Intelligence theory and testingLecture overview

1. Finish theories of intelligence 2. History context of intelligence

tests3. Examples of intelligence tests4. Bias and intelligence testing5. Summary

Louis Thurston7 Primary Mental Abilities

1. Verbal Comprehension 2. Word fluency3. Number 4. Space 5. Associative Memory6. Perceptual Speed 7. Reasoning

Raymond B. CattellFluid & Crystallized Intelligences

• Factor analytic model • Fluid intelligence – primary

reasoning ability– Tests that are non-verbal tests,

culture free, and independent of instruction

• Crystallized intelligence – factual knowledge– mazes, memory tests, matrices

Raven Matrices Test

•Which piece is missing?

•Tests non-verbal reasoning

Verbal Analogy Problems

• SOON is to NEVER as NEAR is toa) NOT FARb) SELDOMc) NOWHEREd) WIDELY

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

– Linguistic– Musical– Logical-mathematical– Naturalist– Spatial– Bodily-kinesthetic– Intrapersonal– Interpersonal

Alfred Binet

• French psychologist• In 1905 Binet and Theodore

Simon produced the Binet-Simon Scale– The first intelligence test.

•Developed the test in 1904 for the Ministry of Public Education in Paris

‒To identify primary school children whose lack of success in normal classrooms suggested the need for some form of special education

Lewis Terman

•Refined the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

•Developed the Stanford-Binet

•Ripe-Early Rot Myth & Terman’s Termintes

William Stern

IQ= Mental Age X 100 Chronological Age

•German psychologist

•Studied children's scores on Binet’s test

•Developed the idea of the Intelligence quotient in 1912

Robert Yerkes

• Introduced intelligence testing to the military– Alpha test– Beta test

• Following group testing in World War I, a flood of tests which imitated the army tests were initiated.

• After the war, industry, business, and education saw the potential value of psychological testing

David Wechler • American Psychologist • Worked at Bellevue Hospital in

NY City• Developed an IQ test for adults

– WAIS• Developed a scale for children

– WISC• Developed a scale for Preschool

and Primary School children– WPPSI

WAIS – III Subscales

Verbal– Information– Comprehensio

n– Arithmetic– Similarities– Digit span– Vocabulary

Performance– Digit symbol– Picture

completion– Block design– Picture

arrangement– Object assembly

The distribution of IQ scores in the general population

StandardDeviation

-4 to -3 -3 to -2 -2 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to +1 +1 to +2+2 to

+3+3 to

+4

 IQ 40 to

5555 to

7070 to 85

85 to 100

100 to 115

115 to 130

130 to

145

145 to 160

 Percent of

Population

 0.13% 2.14% 13.59% 34.13%34.13

%13.59%

2.14%

0.13%

 Percent of

Population

2.27% in the Mentally Impaired

Range

13.59% Borderline

68.26% in the Average range

13.59% High

Average

2.27% in the "Gifted" range

Bias in intelligence testing

Bias in intelligence testing

Potential for:

•Cultural biases–Test items–Normative biases–Testing situations

Summary

• Individual differences is a cornerstone of modern psychology

• Intelligence is an important example of individual differences

• The major players in the development of intelligence testing and knowledge used:– Pragmatic need for testing; and– Factor analysis

• - The major players can be divided into:– Those who believe in one intelligence– Those who believe in multiple intelligences