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Intelligence
What is intelligence?
Varies by culture Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks
Is “IQ” nature or nurture?
IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ)
IQ partly based on heredity
Identical twins reared separately have more similar IQ than fraternal twins reared together.
Is “IQ” nature or nurture?
IQ and birth parents (Childrearing effects IQ)
Is IQ one general ability or several specific abilities? Factor analysis
Used to determine if intelligence is one or a cluster of traits
Clusters: verbal, mathematical, spatial, reasoning abilities
General intelligence “G” factor A general capacity that underlies all specific mental
abilities
Specific types of intelligence
Emotional Cognitive Unique
Emotional intelligence
Ability to express, understand, and process emotions
Being very empathic
Cognitive intelligence
Math Reading comprehension
Unique intelligence
Savant Syndrome Incredible ability in one area
Numbers, drawing, music, memory
Beginnings of intelligence testing
Originally designed to measure cognitive aptitude Alfred Benet
Predicted school achievement with mental age Eg. A 9 year old child has a mental age of 9
Lewis Terman (From Stanford University) Created the American revision of Binet’s original
intelligence test Developed the “Stanford-Binet” IQ test
Intelligence Quotent (IQ)
Mental age divided by chronological age X 100 E.g. 15 divided by 15 X 100 = 100 10 divided by 8 X 100 = 125 Worked well for children but not adults Today’s IQ tests compare the person’s
performance to others of his own age (100 is average)
Standardization
Scores relative to a pre-tested group
Based on a normal curve The Bell shaped
(normal) curve
Ave. a score of intelligence test = 100
Standard intelligence tests
WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Other tests
Achievement tests - Measure what has been learned Calculus test
Aptitude tests - Predicting ability A test of your capacity to learn College entrance exams ( SAT & GRE exams)
Creating tests
Validity Reliability Standardization
Validity
Measuring what it is supposed to measure Content validity
College exams Driver’s license exam
Criterion validity Test compared to criterion group
(e.g. depressed patients) Predictive Validity
SAT & GRE exams
Reliability
Consistent results Internal consistency
Odd v.s. even questions
Standardization
Testing a group Determining scoring based on a bell curve.