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Intelligent Green Buildings
Dr. Mim. Hatice Sözer
5 Nisan 2010
Building Intelligence
Intelligent building (IB)
automated buildings (1981-85)
responsive buildings (1986-91)
effective buildings (1992-)
development of IB
closely linked with computers and information technology (IT)
but, IB high-tech building
Major IB features
automatic reactions (adjust internal conditions)
effective communication & IT management
responsiveness to changes
Integrated pyramid
single function/dedicated systems
multifunctional systems
integrated systems
computer integrated building
Building Intelligence
“An intelligent building is one that doesn't make the occupants
look stupid.”
maximizes the efficiency of its occupants and allows effective
management of resource with minimum life costs
more responsive to user needs and has the ability to adapt to
new technology or changes in the organizational structures
Building Intelligence
Intelligent Building
(IB)
Green Building
(GB)
Goals
building management
space management
business management
Goals
minimize environmental
impact
use resource efficiently
be ecologically sound
ensure healthy
environmentInformation
Technology
Environmental
Sustainabilitybuilding life cycle
efficient building systems
effective management & use
integration
Intelligent and Green
Key issues for intelligent-green buildings
site (access, local amenities, car parking)
shell (thermal strategy, structure, floor layout)
skin (services strategy, solar control)
building services (HVAC, small power, cabling)
information technology (communication, space
management, network)
Criteria: business value/benfits, efficiency and effectiveness
Intelligent and Green
Common objectives
responsive (to user needs / to climate)
efficient (building design & systems)
effective (operation & management)
better integration (with IT & within systems)
?Intelligent & Green Building
responsive to climate/site
use renewable energy
responsive to user needs
green building materials
low environmental impact
healthy environment
energy efficient
Pasif Planlama Teknikleri
responsive to climate/site
Classification of Climates
Basic Concept
"Weather" is the set of atmospheric conditions prevailing at a given place and time.
"Climate" can be defined as the integration in time of weather conditions, characteristics of
a certain geographical location. At the global level climates are formed by the differential
solar heat input and the uniform heat emission over the earth's surface. The movement of
air masses and of moisture-bearing clouds is driven by temperature differentials.
Many different systems of climate classification are in use for different purposes. Climatic
zones such as tropical, arid, temperature and cool are commonly found for representing
climatic conditions. For the purposes of building design a simple system based on the
nature of the thermal problem in the particular location is often used.
Cold climates, where the main problem is the lack of heat (under heating), or an excessive
heat dissipation for all or most parts of the year.
Temperate climates, where there is a seasonal variation between underheating and
overheating, but neither is very severe.
Hot-dry (arid) climates, where the main problem is overheating, but the air is dry, so the
evaporative cooling mechanism of the body is not restricted. There is usually a large
diurnal (day - night) temperature variation.
Warm-humid climates, where the overheating is not as great as in hot-dry areas, but it is
aggravated by very high humidities, restricting the evaporation potential. The diurnal
temperature variation is small.
The general climate (macroclimate) is influenced by the topographty, the vegetation and
the nature of the environment on a regional scale (mesoclimate) or at a local level within
the site itself (microclimate).
Importance of Climatic Design
Climate has a major effect on building performance and energy consumption. The process
of identifying, understanding and controlling climatic influences at the building site is
perhaps the most critical part of building design. The key objectives of climatic design
include:
To reduce energy cost of a building
To use "natural energy" instead of mechanical system and power
To provide comfortable and healthy environment for people
Factors Affecting Climatic Design
The local micro-climate and site factors will affect the actual environmental conditions of
the building. The important site-related factors should be considered when making the
climate analysis:
Topography - elevation, slopes, hills and valleys, ground surface conditions.
Vegetation - height, mass, silhouette, texture, location, growth patterns.
Built forms - nearby buildings, surface conditions.
Major thermal design factors to be studied include:
solar heat gain, conduction heat flow and ventilation heat flow.
The design variables in architectural expression that are important will include:
Shape - surface-to-volume ratio; orientation; building height.
Building fabric - materials and construction; thermal insulation; surface qualities;
shading and sun control.
Fenestration - the size, position and orientation of windows; window glass materials;
external and internal shading devices.
Ventilation - air-tightness; outdoor fresh air; cross ventilation and natural ventiation
1. Solar paths requiring shade
Studying the sunpath diagram for
each climatic zone, the shaded areas
represent the periods of overheating,
related to undesirable solar gain. In
the lower latitudes there is total
overheating, whereas in the higher
latitudes overheating only occurs
during the summer months.
2. Sunshade analysis (vertical and
horizontal)
The diagrams show the optimum
location of vertical sun shading,
shielding the building from low sun
angles in the morning and evening,
and horizontal sun shading blocking
the high midday sun. Tropical regions
need both vertical and horizontal
shading throughout the year. In
higher latitudes, horizontal and
vertical shading is only needed
during the summer on the south-
facing sides of buildings.
3. Insolation
The sunpath becomes more southerly as we move
north, changing from a 'bow-tie' pattern near the
equator to a heart-shape pattern in the temperate
zones.
4. Sun requirements during winter
There are obviously seasonal variations near the equator. Solar
heating becomes more important than in the upper latitutdes.
Beginning at the equator and moving north, the need for solar
heating increases while the need for solar shading dimishes
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Cross ventilation
Cross ventilation is far more important in the
tropics than in temperate zones. The
theoretical strategy for blocking or inducing
wind flow into a building is based on local
prevailing wind conditions. Generally, for the
tropical zones as much ventilation as
possible is desired. For the arid zone cross
ventilation is required, but care has to be
taken to filter out high-velocity winds. In the
temperate zone, cross ventilation and
shielding are both necessary (for summer and
winter, respectively). In the cool region, the
building should be protected from cold, high-
velcity winds, although cross ventilation is
still required.
Wind direction
Desirable and undesirable winds in each the
climatic zones depend largely on local
conditions. Any breeze in the lower latitude
(tropical and arid climates) is beneficial for
most of the year whereas in higher latitudes
most wind is deter-mental and has to be
screened. There is also a small percentage
of the time in a year (spring and/or autumn)
when comfortable conditions can be
achieved naturally, without any need for
wind screening or additional breezes.
Humidity, Rainfall and Seasonal Variations
Annual Average Relative Humidity
The curve on the left represents the
annual average relative humidity in the
four climatic zones. In the arid zone,
the low level of humidity can be
beneficial for evaporative cooling. In
the tropical zone the high level of
humidity can be very uncomfortable.
Annual Average Rainfall
The middle curve represents the annual
average rainfall in the four climatic
zones. Rainfall level can be seen to
have a direct relationship with humidity
levels.
Annual Seasonal Variations
The distance of the angled line from the
vertical represents the annual seasonal
variations in the four climatic zones.
Higher latitudes, the cold and temperate
zones, have pronounced seasonal
variations. The lower latitudes have
constant climates throughout the year.
1. Form
The diagrams show the optimum building form for
each climatic zone. Research has shown that the
preferred length of the sides of the building, where
the sides are of length x:y, are:
•tropical zone - 1:3
•arid zone - 1:2
•temperate zone - 1: 1.6
•cool zone - 1:1
Analysis of these ratios shows that an elongated
form to minimize east and west exposure is needed
at the lower latitudes. This form slowly transforms
to a ratio of 1:1 (cylindrical) at the higher latitudes.
This is a direct response to the varying solar angles
in the various latitudes.
2. Orientation
Orientation as well as directional emphasis changes
with latitude in response to solar angles.
Zone
Building's
main
orientations
Directional
emphasis
Tropical
On an axis
5o north of
east
north-south
Arid
On an axis
25o north of
east
south-east
Temperate
On an axis
18o north of
east
south-south-
east
CoolOn an axis
facing southfacing south
3. Vertical cores and structure
The arrangement of primary mass can be used as a fator in climatic design as its position
can help to shade or retain heat within the building form. For the tropical zone, the cores
are located on the east and west sides of the building form, so as to help shade the building
from the low angles of the sun during the major part of the day. In arid zone, the cores
should also be located on the east and west sides, but with major shading only needed
during the summer. Therefore, the cores are located on the east and west sides,but primarily
on the south side.
The arrangement of the primary mass in the temperate zone is on the north face, so as to
leave the south face available for solar heat gain during the winter. The cool zone requires
the maximum perimeter of the building to be open to the sun for heat penetration.
Therefore the primary mass is placed in the centre of the building so as not to block out the
sun'r rays and to retain heat within the building
URBAN CLIMATE
Urban areas have particular climatic conditions with a higher temperature than exposed country-side, weak
winds and an amount of sunshine that varies according to the degree of pollution, the urban density, the
orientation of the streets and the shade provided by other buildings.
Urban Microclimates
Urban microclimates are complex because of the number and diversity of factors which come into play. Solar
radiation, temperature and wind conditions can vary significantly according to topography and local
surroundings. In addition, layout density can provide further constraints: the precise plot division, the need
for access and privacy, and the noise and impact of atmospheric pollution must all be taken into account. In
winter, most urban microclimates are more moderate than those found in suburban or rural areas. They are
characterised by slightly higher temperatures and, away from tall buildings, weaker winds. During the day,
wide streets, squares and non-planted areas are the warmest parts of a town. At night, the narrow streets have
higher temperatures than the rest of the city. In summer, green spaces are particularly useful in modifying the
environment during the late afternoon, when the buildings are very hot inside.
Strong local winds can modify the temperature distribution described above. Usually winds in towns are
moderate because of the number and range of obstacles they face. However, a few configurations such as
long straight avenues or multi-storey buildings can cause significant air circulation. Tall buildings rising
above low-rise building can create strong turbulent wind conditions on the ground as the air is brought down
from high levels. Strong winds can flow through gaps at the base of tall buildings. To protect pedestrians
from this, the turbulent flow has to be prevented from descending to street level, for example by modifying
the building form or by using wide protective canopies. In semi-open areas, adjacent buildings can be used as
protective screens against some winds.
Urban Heat Island
Visit any city on a hot summer day, and you will feel waves of blistering heat emanating from roads and dark buildings. Stay
in the city past nightfall, and you will notice that the streets are still radiating heat, while surrounding rural areas are rapidly
cooling.
Almost every city in the world today is hotter - usually between 1 to 4 deg C hotter - than its surrounding area. This
difference between urban and rural temperatures is called the "urban-heat-island" effect", and it has been intensifying
throughout this century. During hot months a heat island creates considerable discomfort and stress and also increases air-
conditioning loads and the incidence of urban smog. Research shows that for every degree of increased heat, electricity
generation rises by 2% to 4 %, and smog production increases by 4% to 10%.
Houses in Switzerland
Examples of houses in different climate zones
Houses in New Orleans
Houses in Middle-East
Photovoltaic, Wind Turbines
Ground coupled system for cooling and heating
Renewable energy
Design to use less:
Less is more – Minimize the area
Maximize the function
Responsive to user needs
Design to collaborate with the
environment:
Orient homes in the landscape to maximize
both views and energy efficiencies.
Become part of the landscape
Responsive to user needs
Design for longevity:
Designed to last a long time;
higher quality houses.
Design for flexibility:
Build flexibility into the design so that
homes can adapt to changes in future use.
Design for beauty, joy and sustainable life
Green building materials
Renewable materials: Bamboo, because it grows so fast and easily.
Sustainably harvested materials such as FSC (Forest Stewardship
Council) certified wood.
Recycled materials:
Countertops made with
recycled paper and
porcelain.
Tiles made from recycled
glass and porcelain.
Composite decking
materials and recycled
carpet tiles.
Green, living walls & roofs
Green building materials
Non-off-gassing materials: Never use VOC
(Volatile organic compounds) paints in houses
Hard Floor Surfaces: Using hard floor surfaces
protects against allergens and molds that might
thrive in hard to clean carpeting. Any carpeting to
use is in the form of washable carpeting tiles.
Low environmental impact - Healthy environment
Renewable materials
Long-lasting and low maintenance:
Materials such as weathering steel roofing and cement
siding with integrated color never require
repainting and are relatively maintenance free. They are
strong and reliable materials with long lives.
Re-use: When possible, incorporate previously used
materials into our houses
Natural Ventilation - lighting
Low environmental impact - Healthy environment
Energy efficient
Efficient envelope:
foam insulation, green roofs, and triple-pane/ low-E windows
to help homes trap heat in the cold and cool air when it's hot out.
Efficient fixtures: LED lights in houses which are huge energy savers.
Efficient appliances: The appliances, use the Energy Star certification.
Efficient heating system
Efficient cooling system
Energy monitoring system
Sun shading
Alternative energy sources:
solar, wind generation, and
geo-thermal power
Energy efficient
Reduce water intake:
Elements like dual flush toilets, low flow showerheads,
on-demand water heaters, and xeriscaping landscapes
create less of a dependency on fresh water.
Site waste management & minimizing
storm water run-off:
Solutions such as green "living" roof systems,
and the use of permeable materials for
walkways and driveways allow homes to
maximum the absorption of rainwater and its
utility.
Water Conservation
Energy efficient
Re-use water:
Rain-water catchment systems collect
rain water for irrigation.
Gray water systems collect water from
sinks and showers which is then re-circulated
for use in toilets.
Water Conservation
…for a building,
…for groups of buildings,
....for a regional development,
... for a city,
....for a geographical region,
....for the world as a whole.
Let’s dream : tomorrow’s energy efficient buildings would have …
A structure and walls of such insulation performance that only 50
kWh/m2/year would suffice to achieve ideal thermal comfort
All of its equipment to the optimal energy performance level
(lighting, HVAC, office devices, …)
Intelligence everywhere that would seamlessly handle energy usage
optimization whilst guaranteeing optimal comfort, a healthy
environment and numerous other services (security, assistance to
elderly people, …)
Renewable and non polluting energy sources
The ability to satisfy its own energy needs (thermal and/or electric)
or even contribute excess power to the community (zero/positive
energy buildings)
Users whose behaviors would have evolved towards a reasoned
usage of energy
Taken into account is the consumption of so-called conventional primary energy: heating, cooling, ventilation,
auxiliaries, production of domestic hot water and lighting facilities.
The label Effinergie is assigned to houses that meet the requirements of the BBC label (Low-energy Building)
with in addition, the requirement to measure the tightness of the air.
Envelope & structure of buildings are very efficient : less than 50
kWh/m2/year are needed for an ideal thermal comfort
Highly insulating and active
glazing :
• Vacuum double glazing :
energy loss = 0,5 W/m2/°C –
wall equivalent
• Thermo chromium : variable
heat flow between 20 to 60 %
New insulation materials:
thinner and able to store energy
• nano porous silica
• phase change materials
wall
coating
support
balls of paraffin
Effective treatment of thermal
bridges (junctions between walls,
metallic structures, aluminium
frames) : this can yield up to 30%
reduction of thermal losses
Intelligence is everywhere in buildings: for usages optimization, for
comfort, for health, for services
Shutters, lighting, HVAC
collaborate to reach global
optimization : increase of
more than 10 % global
energy efficiency
Sensors provide
information of air quality
(pollution, microbes, …)
and smart ventilation
insure health
Weather prediction are
integrated in control
Future office space (intelligent? green?)
House_n: MIT Home of the Future
(http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/)
‘Slinky House‟ - Winning entry, Home of the Future
architectural design competition, Museum Victoria
‘Vegetal Houses‟ - Honourable mention, Home of the Future
architectural design competition, Museum Victoria
BREEAM LEED&
BREEAM stands for the BRE Environmental Assessment Method, and was invented by
BRE (building research establishment) , a building research organization funded mainly by
the government. Based in the UK this organization seeks to provide relevant research and
information to the building industry, about what kind of methods would best support
environmental protection and sustainable development. According to the BREEAM website
(www.breeam.org), „BREEAM assesses the performance of buildings in the following areas:
Management: overall management policy, commissioning site management and
procedural issues.
Energy use: operational energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) issues.
Health and well-being: indoor and external issues affecting health and well-being.
Pollution: air and water pollution issues.
Transport: transport-related CO2 and location-related factors.
Land use: Greenfield and Brownfield sites.
Ecology: ecological value conservation and enhancement of the site.
Materials: environmental implication of building materials, including life-cycle
impacts.
Water: consumption and water efficiency.
LEED was set up in the US, largely inspired by and based on BREEAM.
LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, and is run by
the USGBC.
David Strong from BRE says “the Americans jumped ahead of the green building
movement by setting up the USGBC, and that LEED was set up to provide a set of
services to the American building industry. LEED is a registered trade mark and a
brand name. It’s part of a keen commercial mindset at USGBC, who have attracted
over 6,500 paying members bringing in over $24 million a year. It is this massive
success that the UKGBC is hoping to replicate”.
The USGBC, says that LEED was created to;
* define "green building" by establishing a common standard of
measurement.
* promote integrated, whole-building design practices.
* recognize environmental leadership in the building industry.
* stimulate green competition.
* raise consumer awareness of green building benefits.
* transform the building market.
Types of buildings which can be assessed under the International
Schemes
Whole new buildings
Major refurbishments of existing buildings
New build extensions to existing buildings
A combination of new build and existing building
refurbishment
New builds or refurbishments which are part of a
larger mixed use development
Existing building fit out
Credits are awarded in each of the above areas according to performance. A set of
environmental weightings then enables the credits to be added together to produce a single
overall score. The building is then rated on a scale of:
PASS, GOOD, VERY GOOD, EXCELLENT or OUTSTANDING and a certificate
awarded to the development.
LEED
Sustainable Sites
Choosing a building's site and managing that site during construction are important considerations for a
project‟s sustainability. The Sustainable Sites category discourages development on previously undeveloped
land; minimizes a building's impact on ecosystems and waterways; encourages regionally appropriate
landscaping; rewards smart transportation choices; controls stormwater runoff; and reduces erosion, light
pollution, heat island effect and construction-related pollution.
Water Efficiency
Buildings are major users of our potable water supply. The goal of the Water Efficiency credit category is to
encourage smarter use of water, inside and out. Water reduction is typically achieved through more efficient
appliances, fixtures and fittings inside and water-wise landscaping outside.
Energy & Atmosphere
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, buildings use 39% of the energy and 74% of the electricity
produced each year in the United States. The Energy & Atmosphere category encourages a wide variety of
energy strategies: commissioning; energy use monitoring; efficient design and construction; efficient
appliances, systems and lighting; the use of renewable and clean sources of energy, generated on-site or
off-site; and other innovative strategies.
Materials & Resources
During both the construction and operations phases, buildings generate a lot of waste and use a lot of
materials and resources. This credit category encourages the selection of sustainably grown,
harvested, produced and transported products and materials. It promotes the reduction of waste as
well as reuse and recycling, and it takes into account the reduction of waste at a product‟s source
Indoor Environmental Quality
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that Americans spend about 90% of their day indoors,
where the air quality can be significantly worse than outside. The Indoor Environmental Quality credit
category promotes strategies that can improve indoor air as well as providing access to natural daylight and
views and improving acoustics
Locations & Linkages
The LEED for Homes rating system recognizes that much of a home's impact on the environment comes
from where it is located and how it fits into its community. The Locations & Linkages credits encourage
homes being built away from environmentally sensitive places and instead being built in infill, previously
developed and other preferable sites. It rewards homes that are built near already-existing infrastructure,
community resources and transit, and it encourages access to open space for walking, physical activity and
time spent outdoors.
Awareness & Education
The LEED for Homes rating system acknowledges that a green home is only truly green if the people
who live in it use the green features to maximum effect. The Awareness & Education credits encourage
home builders and real estate professionals to provide homeowners, tenants and building managers with
the education and tools they need to understand what makes their home green and how to make the most
of those features.
Innovation in Design
The Innovation in Design credit category provides bonus points for projects that use new and innovative
technologies and strategies to improve a building‟s performance well beyond what is required by other
LEED credits or in green building considerations that are not specifically addressed elsewhere in LEED.
This credit category also rewards projects for including a LEED Accredited Professional on the team to
ensure a holistic, integrated approach to the design and construction phase
Regional Priority
USGBC‟s regional councils, chapters and affiliates have identified the environmental concerns that
are locally most important for every region of the country, and six LEED credits that address those
local priorities were selected for each region. A project that earns a regional priority credit will earn
one bonus point in addition to any points awarded for that credit. Up to four extra points can be
earned in this way