advertising
Thursday, April 13, 2023 179
Advertising Agency Structure
Board of directors Chairman President
Director creative services Copy Chief
Writer Art Supervisor
Art Director Director Account Services
Account Supervision Account Executive
Director Marketing Services Media Director
Media Buyer V.P. Management and Finance
Office Management
Thursday, April 13, 2023 180
Advertising Agency Structure
Accounts management department Accounts planning (strategy) department Internal services department
Traffic Department Creative department Print production department Human resource department Finance department
Media planning department
Thursday, April 13, 2023 181
Advertising Objectives
Trial The purpose of the trial objective is to encourage customers to
make an initial purchase of a new product. Companies will typically employ creative advertising strategies in order to cut through other competing advertisements. The reason is simple: Without that first trial of a product by customers, there will not be any repeat purchases.
Continuity Existing customers are targeted and are usually provided new and
different information about a product that is designed to build consumer loyalty.
Brand Switching A common strategy is for a company to compare product price or
quality in order to convince customers to switch to its product brand.
Switchback A company might highlight new product features, price
reductions, or other important product information in order to get former customers of its product to switchback.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 182
Advertising Objectives
Personal selling Sales promotion Publicity Public relation convey availability of a "product" provide information regarding the
product. This can stimulate demand for the product
persuade people to buy the product
Thursday, April 13, 2023 183
Media Choice
Product or service Target audience Media Budget Depending on the target segment Their most preferred medium most potential point of time Go with the season Other factors
Frequency Spread Cost per thousand. Cost per rating point Selectivity Gross rating points (GRPs) are used to estimate broadcast
reach and frequency from tabulations and formulas
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Different Media Choice
Television Wide range Greatest influence Short but long lasting
Radio Easy to plan and produce Cheap
Newspapers Easy to plan Quick to appear Cheap Specific and visible ads
Thursday, April 13, 2023 185
Advertising Creativity
Creative Parameters Conceptual fluency Originality Avoiding Pre-conditional judgements Impulses Fantasy Skill and imagination
Creative Objectives Learning
Awareness and comprehension Attitude
Evaluation and conviction Behaviour
Action
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Basic Objectives of Media plan
Defining the marketing problem Translating the marketing requirements
into attainable media objectives. Defining a media solution by formulating
media strategies. Plan about the target audience
Classification in terms of age, sex, income, education, occupation
Select the right media-mix Combination of advertising channels
employed in meeting the promotional objectives of a marketing plan or campaign.
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Press advertisement
Heading Sub heading Visual Body copy Ingredients Company name and address Statement
Thursday, April 13, 2023 188
Video Advertisement
Evolve a Concept Frame by frame description
Thursday, April 13, 2023 189
Marketing Management
The practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities
Level, timing, and composition of customer demand
Marketing Mix Product Price Place Promotion Target Market
Marketing activities Consumer analysis Product planning Distribution planning Price Planning Promotion planning
Market segmentation
Marketing analysis was structured into three areas:
Customer analysis, Company analysis, Competitor analysis
(so-called "3Cs" analysis) Types of Markets
Consumer market Business market Global market Non-profit and government
markets Branding Channels
Communication channels Distribution channels Service channels
Marketing strategy Implementation planning
Thursday, April 13, 2023 190
Consumer Behaviour
Psychology Sociology Anthropology Marketing Economics Because market does not have a standard
behaviour People repeat the behaviours that are
awarded
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Buying behaviour
4 Ps Marketing environment
Economic Technological Political Cultural
Buyer characteristics Buyer decision making process
Problem recognition Information search Evaluation of Alternatives Purchase decision Consumption Post purchase behaviour
Buyer Decision
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Buyer Decision
Product Choice Brand Choice Dealer Choice Purchase Timing Purchase Amount
Thursday, April 13, 2023 193
Social factors
Reference Groups Family Roles and Status
Thursday, April 13, 2023 194
Types of buying motives
Product motive Primary product motive Selective product motive
Patronage motive Emotional and rational motive
Thursday, April 13, 2023 195
Buying Role
Initiator Influencer Decider Buyer User
Thursday, April 13, 2023 196
Recent innovation in modern marketing
Social marketing De-marketing
Opposite to marketing During the period of shortage
Remarketing Over-marketing Meta-marketing Counter-marketing Mass marketing Mega marketing Reciprocal marketing
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Recent Trends in marketing
Changing role of women Growth of services Social emphasis Non-business marketing More competition Internet marketing More concern on quality Retaining customers
Thursday, April 13, 2023 198
Marketing Activities
Consumer Analysis Product planning Price planning Distribution planning Promotion planning
Thursday, April 13, 2023 199
Product / Marketing Matrix
Existing Markets New Markets Existing products New products Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Diversification
Thursday, April 13, 2023 200
Market Segmentation
Should be Measurable Accessible by
communication and distribution channels
Different in response to a marketing mix
Durable
Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioural
Thursday, April 13, 2023 201
Segmentation Strategy
Selecting consumer segments Positioning company’s offering in
relation with competition Establishing an appropriate
marketing plan
Thursday, April 13, 2023 202
Classification
Services Rented goods
service Owned goods
service Non-goods
Product Life cycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Thursday, April 13, 2023 203
Product Life Cycle
Marketing objective Industry sales Competition Industry profits Customers Product mix Distribution Pricing Promotion
Thursday, April 13, 2023 204
New Product Planning
Idea generation Product screening Concept testing Business Analysis Product Development Test Marketing Commercialization
Thursday, April 13, 2023 205
Promotion Mix
Advertising Publicity Personal selling Sales promotion Target market
Thursday, April 13, 2023 206
Key Steps to Advertise
Determine message content and devise an ad
Specify the location of an ad Outline of a promotion schedule Choose how many variation of a
message to utilize
Thursday, April 13, 2023 207
Things to consider in advertise
Waste Reach Frequency Message permanence Persuasive impact Clutter
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Type of advertising
Product, service, institutional advertising Classified Advertising
Dry facts Public Service Advertising
Development advertising Industrial Advertising
Precise, technical and down-to-earth Corporate or institutionalized advertising
Information-oriented Patronage institutional advertising Public service institutional advertising Public service institutional advertising
Other type of advertising Legal Tenders and Legal Notices Political advertising
Thursday, April 13, 2023 209
Developing a Publicity plan
Setting objectives Outline types of publicity Selecting media Creative publicity message Timing publicity message
Thursday, April 13, 2023 210
Factors affecting Pricing
Consumers Competitors Cost Channels Government
Total effects on price decisions
Elastic demand In-elastic demand Unitary demand
Thursday, April 13, 2023 211
Indian scenario
Biggest English language Television market
200- 300 million middle class Advancements in Information Technology
resulted in broadcasting industry Entry of global conglomerates
September 2001 Twin tower attack Cable News Network (CNN) Satellite Television Asian Region TVo
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Audit Bureau of Circulation ( ABC )
Established in 1948 in Mumbai Advertising agencies and
Advertising sources and media owners
Contact with all the bureaus world wide, though functioning independently
Thursday, April 13, 2023 213
National Readership Survey
Operations Research Group and Indian Marketing Research Bureau Syndicate of AIR, Dooradarshan,
Advertisers, Advertising Agencies, National Press
1970, org, nrs1 1977, org, imrb, nrs2
Thursday, April 13, 2023 214
Indian Readership Survey
Focus on Urban and rural areas Began in 1995, 1997, 1998 Uses the masthead method Uses the Recent Reading technique
Thursday, April 13, 2023 215
Role of Publisher
Developing, marketing, producing, printing, and distributing the work
Negotiating with the author Intellectual right Internet right
Radio Journalism
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Interview Types
On the basis of subject Informational interview Interpretive interview Emotional interview Documentary interview Oral history interview
Preparation before interview Purpose Points to cover Research / Background material Framing of questions in logical sequence Framing of alternative questions Key questions Pre-interview discussion
Thursday, April 13, 2023 218
Different Types of microphones
Multi purpose microphone Unidirectional microphone
Close range microphone Low range microphone
Label microphone Newsreaders use this
Telescopic mike Commentator mike Shure microphone Carbon microphone Ribbon microphone
Thursday, April 13, 2023 219
Radio tips
Type of Radio Advertisement Jingle ads Spot ads
News Reading Should target a person Script should be informal 1st sentence should be interesting 2nd sentence should be informative
Television Journalism
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Terms
Dolly: A mobile platform that supports the camera Dutch Angle: Deviates from the horizontal and vertical.
Conveys extreme state of mind or sense of disquiet. Dziga Vertov's 1929 experimental documentary Man with a Movie
Camera is known to contain one of the first usages of the Dutch angle, among other innovative techniques discovered by Vertov himself.
Editing: Selection, shaping of shots and mixing sound tracks Establishing shot: Opening shot of a sequence. Explains the
situation. Usually a long shot. Extreme close up: Very close to the subject Extreme long shot: Great distance from the subject. Wide
view of a location Fade in / out: A gradual means of closing or opening a scene.
A transition device. Image disappearing ( fade-out) and Image appearing ( fade-in)
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Terms
Field of action: Circular area infront of the camera
Wild track: Asynchronous sound Sound bridge: Adding continuity
through sound Parallel (synchronous sound) Backlighting : Mis-en-scene: Contrast montage
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Jargons
Actual sound: Environmental sound recorded from the location
Aerial shot: Ambient sound: The natural
environmental noise that surrounds a scene
Angle – Reverse angle: Asynchronous sound: Closely
related to the image on the screen
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Jargons
Backlight: The light placed behind and the subject Cinema Verite – Means ‘Cinema truth’.
Documentary films are known as this. Aims immediacy, spontaneity and authenticity
Composition: Arrangement of all its elements. Lighting, characters, movements.
Conflict: The struggle between two forces in a narrative. It can be between person and group or in between a person and another person
Crossing the line: Moving the camera between the two performers so that camera reverses its position
Thursday, April 13, 2023 225
Jargons
Cut: Instantaneous change from one shot to another by means of splicing the two shots together
Cut away: Used to join two shots of the main action to designate the passage of time Build suspense by extending time Show the reaction of someone or some group
Deep focus: Great depth of field and brings background,
foreground into sharp focus The freedom of attention is left to the audience
Docudrama: Any dramatization of actual people or events. Can alter the actual event but seems to achieve authenticity and credibility
Thursday, April 13, 2023 226
Jargons
Genre Imaginary line, line of interest, director’s line,
stage line, centre line A hypothetical line drawn between actors to keep
the camera on a single side of the action so that several shots with different distance are edited together
Invisible editing: Cutting unobtrusively so that viewers are unaware
of the position of camera Jump cut: Disorientation cut Key light: Master scene technique: Mis-en-scene
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Jargons
Montage- Compress the time and space that conveys a great deal of information in a short period. Shots, scenes and sequence are assembled to make the final picture. More than a mechanical process it is a creative process.
Motif – A subject, idea, object, phase, musical passage, compositional effect, film technique that appears throughout the work that imposes itself upon the viewer
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Jargons
Objective camera: Camera becomes the objective viewer / Subjective camera: Camera as a point of view of a specific character
Over the shoulder shot: Pan: Parallel Editing: Point of view shot: A subjective shot that shows how a
character see things Post production: After shooting is completed, editing,
sound mixing, special effects Pre production: Rack focus / Shift focus: Reaction shot: Cut away from the main shot. Generally
a close up showing the reaction of a preceding shot
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Jargons
Sequence: A series of related shots and scenes that form a single coherent unit of dramatic action. Such units of action are frequently unified by a single general location and continuous chronology.
Sequence shot / long take: Zoom out Zoom in Aspect ratio Demonstration Stand-up: Dolly shot: Camera shot in a wheeled conveyance ENG : Electronic News Gathering EFP: Electronic Field Production Eyewash: Little to do with the main theme False Reverse Lead-in
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Jargons
Linear Editing Non-linear Editing Naked Live: Showing only the reporter Nat sound Package
News feature Picture Sound bite Voice over narration Natural sound
Sequential Video SOT : Sound On Tape: Written in script Sound Bite: Short excerpt from an interview added in a
news story
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Jargons
Split Focus Presentation: Spot news Stand up: Talking Head: Tedious, Boring Interview Toss: Between Anchor and reporter Freeze frame: Reprinting of the same frame
number of times Inset: An inset is a special visual effect whereby a
reduced shot is superimposed on the main shot. Often used to reveal a close-up detail of the main shot.
Matched cut Crab shot:
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Type of shots
Extreme Wide Shot an establishing shot.
VWS (Very Wide Shot) WS (Wide Shot) / long shot MS (Mid Shot) Full shot, a medium shot from head to foot Medium Close Up
In between Medium Shot and Close Up Close Up
A certain feature or part of the subject takes up the whole frame. Extreme Close Up
shows extreme detail. Cut-In
Shows some (other) part of the subject in detail. Cut away
A shot of something other than the subject. (OSS) Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Looking from behind a person at the subject. Point-of-View Shot (POV) Front View Rear View
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Camera Angles
Angle: Placement of the camera in relation to the image Eye-Level Top Angle High Angle
This has the effect of diminishing the subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even submissive.
Low Angle This shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of
being more powerful or dominant. Bird's Eye
The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.
Slanted Also known as a dutch tilt, this is where the camera is purposely tilted
to one side so the horizon is on an angle. This creates an interesting and dramatic effect.
Oblique Angle: Camera tilts to the left or right
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Jargons
Stand up: Reporter in the field delivers one or more sentences while appearing in camera
Trucking: Diagonal movement of the camera. Objective – Pan ( right to left), tilt up, tilt down, Vertical
movement, Zoom Also known as Optical movement
Subjective – POV, Spread, Ped up, Ped down, Dolly in, Dolly out Jimmy jib - Specifically, it is a portable crane that can be
shortened or lengthened based on the needs of the current shot Different times in cinema
Experiencing time, Running time, Screen time, diegetic time Shooting time Story time, Subjective time Compressed time
Spectacle: Mixture of sound, colour and vision Kumbha Mela:
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Jargons
Shots are composed of frames Parallel editing: Cutting between
two or more related actions simultaneously
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Types of documentary
Expose Compilation Epic documentary Analytical documentary Direct intervention documentary
Activist documentary News based documentary Essay type documentary
Factual Portrait documentary
Personality and their space, time Persuasive documentary
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Functions of Documentary
Observation ( Epic, Compile ) Analysis ( Analytical, Compile,
Direct Intervention) Propaganda (Persuasive)
Thursday, April 13, 2023 238
Transition Devices
Types of transition devices Cut Montage Dissolve, lap dissolve Overlap Fade-in / Fade out Superimpose Wiping off Split
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Doing a Television Interview
Should have a good listening skill Open up: to build a rapport with the
interviewee Keep an eye contact Scope for sub questions Don’t dominate the interview Don’t ask multiple questions
Personality Interview Provocator Interview
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New Media
Periodicals http://
www.hinduonnet.com/fline/ www.the-week.com www.businessweek.com/
Online News Portal www.sify.com http://www.indiatimes.com/
New agency Press Trust of India
www.ptinews.com www.ap.org www.afp.com
CMA – Content Management Application
Citizen Journalism based http://citizenreporter.org http://www.thirdreport.com/ www.360ne.ws
User Generated Content www.associatedcontent.com www.wikipedia.org www.atom.com
Social Media http://twitter.com http://www.facebook.com
CDA – Content Delivery Application
FOSS – Free and Open Source Software
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New Media
Backpack Journalism the journalist to be reporter, cameraman, editor and
producer of stories Otherwise known as Video Journalism, Multimedia
journalism RSS - Really Simple Syndication moblogging Personalized News
www.meehive.com Pro-am journalism
working with citizen journalists to engage in the kind of investigative reporting that not even the largest newsrooms can undertake.
Prosumer – A user who can update the product CGM : Consumer Generated Media:
Media Management
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Newspaper Organizational Structure
Editor News Editor Bureau Chief Special Correspondent Reporters Liner Stringer Columnist and
Freelancer Sub- Editor Advertising Circulation Department Production Department
Editorial Advertising Circulation Printing
Thursday, April 13, 2023 244
Commodity Mix
Customer-focused marketing mix Koichi Shimizu proposed a four Cs
classification in 1973. Compass model
Commodity Cost Channel Communication
The four Cs Model provides a demand/customer centric version
Communication Theory
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Essentials
Journalism as a practice of meaning production Robert A. Hackett and Yuezhi Zhao
have named the ‘regime of objectivity’ How journalists are implicated in the
production and reproduction of ideas Communication theory provides the
essential ‘why’ to the more pragmatic ‘how’ of journalistic method
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Non-Verbal Communication
Proxemics – Study of physical space Chronomics – Study of use of time Hapthics – Study of sense of touch Occulasics – Study of eye contact Olefatics – Study of smell Vocalics – Study of tune,
timber,volume and speed Kinesics – Study of movement
Thursday, April 13, 2023 248
Proxemics
Edward Hall defined proxemics in the 1950’s and 1960’s
Proxemics can be divided physical personal territory. Physical territory is like desks that are
in front of the room of a classroom instead of center.
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Communication Models
First to theorize was Aristotle’ Theory of rhetoric
Speaker Message Listener
Primitive model of an oratorical communication
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Lasswell’s Verbal model
Harold Lasswell was a political scientist Communicator Message Medium Receiver Effect
Proposed in 1948 Who communicates Says what message In which channel medium With what effect
Who ... says what ... in which channel ... to whom ... with what effect Lasswell described 3 function of communication.
The first one is a environmental monitoring. Correlation of components of society. The last one is a social transmission from one generation to the other
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Communication Models
Berlo’s model Sender Message Channel Receiver
Shannon & Weaver Effect oriented
model Mathematical
model Source Transmitter Channel + Noise Receiver Destination
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Communication Models
Osgood’s model Continuous cyclic
process Encoder Interpreter Decoder
Message
Decoder Interpreter Encoder
Wilber Schram model Interpersonal model Field of Experience
model Source Encoder Decoder Receiver
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Communication model
Osgood and Schram Circular model : Encoding and decoding were most important
Berlo saw communication as a process A bucket model
Western models were uni-linear but gradually gave way to semiotic models
Semiotic models look at communication as a social interaction through messages Relationships between signs Works of C.S.Pierce, O.K.Ogden, I.A.Richards,
Ferdinand De Saussure
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Communication Models
Dance’s helical model Dance (1967) and Noelle-
Neumann (1974 and 1980) Developing Social helix
Sapir-Whorf model Linguistic relativity
principles and ideas Differences in the way
languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think
Speakers of different languages think and behave differently
Jacobson model Extended Buhler’s system
of communicative functions From Linguistics to Poetics The shifting dominant
Addresser / emotive function
Message / poetic function Context / referential fn: Contact / Phatic fn: Code / meta-linguistic fn: Addressee / connative fn:
Thursday, April 13, 2023 255
Theories of Press
Authoritarian theory Developed in 16th & 17th century England Requires direct government control of the
mass media Ownership can be either private or public The media are not allowed to print or
broadcast anything which could undermine the established authority
The government may punish anyone who questions state’s ideology
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Libertarian theory
Otherwise known as / free press theory Adopted in England after 1688, and in the U.S., and
is influential elsewhere in the world Purpose is to inform, entertain, sell, as well as
discover truth and check on government Individual should be free to publish they like From the days of John Milton who asserted that
human beings inevitably chose the best ideas and values
No restrictions on the import or export of media messages
Rooted in this theory is the belief held by Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States,
If man exercised reason, the majority, as a group, would make sound decisions, even if individual citizens might not.
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Soviet theory
Closely tied to a specific ideology:- Communist
The media organizations in the system were not intended to be privately owned
To serve the interests of the working class The mass media expected to be self
regulatory with regard to the content The underlying standard was to provide a
complete and objective view of the world according to the Marxist – Leninist principles
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Social Responsibility Theory
an outgrowth of the libertarian theory Practiced in the US in the 20th century Purpose is to inform, entertain, sell, but also to raise
conflict to the plane of discussion Ownership is private
Informativeness Truth Accuracy Objectivity Balance
The goal is to see media as pluralized, indicating the diversity of the society as well as access to various points of view
The Journalist is accountable to their audience as well as to the government
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Four Functions of the Press
To serve the economic system Fuelled by advertising, which brings
buyer and seller together. To entertain To inform To Influence
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Theories Of Communication
Hydermic needle / Magic Bullet / One step flow theory
Two-Step flow theory 3-Step flow theory Multistep flow theory Gate-keeping theory Grape wine theory Agenda setting Knowledge gap Cultivation Theory Diffusion Theory Cognitive dissonance Spiral of silence
Thursday, April 13, 2023 261
Noise Types
Semantic Noise Psychological Noise Physical Noise
Thursday, April 13, 2023 262
Selectivity
Selective Exposure Selective Attention Selective Perception Selective Retention Selective Recall
Thursday, April 13, 2023 263
Indian models of communication
‘Sadharinakran’ – communication among the sahridayas Sthai Bhavas Arouse the state of feeling, rasa Secondary moods
Buddhist model of communication Advaitha model
Wimal Dissanayake Neville Jayaweera
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Barriers to Communication
Physical barriers Environmental stress Subjective stress Ignorance of the Medium
Psychological Barriers Frame of reference Reference group
Self Image Resistance to change
Carl Rogers Defensiveness and fear Linguistic and Cultural Barriers Language and Meaning Mechanical Barriers
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One step flow theory
Known as Hyperdermic needle or Magic Bullet theory
Mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences.
By ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a desired response.
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Two Step flow theory
Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet in The People's Choice, a 1944 study focused on the process of decision-making during a Presidential election campaign.
Media moves in two distinct stages. First, individuals (opinion leaders) who pay close attention to
the mass media and its messages receive the information. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretations in addition
to the actual media content. The term ‘personal influence’ was coined to refer to the
process intervening between the media’s direct message and the audience’s ultimate reaction to that message.
Opinion leaders are quite influential in getting people to change their attitudes and behaviours and are quite similar to those they influence.
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Two Step flow theory
Individuals interact in groups or networks It requires conformity in essential attitudes, opinions and
actions Groups evolves and transform Information flows from mass media directly to opinion leaders
, then through interpersonal communication to the rest of the populace
The project was conducted during the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 to determine voting patterns and the relationship between the media and political behaviour.
The majority of people remained untouched by the propaganda; interpersonal outlets brought more influence than the media.
two-step flow theory gave way to the multi-step flow theory of mass communication or diffusion of innovation theory.
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Multi-step flow Theory
There are a number of relays in the communication flow from a source to a large audience.
It takes place in interlocking webs of social groups Here some media information flow bypassed the
opinion leaders and went directly to audience members Opinion leaders can have their own opinion leaders Followers can initiate communication Some people never seek opinion input Followers listen to the advice of other followers Opinion leaders can be influenced by followers
Thursday, April 13, 2023 269
Diffusion Theory
The original diffusion research was done as early as 1903 by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde who plotted the original S-shaped diffusion curve.
Between 2-step flow and gate keeping Levelling Sharpening Assimilation or distortion to fit existing stereotypes
A theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. The concept was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890)
the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system
Thursday, April 13, 2023 270
Communication Theory
Spiral of Silence / Noelle Neuman People’s willingness to speak out is
dependent on the prevailing climate of opinion
The theory asserts that a person is less likely to voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from the majority Ironically, they may not be a minority
Thursday, April 13, 2023 271
Cultivation Theory
They posited that television as a mass medium of communication had formed in to a common symbolic environment that bound diverse communities together, socializing people in to standardized roles and behaviours.
They compared the power of television to the power of religion, saying that television was to modern society what religion once was in earlier times.
exposure to television, over time, subtly "cultivates" viewers' perceptions of reality. This cultivation can have an impact even on light viewers of TV, because the impact on heavy viewers has an impact on our entire culture.
Encultration
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Development Communication
marketing and public opinion research that is used specifically to develop effective communication or as the use of communication to promote social development.
Uses computerized linguistics analysis of verbatim responses to qualitative survey interviews and may, at times also involved consumer psychological "right brain" (emotional) research techniques.
Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm, and Everett Rogers being the earliest influential advocates.
information dissemination and education, behavior change, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change, and participatory development communication.
Thursday, April 13, 2023 273
Soap Opera
A drama, typically performed as a serial on daytime television or radio, characterized by stock characters and situations, sentimentality, and melodrama.
1985, Hum Log, India’s first soap opera Inspired by Mexican ‘Telenovela’
( Television novel ) and Peruvian Telenola not by American daytime soap opera
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SITE
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
1975 – 1976 NASA and ISRO Vikram Sarabahi Orissa, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka.
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Interpersonal communication
Targeted individual Group Mass communication
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Communication Models
Frank Dance’s helical model Dance (1967) and Noelle-
Neumann (1974 and 1980) Developing Social helix A non-linear model Communication as an
evolutionary process Discovery Understanding Discussion Action
Sapir-Whorf model Linguistic relativity principles
and ideas Differences in the way
languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think
Speakers of different languages think and behave differently
Jacobson model Extended Buhler’s system of
communicative functions From Linguistics to Poetics The shifting dominant
Addresser / Emotive function Message / Poetic function Context / Referential Contact / Phatic fn: Code / Meta-linguistic fn: Addressee / Connative fn:
Thursday, April 13, 2023 277
Knowledge Gap Theory
each new medium increases the gap between the information rich and information poor, because of differences in access to the medium, and control over its use, among other factors.
It was first proposed by Phillip J. Tichenor and his colleague
The concept of a digital divide is linked to this hypothesis
Thursday, April 13, 2023 278
Gatekeeping
Kurt Lewin, Psychologist David Manning White, For
interpreting the editor’s news choices
Gatekeeper decides which information will go forward and which will not
Objectivity and audience feedback mitigates the gatekeeping bias
Thursday, April 13, 2023 279
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding contradictory ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance.
In a state of dissonance, people will avoid further information that might increase the dissonance
People attitude towards persuasive and factual messages
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Agenda Setting
The agenda-setting theory is the theory that the mass-news media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them.
Salience transfer is the ability of the mass media to transfer issues of importance from their mass media agendas to public agendas.
Public agenda setting Policy agenda setting Media may be unable to persuade people what to
think, but are quite adept at telling people what to think about
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Agenda Setting
People decide the order of priority set by the mass media
The term coined by Malcolm McCoombs and Donald Shaw in 1976
However, there are other media which play the ‘watchdog’ and ‘lapdog’
Media Law
Thursday, April 13, 2023 283
History Of Media Law
1799 – 1865 First Stage Except from 1835 to 1857, when there
were no restrictions 1799, Lord Wellesley introduced the
complete cesorship Charles Metacalfe withdrawn all the
restrictions 1857, Licensing act passed by Lord
Canning 1865, withdrawn the Gagging act
Thursday, April 13, 2023 284
History Of Media Law
1865 – 1908, Second stage 1878, Vernacular Press Act introduced
Lasted only for four years Any District Magistrate or Police Commissioner can
demand security from Printer and Publisher of vernacular newspapers
Lord Ripon repealed it in 1882 1867, Press and Registration of Books Act (PRB Act)
Placed no restraint on the liberty of the press To get the identity of printers, publishers and
keepers of the press to fix the legal responsibility Law of Sedition
Thursday, April 13, 2023 285
History Of Media Law
1908 to 1922, third stage The Newspaper Act, 1908
Gave power to local government confiscate and extinguish offending newspapers
Local govt: had to file an application before the magistrate
Incitement of violence or murder The Press Act, 1910
It was more wider
Thursday, April 13, 2023 286
History Of Media Law
Fourth stage, 1922 - 1947 Indian Press Law Committee with the
authority of the Central Assembly This committee repealed the acts of 1908,
and 1910 Modified the PRB Act, 1867 Modified the CPC Due to Civil Disobedience Movement,
1931, Press (Emergency) Powers Act came into force
Made permanent in 1935
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History Of Media Law
Fifth Stage, 1947 onwards 1910 Act was made more stringent
Enacted Criminal Amendment Act, 1913 Introduced the Defence Of India
regulations Press ( Objectionable Matter ) Act, 1951
was passed In 1957, this act is repealed First Press Commission favoured more
internal control of the press
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PRB Act
Every newspaper copy shall contain name of the owner and editor
The printer of every newspaper is required to deliver to state government free of expense as soon as it is published Name of printer, place of printing, publisher,
place of publication should be printed legibly in the paper
A printer can publish a paper only after the permission of District Magistrate /Presidency Magistrate / Divisional Magistrate
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PRB Act
On every publication and issue, the name of the proprietor and the editor must be printed
Printer and publisher should sign before the DM or PM after giving the information of language and periodicity of the paper and after enclosing the written authority
Information of any change must be given to the general officer
After the acceptance of the declaration, if any weekly for 6 weeks or any newspaper for 3 months is not published, then the authority letter will become invalid
In three months time, any daily, tri-weekly, bi-weekly publishes issues less than half the number of copies, its declaration becomes invalid
A declaration will be cancelled if the paper is not published within one year
Magistrate has the power to revoke the declaration by ordering enquiry based on the demand of Press Registrar
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PRB Act
Upon cancellation of declaration, the incumbent has the right to go for an appeal well within 60 days
It is mandatory to send one copy of every published paper to the Press Registrar and two copies to the state government, free of cost
For not complying with the press laws, the editor and the printer are punishable with a fine
This Act extends to the whole of India
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Restrictions By Constitution
Freedom of expression is restricted in relation with Libel Slander Defamation Contempt of court Legislature is given the right to impose
reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order
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Reasonable Restrictions
Restrictions upon the freedom of speech and expression Sovereignty and integrity of India Security of the State Friendly relations with foreign states Public order Decency or morality Contempt of court Defamation Incitement to an offence
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Media Law at a glance
Indian constitution does not provide press freedom separately Derived from Article 19(1)(a), 19(2)
Press Council Act, 1978 Code of Criminal Procedures, 1898 Article 13, Constitutional Law
Delegated Article 311, Regarding Public servants
Not valid in a Private company Sovereignty can be legal and political Article 356 , Indian constitution is quasi federal Article 14, Equality before law Article 15, There shall be no discrimination of language, sex,
religion Article 16, Protective discrimination with regard to
employment Parliament is a French word
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Media Law at a glance
Article 13, Judicial Review Article 32, Supreme Court Article 226, High Court Article 21, Right to Life Article 22, Right to the arrested person Article 324, Power to the Election commission Article 141, Job of the Supreme court Article 19(2) Restriction to freedom 16th Amendment, 1963 Contempt of Court, 1971 WRIT / Habeus Corpus – Whenever there is a violation of
fundamental rights ADR – Alternative Dispute Resolution [ADR]
Informal mechanism of resolving cases Press council is an ADR
Mandamus?
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Indian Constitution at a Glance
Popular Sovereignty Fundamental Rights Directive Principles of State Policy Socialism Secularism Judicial Independence Federalism Cabinet Government
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Rule of law
Supremacy of law no man is punishable or can lawfully be made
to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts of the land.
Equality before law no man is above law
Predominance of the legal spirit The Constitution of India has been made the
supreme law of the country and other laws are required to be in conformity with the Constitution.
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The Directive Principles of State Policy
Contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down
therein are considered fundamental in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State
The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland and also by the principles of Gandhism; and relate to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters.
They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state.
Article 31-C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act of 1971 seeks to upgrade the Directive Principles
Article 45, which ensures Provision for free and compulsory education for children
Article 48-A, which ensures Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
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Terms – Media Law
Habeas corpus is a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention.
A writ of habeas corpus is a summons with the force of a court order, addressed to the custodian (a prison official for example) demanding that a prisoner be taken before the court, and that the custodian present proof of authority, allowing the court to determine if the custodian has lawful authority to detain the person.
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Defamation
Against a person’s reputation Defined in section 499 of IPC Sentences are defined in section
500 of IPC Addressed to eye - libel Addressed to ear - slander
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Parliamentary Privileges
The claim of privileges can be seen in demand of the legislative councilor under the charter act of 1853
government of India act 1915, the entire position of parliament privilege which were obtained were consolidated.
Government of India act 1935 contained the provisions related to privileges of members of Indian legislature.
immunity in respect of publication of proceedings of a house in a newspaper, or by wireless telegraphy as part of any service provided by a broadcasting station
Prohibition on the courts to inquire into the proceedings of parliament. [article 122 of the constitution]
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Parliamentary Privileges
Freedom from arrest of the members in the civil cases during the continuance of the session of the house and 40 days before its commencement and 40 days after its conclusion. [section 135A of the code of the civil procedure]
Exemption of the members from liability to serve as jurors Right of the house to receive immediate information of the
arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of a member. ( rules of 220 and 230 of the rules of procedure and conduct of business in lok sabha,)
Members or the officers of the house are not to attend as witnesses before the other house or a committee thereof or before a house of state legislature or a committee thereof without the permission of the house and they can’t be compelled to do so without their consent.
Limitations : The freedom conferred by this clause is “subject to the other
provisions of the constitution”, such as article 19(1)(a), 118 and 121.
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Protective Discrimination
Protective discrimination is the policy of granting special privileges to the downtrodden and the underprivileged sections of society, most commonly women. These are affirmative action
programs, most visible in both the United States and India, where there has been a history of racial and caste discrimination.
Article 16(4): Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State, Nevertheless, “nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State”.
The 77th Amendment to the Constitution has been brought into effect permitting reservation in promotion to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Article 335: This article provides that “the claims of the members of the SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration in the making of appointments in services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State”.
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Preamble to the Constitution of India
As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a ""sovereign democratic republic". In 1976 the Forty-second Amendment changed this to read "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic".
It also emphasises that the constitution is made by and for the Indian people and not given to them by any outside power (such as the British Parliament).
The wording is close to the preamble to the Constitution of Ireland
The preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution in the sense that it is enforceable in a court of law.
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Equality before law
Article 14: Guarantees that all citizens shall be equally
protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State cannot discriminate against a citizen on the basis of caste, creed, colour, sex, religion or place of birth.
However The President or the Governor of a State is not
answerable to any Court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of office;
No criminal proceeding is to be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any Court during his term of office;
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Press Council of India
The Press Council of India was first set up in the year 1966 by the Parliament on the recommendations of the First Press Commission
The present Council functions under the Press Council Act 1978.
It is a statutory, quasi judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press.
The Press Council is headed by a Chairman, who has, by convention, been a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.
The Council consists of 28 other members of whom 20 represent the press
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Press Council of India
5 members are nominated from the two houses of Parliament
3 represent cultural, literary and legal fields as nominees of the Sahitya Academy, University Grants Commission and the Bar Council of India.
The members serve on the Council for a term of three years.
The Council was last reconstituted on May 22, 2001. The present Chairman is Ganendra Narayan Ray. The Council is funded by revenue collected by it as fees
levied on the registered newspapers in the country on the basis of their circulation. No fee is levied on newspapers with a circulation of less than 5000 copies.
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Copy Right Act
THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 India is a member of the Berne Convention of 1886 (as
modified at Paris in 1971) The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of 1995. "Indian work" means a literary, dramatic or musical work,
The author of which is a citizen of India; or Which is first published in India; or The author of which, in the case of an unpublished work is, at the
time of the making of the work, a citizen of India. Literary dramatic, musical and artistic works (other than a photograph)
sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.
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Trial By Media in India
In India, trial by media has assumed significant proportions.
Some famous criminal cases that would have gone unpunished but for the intervention of media are Priyadarshini Mattoo case, Jessica Lal case, Nitish Katara murder case and Bijal Joshi rape case.
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Rule of law
Article 13(1) Article 13(1) of the Constitution makes it clear
that all laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provision of Part ill dealing with the Fundamental Rights, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
Article 13(2) Article 13(2) provides that the State should
not make any law which takes away or abridges the fundamental rights and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
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Article 19
Article 19 (1) (a) guarantees the third principle of rule of law (freedom of such and expression).
Article 19 guarantees six Fundamental Freedoms to the citizens of India -- freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom to form associations or unions, freedom to live in any part of the territory of India and freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business.
The right to these freedoms is not absolute, but subject to the reasonable restrictions which may be imposed by the State.
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Article 19(2)(a)
Reasonable Restrictions Nothing against
the security of state Friendly relation with foreign countries Public order Decency of morality Contempt of court
Civil contempt Criminal contempt
Incitement of an offence Sovereignty and integrity
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Article 20
Article 20(1) provides that no person shall he convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence not be subject to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted tinder the law in for cc at the time of the commission of the offence.
Article 20(3) makes it clear that no person accused of the offence shall be compelled to be witness against himself.
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Article 32
In India, Constitution is supreme and the three organs of the Government viz. Legislature, Executive and judiciary are subordinate to it. The Constitution provided for encroachment of one organ (E.g.: Judiciary) upon another (E.g.: Legislature) if its action is mala fide, as the citizen (individual) can challenge under Article 32 of the Constitution.
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Cases for Rule of law
In Kesavanda Bharti vs. State of Kerala (1973) - The Supreme Court enunciated the rule of law as one of the most important aspects of the doctrine of basic structure.
In Menaka Gandhi vs. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597 - The Supreme Court declared that Article 14 strikes against arbitrariness.
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Article 21 – Right to life
Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty.
"Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms).
The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21.
In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21(A) was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom
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Different courts
Muncif court Sub-ordinate court District court High court Supreme Court
Editing Techniques
24 July 2010
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Media Organization
Editorial Dept: Marketing Dept:
Advertisement Department Circulation Department
Production Dept: Administration Dept:
Reporting Techniques
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Crime Reporting
Crime alone does not make all the news on the court beat. But it does dominate the beat
Crime is the main staple of legal reporting
Warrant An arraignment Plea bargaining
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Crime Reporting
The incident Arrest Lower-Court
Arraignment Preliminary Hearing Higher-Court
Arraignment The Trial
Pre-trial developments
Jury selection Testimony
Mistrials Closing arguments Verdict Presentence hearing Sentencing Appeal The Aftermath Dealing with Sources
on Criminal case
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Beat Reporting
At least a story a day Constant contact with the sources Sources and potential sources
Credibility Motive Reliability
Five things in covering the beat How things work Cultivate the sources Keep abreast Be persistent Anticipate developments
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Type of Leads
Straight lead (or Summary lead) Used with hard news stories Generally not more than 35 words brings in action and colour makes the lead on a spot story fast moving
Punch lead is a variation of summary lead concentrating with a brief, to-the-point lead
sentence and developing details later in the story Cartridge lead
another variation of summary lead. brief and contains one single news incident, to be
expanded later in the story
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Type of Leads
Descriptive lead Eyewitness accounts can provide the
background for writing lucid descriptions help the reader to visualise a news situation
Quotation lead Question lead
Many editors dislike this on the basis that people read newspapers to get answers, and not to be asked questions.
If the question is provocative, it may be used
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Type of Leads
Oddity Lead Unusual, eye catching approach
Dialogue Lead Figurative Lead Bullet Lead
Short sentences Staccato Lead
Rhythmic conjunction of sentences
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Type of Leads
Personal lead It involves the use of the first person
singular in the lead. Normally such a use is discouraged
except for a columnist or such privileged writers.
'You' lead (or Direct Address lead) The second-person approach reaches
out to involve the reader and capture his/her attention.
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Type of Leads
Contrast lead To vary monotony, a saga can be split into two
sentences The first refers to the humble beginning and
the second to the hero's latest triumph Delayed lead
Otherwise known as suspended interest lead Blind identification lead
If the person concerned is not well known in the community
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Type of Leads
Anecdotal lead The anecdotal lead is used when the anecdote
is bright and applicable and not too wasteful of space.
It brings the reader quickly into a news situation that might not attract his attention if it were routinely written.
Funny (Gag) lead Literary allusion lead
Paralleling the construction of a nursery rhyme or part of a well-known literary creation can add to variety.
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Principles Of Summary Leads
The Inverted Pyramid The five W’s and H
Identification Rating
Thought process behind the lead What has happened in the past How the reporter feels about the subject How the audience feels about the subject
Multiple Element Lead Also known as double barreled lead
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Principles Of Summary Leads
Summary leads on features A feature: A variety of stories written on
soft news events Not usually structured on inverted
pyramid Topping it with a special lead
Feature lead can be Narrative, contrast or a question
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Special Leads
Best for breaking hard news stories Narrative Leads
Lead block Nut graph News peg – Links the story to a
previously reported news Using observation Keeping the story going
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Special Leads
Contrast Leads Staccato Leads
Made up of a short burst of phrases Tease the readers and set the mood for the
story Most commonly used in television news stories
Direct Address Leads Word ‘you’ in the lead
Question Leads
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Inverted Pyramid
summarizing the most newsworthy parts of the story.
The lead should answer "what", "where" and "when".
In some circumstances, the lead can answer "who" if "who" is someone notable.
The sentences following the lead will answer "who", "why", and "how".
Intro Facts
Quotes Background
Further facts
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Inverted Pyramid
Developed during the American Civil War The inverted pyramid structure is the
product of an old media technology—the telegraph. When news outlets would telegraph
information over the wires, it made sense to use the inverted pyramid because the most vital information in the story was transmitted first. In the event of a lost connection, whoever received the story could still print the essential facts.
Used even in the time of Wired services
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Inverted Pyramid
The inverted pyramid structure also benefits editors. If an editor needs to cut an article, they
can simply cut from the bottom. If their reporter was writing in the
reliable inverted pyramid structure, the most essential information would remain at the top.
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Hour Glass Style
Used by reporters covering trials and fire news
Major news in the first few paragraphs in descending importance
A transitional paragraph to introduce the chronology of events
Rest in the chronological order
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Advantages Of Hour Glass
Writer can take advantage of narrative
Most important information is repeated in the narrative
A balanced structure Keeps the reader in the story Discourages editors from slashing
from the bottom
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Interviews
Research Using morgue
Setting up the interview Make an appointment Identify yourself
Questions and answers Structuring the Interview
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Structuring the interview
Funnel interview Most threatening questions at the end The length of the interview is not important
Inverted funnel interview Key questions are asked immediately With experienced in fielding closed-ended questions In breaking news stories
Asking questions Closed ended questions
Precise answer solicited Open ended questions Using follow up questions Establishing rapport
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Election Reporting
Stick to the issues Beware of exaggerated controversy Equal time for all Beware of creeping legitimacy
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Speech Reporting
No control over what the speaker says Speeches are not usually organized like
news stories Covering a speech Use advance texts During speech
Take copious notes Make observations Listen for news Listen for summaries Ask question afterwards
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Weather Reports
Types of weather stories
Forecasts Travel conditions Record-Breaking Weather Unusual Weather Seasonal and Year-End stories
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Disaster Reports
The First Bulletins Making Every Minute count Using instinct
A single story may become their beat Including the Essentials Coordinating Coverage Orchestrating the staff Checking clips and hospitals Chronology of coverage
First-Day coverage Second-Day coverage
Writing follow up stories
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Essentials in Disaster Reports
Death count Number of injuries Updates from
hospitals Date of the
disaster Time of the
disaster Background
Factors that led to the disaster
Latest findings Quotations from
survivors Quotations from
witnesses Historical
significance
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Two Problems in Disaster Reports
Pitfalls of instantaneous coverage Interviewing victim’s families
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Basic Reporting Streamer headlines : A newspaper
headline that runs across the full page While writing obits:
A person dies “unexpectedly”, not “suddenly” as all deaths are sudden
A person dies “apparently of a heart attack” not of an “apparent heart attack”
A man is survived by his wife, not his widow A good obit is like a good personality feature Most of the newspapers do not use suicide in
obits
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Service Journalism
Service Journalism- Information that helps people cope with their daily lives; more personal and direct Can be called as ‘utility journalism’ Types of service articles
The how-to The case history The feature with how-to emphasis Lists
Specialized Reporting
Sports journalism
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Sports newspapers
L’Equipe in France La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy Marca in Spain Sports illustrated in America Sports journalism also involves
investigating the story
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Aspects of Sports journalism
Has socio-political significance Issues
Hyper-compensation of top athletes Use of anabolic steroids Cost to local and national governments
Sports writer need to entertain and inform people
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Sports for Development and Peace
Sports is about participation, discipline, confidence and leadership
Critical for Child’s development Improves health In July 2002, the Secretary-General of the
United Nations convened an Inter-Agency Task Force to review activities involving sport within the UN system
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Terms in Sports journalism
ATP – Association of Tennis Professionals
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Excerpts from Sports History
Tour de France began in 1903 Sports agencies
Pardons or Cricket Reporting Agency Hayters, now known as Infostrada AllSport – Picture Agency
It is not About the Bike, My Journey back to life –Book By Lance Armstrong
Sociology
From Simple to complex
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National Knowledge Commission
Constituted in June 2005 Promote creation of knowledge in
S&T laboratories Promote knowledge applications in
agriculture and industry. Leverage information and
communication technologies to enhance governance and improve connectivity
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Transgender ID Cards
Government of Tamil Nadu has issued state ID cards recognizing transgender status
Read, Rationalize, Revolutionize !
Signing Off …