Intellectual Change

Humanism Education Political Thought Secular Spirit Christian Humanism The Printed Word

Italian Renaissance Humanism Classical Revival Petrarch (1304 – 1374) Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy

Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) New Cicero

Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457) Humanism and Philosophy

Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) Translates Plato’s dialogues Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism

Renaissance Hermeticism Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the

Dignity of Man

Education, History, and the Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance

Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music

Education of women Aim of education was to create a complete citizen

Humanism and History Secularization Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence

The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg

Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)

The spread of printing

The Artist and Social Status

Early Renaissance Artists as craftsmen

High Renaissance Artists as heroes

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire

Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)

The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Hungary Russia

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory +

Initial invasions (1000 AD – 1300s) Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)