Intelligent Particle

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INTELLIGENT PARTICLE

An introduction to the intelligent nature of particles

AJMAL BEG



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Copyright c 2007 by Ajmal Beg. All rights reserved.

Author and/or publisher shall not be liable for any kind of direct and/orindirect loss as a result of using information in this book.

ISBN: 978-0-9805610-0-5



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Dedicated to my family



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Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Intelligent behavior of particles 52.1 Intelligent photon and electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 Intelligent gravitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3 Intelligent cosmological bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.4 Big Bang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.4.1 Moment of universe creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3 Intelligent distribution of particles 313.1 Photon and mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.2 Photons and gravitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.3 Photon as a gravitons container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.3.1 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.4 Energy storage capacity of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.5 Discovery of microwave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.6 Energy contained in cosmological bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.6.1 Energy storage capacity of sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.6.2 Energy contained in moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.7 Energy storage capacity of proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.8 Energy source of cosmological bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.9 Purpose of orbits and spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.10 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.11 Confirming energy chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

4 Dynamic shapes of particles 694.1 Dimension of particles and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.2 Objects capacity to expand and contract . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.2.1 Expanding universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.2.2 Black holes/Collapsed stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.2.3 Creation of moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

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vi CONTENTS

4.2.4 Basic structure of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

4.2.5 X-ray spectrum of metal targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884.2.6 Matter density of particles forming material . . . . . . 904.2.7 Tunneling of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.3 Types of dynamic change in particle’s dimensions . . . . . . . 934.3.1 Change in the dimension of particles with uniform density 934.3.2 Change in the dimensions of hollow particles . . . . . . 954.3.3 Change in the dimensions of multilayer particle . . . . 954.3.4 Change in the dimension of origami particle . . . . . . 95

5 Intelligent strong interaction 99

5.1 Strong interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995.2 Interaction without sensing environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015.3 Interaction involving sensing environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

5.3.1 Zero field particle preparation time . . . . . . . . . . . 1125.3.2 Very high speed of sense particles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135.3.3 Tunneling through barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

6 Intelligent communication 1196.1 Group behavior of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

6.1.1 Magnetic lines extending from the bar magnet . . . . . 1196.1.2 Different amplitude of waves with equal frequency . . . 1216.1.3 Diffraction of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226.1.4 Light splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6.2 Messages exchange mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.3 Interaction between light and matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316.4 Pattern of interaction through messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446.5 Message processing in nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

7 Energy chain 1517.1 Basic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517.2 Electromagnetic field and gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

7.3 Gravity and strong interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577.4 Strong and weak interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577.5 Energy flow in universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

8 Basics of modern science 1598.1 Basic concepts of modern science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

8.1.1 What is matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1598.1.2 What is photon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1598.1.3 What is conversion of mass into energy? . . . . . . . . 159



CONTENTS vii

8.1.4 Why heavy objects can release more energy? . . . . . . 159

8.1.5 Can objects control the intake of photons? . . . . . . . 1608.1.6 Why matter do not travel more than speed of light? . . 1608.1.7 Why light bends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608.1.8 Why gravity travels at the same speed as light? . . . . 1608.1.9 Why gravitons are particle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1608.1.10 Is speed of light is constant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618.1.11 How all objects fall at the same speed? . . . . . . . . . 165

8.2 Electron’s energy level and radius of orbit . . . . . . . . . . . 1668.3 Energy bands in metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668.4 Tunneling Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

8.5 Superconductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718.6 Pushing particles beyond c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

8.6.1 Apply a huge force on the particle instantly . . . . . . 1718.6.2 Using the appropriate source of energy . . . . . . . . . 172

8.7 Special Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172



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Chapter 1

Introduction

Modern science is based on basic concepts developed by a number of brilliantscientists such as Newton, Maxwell, Plank and Einstein. Science has madetremendous advancement in last few centuries. However, many scientificeffects cannot be clearly and fully explained by modern science. For instance:

• Science extensively uses formula mc2 to calculate the energy containedin mass. However, there are theories which suggest that speed of light isslowing down with passage of time meaning that the capacity of matterto contain energy is dropping with time. It is not known why speed of

photon can drop with the passage of time.

• Science treats photon as a particle with zero inertial mass. However,photon is affected by gravity and can be treated as a particle witheffective gravitational mass. Gravitational and inertial mass are alwaysequal. Thus, photon should not have zero inertial mass.

• Einstein proposed that photon momentum is in the direction of pho-ton’s motion at the time photon and electron interacts. However, trav-eling electromagnetic wave (photon) has magnetic and electric field inperpendicular to the direction of motion. It is not clear why photon

needs to have momentum in three directions.

• Magnetic momentum is assumed to be due to electrons motion aroundthe nucleus. This magnetic momentum is thought to exist at a rightangle of the orbiting electron. However, it is not clear how magneticmoment at the right angle changes into curving magnetic lines existingbetween poles of bar magnet.

Objects around us are collection of particles which show specific behaviors.We can improve our understanding of mechanisms governing the behavior of

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2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

objects around us if we understand how particles forming the objects interact

with one other. As interaction between smaller particles cannot be observeddirectly, there is need for finding an indirect way to determine how smallerparticles interacts. This book uses methodology as illustrated in Fig. 1.1 tohelp understand interactions among smaller particles.

Figure 1.1: Methodology of this book

Methodology of this book assumes that:

• All kinds of particles are formed from the same basic material.

• All kinds of particles were formed through somewhat similar processand thus have somewhat similar functioning mechanism.



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• The cosmological bodies such as sun, earth and moon are examples of

very large size particles created through repetition of the same basicprocess which created small particles such as electrons.

• As we are unable to directly observe the interactions among smallerparticles, we study the interaction between cosmological bodies for thepurpose of improving understanding of interaction among smaller par-ticles.

This book provides different simple experiments to confirm the validityof presented concepts. The book is divided into different chapters dealingwith different aspects of object’s behavior.

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter describes the methodology used by this book.

Chapter 2: Intelligent behavior of particles

This chapter shows that particles which form this universe exhibit intelligentbehavior. It also shows that the Big Bang was a highly creative process.

Chapter 3: Intelligent distribution of particles

This chapter discusses particles dependency on one another for their survivaland how particles flow in an intelligent manner to meet one another needs.

Chapter 4: Dynamic shapes of particles

This chapter shows the possibility that particles have capability to adapttheir dimensions dynamically while interacting with changing environmentsurrounding them.

Chapter 5: Intelligent strong interaction

This chapter shows that strong interaction requires capability to sense otherparticle before transferring field particles.

Chapter 6: Intelligent communication

This chapter discusses the possibility of particles having highly developedcapability of communication.

Chapter 7: Energy chain

This chapter discusses the flow of energy in the universe.

Chapter 8: Basics of modern science

This chapter revisits the basics of modern science using concepts presentedin this book.



4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION



Chapter 2

Intelligent behavior of particles

This chapter discusses the intelligent behavior of particles. It also shows thatthe Big Bang which resulted in creation of these intelligent particles was alsoa highly creative process.

2.1 Intelligent photon and electron

Hertz, Hallwach, J. J. Thomson, Philip and Einstein contributed to developunderstanding of photoelectric effect. Figure 2.1 shows the details of different

parts forming photoelectric effect apparatus. Electrons are emitted whenlight falls on a metallic plate.

Figure 2.1: Photoelectric effect apparatus

In photoelectric effect:

• Electron emitted from the surface of the metallic emitter have differentvelocities.

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6 CHAPTER 2. INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLES

• The maximum kinetic energy K max of the emitted electron does not

dependent on the intensity of the light which falls on the surface of themetallic emitter.

• K max increases with the frequency of light as shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Relationship between K max and the intensity of light

Einstein was awarded Noble Prize in year 1922 for his contribution tophysics by developing theory about photoelectric effect. According to Ein-stein’s theory of photoelectric effect, relationship between K max and the en-ergy of incident photon is given by:

K max = hf − φ (2.1)

where,

K max: Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electronhf : Energy of the photonφ: Work function of the metalφ is described as minimum energy an electron needs to leave the metal andis given by:

φ = hf 0 (2.2)

It is thought that energy of photon is directly proportional to its fre-quency:

E ∝ f (2.3)



2.1. INTELLIGENT PHOTON AND ELECTRON 7

Let’s assume a photoelectric experiment, in which only monochrome light

source is used to incident photons on the metallic emitter. In this case, allmeasurable quantities in Equation 2.1 are constant:

K max = C 1 = Constant (2.4)

h = C 2 = Constant (2.5)

f = C 3 = Constant (2.6)

φ = C 4 = Constant (2.7)

Equation 2.1 can be rewritten as:

C 1 = C 2C 3 − C 4 (2.8)

Figure 2.3 shows photons falling on atoms that exist at the surface of themetal. Photons can be absorbed by both nucleus and electrons orbitingthe nucleus. A single electron has a chance to absorb energy from multiplephotons on three different occasions:

• While electron is bound to the nucleus of metal.

• While electron is released from the atom and is still inside the metal.

• While electron is in the space outside the surface of the metal and ismoving toward the electrons collector in the photoelectric device.

Total probability of electron to meet photons in a unit time in photoelectricdevice can be described by the relationship:

pcollision = min( p1 + p2 + p3, 1) (2.9)

where, pcollision: Total probability of the electron to meet the photons in a unit timein the photoelectric device

p1: Probability of the electron to meet photons while the electron is stillbound to the metal nucleus p2: Probability of electron to meet the photons, while electron is releasedfrom nucleus and is moving toward the surface of the metal after gainingenergy from photons p3: Probability of electron to meet the photons, while electron is outsidethe surface of the metal and is moving toward the electron collector in thephotoelectric device




Figure 2.3: Absorption of photons by metal




It is obvious that probability of a single electron to meet photons increases

as the number of photons falling on the metallic emitter increases. Therelationship can be described as:

pcollision ∝ n photon (2.10)

where,n photon: Number of photons that falls on the unit surface area of the metallicemitter in a certain period of timeTheoretically, K max should increase with increase in n photon:

K max ∝ pcollision ∝ n photon (2.11)

In photoelectric effect, increasing the intensity or the number of photonsfalling on the metallic emitter surface does not increase the value of K max.K max is constant when monochrome light falls on the metallic emitter.

K max = C 1 (2.12)

This book suggests that electron does not absorb more energy than hf re-

gardless of having a chance to do so. To understand the mechanism of energytransfer between electron and photon, let’s assume two patterns of energytransfer between electron and photons in photoelectric effect.

Pattern 1: One electron interacts with only one photon.

Pattern 2: One electron interacts with multiple photons.

Let’s look at these patterns in details.

Pattern 1:

In this pattern, which is much simpler compared to the pattern 2, a singleelectron absorbs only one photon in a certain period of time. After the

electron has absorbed the energy from photon, it no longer accepts furtherenergy from other photons. The electron gets the energy equal to hf whena single photon has transferred all its energy to the electron.

K max = hf − φ (2.13)

This book suggests that energy transfer between electron and photon is not an

event that is repeated many times, but is a single discrete event which happens

only once within a certain period of time. This pattern of interaction can berealized through different ways such as:




• An electron is capable of absorbing energy from only one photon within

a certain period of time.

• A photon collides with only those electrons which have not gained en-ergy from any other photon within a certain period of time.

• An electron and group of photons avoid each other after there hasbeen an energy transfer among an electron and other photons within acertain period of time.

Second and third reason indicates the intelligent behavior of electron andphotons, in which electron and photons are capable of sensing one another

and making intelligent decisions.Controlled transfer of energy with the surrounding environment is an es-

sential feature of living cells like bacteria. Figure 2.4 shows the basic structureof bacteria.

Figure 2.4: Basic structure of bacteria

The cytoplasmic membrane contains pores through which nutrients, wastesand other products of the cell pass through as shown in Figure 2.5. Cell only

takes the amount of the nutrients, it can consume . It is the exactly the be-havior of the electrons in the photoelectric effect. This book further claimsthat particles have the capability to interact with environment intelligently.

Figure 2.6 shows docks on the surface of particle, on the same patternas the pores on the cytoplasmic membrane. The reason the docks on thesurface of particle have not been observed yet, can be contributed to the fact




Figure 2.5: Pores on the surface of cells

that science has not yet progressed to the stage where the surface of smallparticles could be directly observed.

Figure 2.6: Surface of particle with docks to exchange field particles




Pattern 2:

In this pattern, energy that a single electron accumulates is a sum of energytransfers from multiple photons. Let’s assume n photons transferred theirenergy to electron in a certain period of time and each of these photonstransferred only a part of the total energy it has. In this case, total energytransferred to the electron is given as:

E sum = hf n

i=1

ki (2.14)

Here ki is the fraction of the total energy of photon i that is transferred to

the electron. However, according to Equation 2.1, the condition below needto be satisfied.

(hf n

i=1

ki − φ) ≤ K max (2.15)

ni=1

ki ≤ Constant (2.16)

The above condition can be satisfied, only when the photons and/or electronshave an intelligent behavior or in other words they have intelligence to make

complex decisions . Figure 2.7 shows the simplest intelligent behavior by

which Equation 2.16 could be satisfied. A group of photons queues before theelectron to transfer the energy. Different photons transfer a part of energy tothe electron, until it is filled to the level hf . The different intelligent aspectsof this kind of energy transfer are:

• Photons are capable to determine current level of stored energy in elec-tron.

• Electrons are capable to acknowledge the current level of energy storedin them.

• Electron and photons are capable to follow a protocol of energy transfer.

Electron and photon need to have sophisticated functionality to perform suchenergy transfer.




Figure 2.7: Intelligent behavior of electron and photons




2.2 Intelligent gravitons

Earth rotates around sun due to gravity.

• Gravity is a flow of field particles called gravitons.

• Gravitons flow between center of sun and earth.

• Gravitons are capable of interacting with matter that forms the earthand can exert momentum on it.

Assuming above statements are true, as illustrated in Figure 2.8 there exist

a strong flow of gravitons between the center of sun and earth. As gravitonexert force on matter, this laser like flow of gravitons can act like a sharpblade or steel rod. As the earth is spinning around its own axis, this flow of gravitons can divide the earth into two pieces.

Figure 2.8: Strong flow of gravitons between centers of gravity

As the earth does not get split into two pieces, it can be assumed that:

• Gravitons are capable of differentiating between different parts of earthwhile they travel from center of sun toward earth.

• Gravitons pass through the upper layers of the earth without exertingany momentum on them.



2.2. INTELLIGENT GRAVITONS 15

• Gravitons exert force only on the matter that exists at the center of

the earth as illustrated in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9: Areas where gravitons exert momentum

This book generalizes this observation and says:Graviton Flow Rule 1: Graviton releases the energy or in other words, exertsmomentum only on the matter that exists only at the center of the cosmo-

logical body.Let’s assume there is body which is formed from large number of smallerpieces of mass as illustrated in Figure 2.10. Each smaller body has a centerof gravity as shown in Figure 2.10. The larger body itself has a center of gravity. The position of the center of gravity of the larger mass is the func-tion of the position of the center of the gravity of smaller body. It can beassumed that each smaller body itself is a collection of more bodies, each of them has their own center of gravity. Thus, the position of center of gravityof a larger object can be treated as a function of positions of center of gravity




of smaller objects, where the number of objects with center of gravity are

very large. There is need of very complex computing functionality to be ableto exactly determine the center of gravity when any larger object is formedby very large number of smaller objects of different sizes.

Figure 2.10: Center of gravity when smaller objects form a larger object

Let’s assume another example of two cosmological bodies, which are hol-low from inside as illustrated in Figure 2.11. As gravitons exert momentum

on the matter at the center of the cosmological body, there will be no gravi-tational force between the two cosmological bodies which are hollow. As thiscannot be true, Graviton Rule 1 is modified into Graviton Rule 2 which isdescribed as:Graviton Flow Rule 2: Gravitons acts on the surface of the cosmological bodyrather than the center of the gravity, when they travel from one cosmologicalbody to another.In the case of the earth, which is spinning around its own axis while rotatingin an orbit around the sun. Such flow of gravitons has two features:



2.2. INTELLIGENT GRAVITONS 17

• Gravitons flow in the direction of the line joining the center of gravity

of earth and sun.

• Gravitons act on the external surface of the earth while earth spinsaround its own axis.

Such strong force of gravitons can create a long and deep trench on thesurface of the earth as shown in Figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11: Flow of gravitons in the direction of center of gravity

As such long and deep trench is not evident, Graviton Flow Rule 2 ismodified into Graviton Flow Rule 3, which states that:Graviton Flow Rule 3: Gravitons arriving at the surface of cosmological body,do not always act on a single point on the surface of the cosmological bodies

or exactly at the center of gravity. Gravitons spread themselves before theyexert momentum on the matter depending on the structure and/or gravitonneeds of the cosmological bodies. For bodies which are not formed of matterof equal density, the gravitons may spread themselves around and inside thematter forming the cosmological body before exerting the momentum.Let’s further consider the case, when there is a moon between the earth andthe sun as illustrated in Figure 2.12. Even when the moon becomes a hurdlefor gravitons flowing between the earth and the sun, the earth still rotates inits orbit. Based on this observation, it can be said that the gravitons leaving




the sun does not exert momentum on the moon, but acts only on the earth

only. Gravitons flow rule is modified as:Graviton Flow Rule 4: Gravitons acts only on their destination.

Figure 2.12: Gravitons heading toward the target

Several mechanisms through which gravitons can act only on their desti-nations are:

Possibility 1 Gravitons pass through the moon without exerting momen-tum on moon as shown in Figure 2.12.

Possibility 2 Gravitons change their path to avoid the moon.

Possibility 3 Gravitons supply is stopped while there is an obstacle on theway. During the time when there is no gravitons from the sun to theearth, the earth uses the stored gravitons.

Possibility 4 Gravitons know their destination and they only act when theyhave reached their destinations. In other words, gravitons are like pack-ets of momentum with destination information embedded in them.

Graviton Flow Rule 4 concludes that gravitons act in very coordinated wayto have gravitons distributed themselves to their targets. In later chapters,



2.3. INTELLIGENT COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 19

the carrier for gravitons will be discussed. Existence of carrier means that

carrier obeys Graviton Flow Rule 4.

2.3 Intelligent cosmological bodies

Let’s look at the gravitational forces between earth, moon and sun. Assumingthat the moon is orbiting around the earth in a circular path, force betweenmoon and the earth is given as:

F Moon,Earth = Constant (2.17)

Gravitational force between the moon and sun is not constant as the moonis rotating in an orbit around the earth. This force of attraction betweenthe sun and the moon is a periodic function of time and is not constant asillustrated in Figure 2.13 and is given as:

F Moon,Sun = F Moon,Sun(t) = Constant (2.18)

Furthermore, the force between the sun and the moon is not very negligibleand is approximately given by:

F Moon,Sun = F Earth,Sun ∗ mMoon

mEarth

+ F (t) (2.19)

here,F Earth,Sun: Gravitational force between earth and sun.mMoon: Mass of moon.mEarth: Mass of earth.The total gravitational force on the moon is given by:

F Total = F Moon,Sun + F Moon,Earth = Constant (2.20)

Let’s ignore here that F Earth,Moon is much larger than F Moon,Sun. The above

equation says that the sum of a constant and non-constant value is a constant,which is not a valid mathematical relationship.

Equation 2.20 can be satisfied in only two cases:

Case 1: F Moon,Sun and F Moon,Earth are both variables. F Moon,Sun and F Moon,Earth

adjust themselves over time to keep sum of both these forces constant.

Case 2: F Moon,Sun is a constant

Case 1 indicates that:




Figure 2.13: Gravitational force as a mathematical function




• The flow of gravitons are constantly being adjusted to keep the sum of

F Moon,Sun and F Moon,Earth constant. Gravitons (or the carrier of gravi-tons) are intelligent particles which adjust their quantity to specificvalues to keep the two factors constant.

• For simplification purposes only moon, earth and the sun is being con-sidered here. In reality, the solar system consists of many planets andmoons around these planets. The universal applicability of Newton’sUniversal Law of Gravitational Force links every cosmological bodywith another cosmological body through flow of gravitons. If everycosmological body is assumed as a collection of very larger number of smaller pieces of matter, every piece of matter in the universe is in-teracting with every other piece of matter. To be able to do so, everypiece of matter needs to be very intelligent.

Zero value for F Moon,Sun is the simplest condition that can satisfy Equation2.20. In this case, the moon gets gravitons passing through the earth onlyand it is the confirmation of the gravitons flow paths as shown in Figure 2.12.Based on these observations, this book suggests that:

• Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitational Force is valid only betweencertain cosmological bodies. A single cosmological body does not at-

tract every other cosmological body.• As Gravitational Constant is not constant on different points on the

surface of earth, there is a very limited chance that it is constant elsewhere in the universe.

Let’s assume a bar magnet and a piece of metal around it. The barmagnet exerts force k on the piece metal. If another seven equal mass piecesof metal are brought at the same distance to the bar magnet, the force eachpiece of metal will experience is k/8. Let’s assume, gravitational force actsin the same way as magnetic force works on metal. Large body is like the bar

magnet and small body is like a piece of metal in vicinity of this bar magnet.The small body will experience force k If another seven bodies are broughtnear the large body, the gravitational force each body will experience will bek/8 as shown in the Figure 2.14.




Figure 2.14: Splitting of gravitational force




There is no way available to bring 7 new moons around the earth and

verify that gravitons flow will get divided into 8 equal flows each of whichleading to one of these moons. Based on above argument, flow of gravitonsis expected to be divided into multiple paths. If cosmological bodies behavein the same way as the bar magnet, the cosmological body needs to be ableto perform the following functions:

• Ability to observe or sense new cosmological body.

• Ability to determine the distance toward the newly introduced smallercosmological body.

• Ability to keep monitoring the distance to smaller body.• Ability to determine the distance emitted gravitons can travel.

• Ability to function as multiple channel of graviton flows.

• Ability to function as reflector of gravitons.

Let’s assume that the cosmological body is a mechanical robot. In such case,cosmological body need to have following functionalities:

• Source to emit signals in surrounding areas.

• Receiver to receive reflected signals to determine presence of a newbody.

• Source to convert these signals into a computable form.

• Source to compute the decision based on the received reflected signalsin the formatted form.

• Computing source consisting of memory containing program and theunit to run this program.

• Mechanical units to reflect energy.• Source to split energy into different flows.

It can be said that cosmological body requires following capabilities to beable to function as a device which can distribute gravitons:

• Cosmological body should be able to sense one another.

• Cosmological body should be able to have computing power to be ableto make sophisticated decision.




• Cosmological body should have a source of energy which emit energy.

• Cosmological body should be able to change their form to adjust theamount of energy received.

Figure 2.15 shows an image of the required functionalities of a cosmologicalbody.

Figure 2.15: Cosmological body as smart entity

Many objects on the earth have the information processing power. For

example:• Viruses are very simple living organisms but have a very sophisticated

mechanism to adjust themselves to the environment. Unlike humanwho has a big brain but very limited capability to adjust to the envi-ronment, the virus changes and mutates itself to survive. Viruses cango to dormant state and revive. Virus is just a simple series of proteins.In case of virus, very highly sophisticated computing is done with verysimple structure. Big cosmological bodies can posses a tiny material toprocess the information.




• Looking at the living organisms such as trees and plants, they are very

sophisticated objects, which sense their environments and changes theirstructure according to the environment. Trees do not have a brain likeorgan as humans have, but still trees and plants posses the capabilityto sense and react to the environment.

• The main processing unit, which is used in the devices is made of siliconand doping materials. Both materials are found on the surface of theearth. It can be said that even if there is no living organism live on theplanets, the basic material to form a computing device exists.

Based on above observations, possibility of cosmological bodies possessing

the capability to compute the signals cannot be excluded.Now the next question is it, is it possible for cosmological bodies to posses

a medium to store the information that needs to be processed. Let’s look atdifferent feasibilities:

• The elements used in fabricating the memory devices exists in largequantity on the earth.

• Information can be represented and stored using different shapes.

Now let’s consider the ability of cosmological bodies to reflect energy inany specific direction. Our earth has capability to reflect energy to specificdirection. The earth is spinning around its own axis and is also rotatingaround the sun. The earth surface has different shapes which have differentreflective and refractive qualities. The sea, the green plains, the deserts allare reflecting light in different ways. The mountains are changing shapes,the earth plates are moving, the level of the sea is changing. The areas withspecific reflective properties are constantly changing their locations in thethree dimensional space. Based on these observations, it can be said theearth has the capability to direct energy in different directions.

All above characteristics are present in objects that exist on the earth.The earth is a collection of very large number of such objects. A object

which is a collection of intelligent smaller objects can also act as an intelligentobject, in case the objects forming the larger object coordinates their actions.The only reservation, we have about accepting large cosmological bodies asvery intelligent object is their huge size. Humans are not used to see (living)intelligent objects of such huge size.

How cosmological bodies are behaving like large intelligent bodies is out-side the scope of this book. The most important conclusion here is thatcosmological body can have the capability to sense environment and act ac-cording to change in the surrounding environment.




Let’s see how the moon and the earth can sense each other. Earth can

reflect flow of gravitons toward moon without sensing only when:

• The space around the earth in which the moon rotates, has equal den-sity of gravitons. In other words, the space around the earth is like asea of gravitons and there exits a force F on every point that exists inthe moon’s orbit.

• The moon’s orbit can be treated like an infinite collection of pointswhere each point is confined to a infinitely small area.

• The total energy that earth is emitting is infinite as there are infinite

point where each point is capable of exerting force F.

Based on the above observation that space around the earth needs to containinfinite energy, it can be said that the earth needs to sense the location of moon. There are two feasible models to sense moon:

Low efficiency model As shown in Figure 2.16, different points on thesurface of the earth, releases streams of gravitons. The gravitons travelin curve. If gravitons are not captured by the moon, they return to thesurface of the earth and absorbed back. This model can be regarded aslow efficiency model as only a small part of the gravitons are captured

and used by moon.

High efficiency model Figure 2.17 illustrates this model. The earth ratherthan releasing gravitons in all directions, first detects the position of the moon. Once the position is detected, the gravitons are released.The model is more energy efficient, provided particles used in sensingthe moon require less energy compared to the gravitons. The particlesthat can be used to sense the moon can be a kind of gravitons which aremore energy efficient compared to the gravitons which exert momentumon the matter forming the moon.

The nature generally follows the high efficiency model if living beings onearth are observed. The animals are equipped with multiple organs such aseyes, ears and nose to sense the environment around them. Bat does nothave eyes but uses echo waves to sense the environment. This high efficiencymodel extensively used in human made machinery, where the sensors firstscans the environment before taking any mechanical actions.




Figure 2.16: Using gravitons for sensing

Figure 2.17: Using sensor particles




2.4 Big Bang

Galaxies in our universe contain large number of stars. Galaxies are reced-ing away from earth at a very high speed. The receding speed of galaxiesincreases with the distance from earth. This is known as Hubble Law and isdescribed as:

v = H R (2.21)

where,v: Speed of recedingHubble parameter H : 17× 10−3 m/(s.lightyear)R: Distance from the earth

Hubble Law has a limited accuracy of 50%. Hubble suggested that expansionof universe is responsible for galaxies moving away from earth.

2.4.1 Moment of universe creation

Let’s discuss possible reason of galaxies moving away from one another.Based on Newton’s law of motion, the velocity of a moving body is givenas:

vf = vi + at0 (2.22)

where,

t: Duration of time during which change in the speed of body is observedvi: Initial speed of body at the start of duration t at time instance t0a: Rate of accelerationvf : Final speed of body at the end of duration t

Now consider two moving galaxies A and B. The moving speed of galaxiesA and B is given by following equations:

vf (A) = vi(A) + aAtA (2.23)

vf (B) = vi

(B) + aBtB (2.24)

For simplification purpose, let’s assume that galaxy A and B are moving inthe same direction. The distance between galaxy A and B can increase withpassing of time if:

vf (A) = vf (B) (2.25)

Let’s assume that galaxy A and B were joined together at the time of universe creation and thus were at rest in relation to one another:

vi(B) = vi(A) = 0 (2.26)



2.4. BIG BANG 29

Equation 2.25 and 2.26 can be satisfied under three different scenarios:

Scenario 1:aA = aB (2.27)

tA = tB (2.28)


tA = tB (2.30)


tA = tB (2.32)

Let’s look in details each of the above scenarios:

Scenario 1

This scenario can be further divided into two cases:

• Case 1: Galaxy A and B contain equal amount of mass

• Case 2: Galaxy A and B does not contain equal amount of mass

Case 1:In this case, Galaxy A and B have equal amount of mass and are moving withequal acceleration rate. It means galaxies A and B were pushed in specificdirections with the same force at the moment of universe creation. Only ahighly controlled and creative event can create galaxies of equal mass whichstarted their journey containing equal amount of energy.Case 2:Only a highly controlled event can result in galaxies of different mass gain-ing same acceleration rate. Gravity can be also one of the forces underwhich Equation 2.27 can be satisfied as objects fall down toward earth’s sur-

face with constant acceleration rate regardless of their mass. Under suchassumption Equation 2.27 indicates possibility that galaxies are moving to-ward something with constant acceleration rate. It is thought that universeis expanding. Universe can expand if our universe is enclosed in a sphericalshape container of very dense mass and this spherical shape container wallis pulling galaxies toward itself due to gravitational like force. Equation 2.28means that galaxy A and B have been in motion for different interval of times.It indicates possibility that galaxies were created in temporal sequence andwere pushed toward specific direction in which they have been traveling with




constant acceleration regardless of difference in their mass. Equations 2.28

also indicates that there was a series of events which resulted in creation of galaxies rather than an uncontrolled Big Bang event.

Scenario 2

Equation 2.30 indicates that galaxy A and B were created at the same in-stance. Equation 2.29 means that the acceleration rate is different for differ-ent galaxies. Let’s divide the process of galaxies creation into two steps:

• A large object is divided into galaxy A and galaxy B, where galaxy Ais larger in mass compared to galaxy B.

• Galaxy A and B are pushed with specific force.

Let’s discuss the second step here.Large galaxy A should gain lower acceleration rate while small galaxy

B should gain high acceleration rate. As receding speed of galaxies increasewith distance from earth, mass contained in each galaxy should decrease withdistance from earth according to Equation 2.29. If no such decrease in massof galaxies is evident, it can be claimed that universe creation is a result of very intelligent process.

Scenario 3

Equation 2.32 indicates the possibility that galaxies were created in temporalsequence. As receding speed of galaxies increase with distance from earth,mass contained in each galaxy should decrease with increase in distance fromearth according to Equation 2.31. If this is not the case, it indicates thatcreation of universe as a result of highly intelligent process.



Chapter 3

Intelligent distribution of

particles

This chapter discusses how particles distribute themselves in an intelligentmanner.

3.1 Photon and mass

Einstein proposed relationship between mass of an object and the total energy

it can contain as:E = mc2 (3.1)

where,E : Energy contained in the objectm: Mass of the object at restc: Speed of lightE is also believed to be the quantity of energy in which mass can convertinto. However, there is no experimental proof that any object with non-zeromass ever completely converted into energy (photons). It is also believedthat energy can convert into mass as particles getting accelerated at very

high speed behave as they are heavier. However, no one has been successfulin creating a completely new mass by compressing energy (photons). Basedon these arguments, this book treats mass merely as a container of photons.Conversion of mass into energy is a process which releases photons which arecontained in this container. Similarly, increase in the mass of object is theprocess which results in increase in the number of photons contained in thiscontainer. Mass is represented mathematically as:

Mass =n

i=1

Photoni + C Photon (3.2)

31



32 CHAPTER 3. INTELLIGENT DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES

where,

C Photon: Container of photonsPhotoni: i-th photon contained in container C Photon

n: Total number of photons contained in container C Photon

Figure 3.1 illustrate the logical view of mass according to this book.

Figure 3.1: Mass as a container of photons

In section 2.1, it has been observed that mass (a collection of particles)behaves like biological cells. Biological cell contain DNA which containscoded instructions controlling how the cell behaves. DNA is made of fourtypes of base known as adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine(T). DNA can be treated like a long series of these bases. Here, this bookassumes that DNA of particle is also made of these four types of bases,which are represented in this book as 00, 01, 10 and 11. A series of this bases



3.1. PHOTON AND MASS 33

controls the behavior of the particle. In section 2.1 it has been observed

that particle can also contain docks for exchange of particles in the samepattern as biological cells. As particle is a much smaller structure comparedto biological cells, this book represents 0 as a dock (pore) without a photonand 1 as a dock (pore) with a photon. As DNA is a coded instruction whichneed to be transmitted, this book assumes a communication bus betweenthe coded instructions (DNA) and the photons which behave according tothese coded instruction. In Figure 3.1, left side of the communication baserepresents the coded instructions and the right side of the communicationbase represents the photons which follow the coded instructions receivedthrough the communication bus.

Logical view of matter as illustrated in Figure 3.1 can be true, if photoncan drop their speed to zero. Let’s consider the example of tennis ball whichstrikes a wall and bounces back as shown in Figure 3.2

Figure 3.2: Tennis ball striking a wall

Speed of tennis ball reduces to zero at the moment tennis ball strikes thewall as shown in Figure 3.3.

Now let’s assume that photon is like a tennis ball which strikes andbounces back from a hurdle (mirror) as shown in Figure 3.4.

The moment photon strikes the mirror, it drops its speed to zero. Afterstriking the mirror, photon changes its direction of motion and acceleratesitself to c in a very short period of time as shown in Figure 3.5. Based onthis observation, it can be claimed that photon has the capability to drop itsspeed to zero. If it is insisted that the space surrounding the mirror is a freespace, then according to Einstein, speed of photon must increase from zeroto c in no time as photon must always travel at c in free space.




Figure 3.3: Change in speed of tennis ball

Figure 3.4: Photon being reflected from a mirror



3.2. PHOTONS AND GRAVITONS 35

Figure 3.5: Change in speed of photon

3.2 Photons and gravitons

Falling photon experiment is a scientific method to confirm the effect of grav-ity on photons. Figure 3.6 shows the details of the falling photon experiment.At height H a photon emitting source is positioned and at the surface of theearth the frequency of the falling photons is measured using light frequencydetector. Increase in the frequency of the photons at the surface of the earth

can confirm that gravity increases the energy of photons.The law of conservation of energy leads to the relationship below. KE

represents Kinetic Energy and P E stands for Potential Energy.

KE 0 + P E 0 = K E 1 + P E 1 (3.3)

Assuming that potential energy at the surface of the earth is represented bymgH where photon mass is m = hf/c2 and H is the distance of the sourceof light from surface of the earth, Equation 3.3 can be rewritten as:

hf 0 +hf 0

c2

gH = hf 1 + 0 (3.4)

It leads to Equation which indicates that the frequency of light will increasewhen gravitational force acts on it.

hf 1 = f 0

1 +

gH

c2

(3.5)

To confirm this, falling photon experiment was conducted and it was con-firmed that falling photon increases its frequency.




Figure 3.6: Falling photon experiment

It is known that light bends under the effect of gravity, when it passesnear large cosmological bodies like sun and other stars. Figure 3.7 showslight bending phenomena when light from other stars passes by the sun. Thebending of light results in showing stars at a different location than theyactually are.



3.2. PHOTONS AND GRAVITONS 37

Figure 3.7: Star light bending under influence of sun’s gravity

For simplification purpose, let’s assume that there exist a uniform energyfield from the surface of sun to the height R as shown in Figure 3.8. Thisenergy field increases the energy of photon which flies through this energyfield. Let’s consider two photons which pass through this uniform energyfield. One photon does not bend and the other photon bends. The photonwhich bends, remains in the uniform energy field for longer period of timecompared to the photon which does not bend. The act of bending results inincreased input from the uniform energy field to the photon compared to theinstance where photon passing by the sun does not bend.




Figure 3.8: Photon increase its energy by bending path

3.3 Photon as a gravitons container

Let’s assume photon as a black box with input and output as shown in Figure3.9. Photon receives gravitons and emits energy in the form of magnetic andelectric field. Here, let’s assume that emitted energy from the photon is alsoin the form of field particles.

Figure 3.9: Photon as a black box

Photon is like a factory which converts gravitons into field particles whichform electric and magnetic field. During this process of conversion, gravitonsreside in the photon or in other words, photon acts like a temporary container



3.3. PHOTON AS A GRAVITONS CONTAINER 39

of gravitons.

Photon =n

i=1

Gravitoni + C Graviton (3.6)

where,C Graviton: Container of gravitonsGravitoni: i-th graviton contained in container C Graviton

n: Total number of gravitons contained in container C Graviton

According to the methodology as described in Figure 1.1, every large particleis formed by the repetition of the same process which forms the smallerparticle. Based on this methodology, let’s assume that photon has the samestructure as mass in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.10 shows the logical view of photon

as a container of gravitons.

Figure 3.10: Photon as a container of gravitons

In section 2.1, it has been observed that mass (a collection of particles)behaves like biological cells. As mentioned before too, biological cell con-tain DNA which contains coded instructions controlling how the cell behave.DNA is made of four types of bases known as adenine (A), cytosine (C),




guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA can be treated like a long series of these

bases. Here, this book assumes that DNA of photon is also made of fourtypes of bases, which are represented in this book as 00, 01, 10 and 11. Aseries of these bases controls the behavior of photon. In section 2.1 it hasbeen observed that particle can also contain docks for exchange of particlesin the same pattern as biological cells. As photon is a much smaller struc-ture compared to biological cells, this book represents 0 as a dock withouta graviton and 1 as a dock with a graviton. As DNA is a coded instructionwhich need to be conveyed, this book assumes a communication bus betweenthe coded instructions (DNA) and the gravitons which behave according tothese coded instruction. In Figure 3.10, left side of the communication base

represents the coded instructions and the right side of the communicationbase represents the gravitons which follow the coded instructions receivedthrough the communication bus.

Photon’s frequency is the indicator of the energy it contains. Photon withhigh frequency has more energy compared to a photon with low frequency.Gravitons have not been detected yet so it is not known what indicates theenergy level of gravitons. For simplification purpose, this book assumes thateach graviton has a fixed amount of energy. It means high frequency photonhas large number of gravitons compared to that of a low frequency graviton.Thus, photon’s frequency is directly proportional to number of gravitons itcontains:

f Photon ∝ nGraviton (3.7)

where,

f Photon: Frequency of photonnGraviton: Number of gravitons contained in photonIn section 2.2, the intelligent nature of gravitons has been discussed under theassumption that gravitons do not need a carrier for movement and gravitonscan travel on their own. Gravitons may need photon as a carrier for changingtheir position. Under this assumption, gravity (collection of gravitons) isactually contained in the glow of earth. Let’s discuss how a falling photoncan increase its frequency. Figure 3.11 illustrates a falling photon whichinteracts with glow near the surface of earth.



3.3. PHOTON AS A GRAVITONS CONTAINER 41

Figure 3.11: Coupling of photons to exchange gravitons

• Mass forming the earth contains larger number of photons. Each such




photon further contains multiple gravitons.

• When a falling photon starts traveling toward the earth’s surface, pho-ton from the surface of earth jumps and couples with the falling photon.

• Gravitons transfer between these two coupled photons while they movetoward the earth.

It can be easily confirmed with experiment that photon carries gravitons orin other words, gravity is light.

3.3.1 Experiment

• During the day time, a certain point on earth gets direct sunlight. If these photons from sun really carry gravitons with them, there shouldbe a higher concentration of gravitons on the surface of earth duringthe day time. Thus, earth’s surface should show higher gravity duringthe day time.

• During the night time, a certain point on earth do not get direct sun-light. If photons from sun really carry gravitons with them, thereshould be less concentration of gravitons on the surface of earth duringthe night time. Thus, earth’s surface should show lower gravity duringthe night time.

• Falling photon or falling object experiment should show different re-sults in day and night time if photons from sun really carry gravitonswith them. In case of falling photon, falling photon can show differ-ent speed and/or frequency during day and night. In case of fallingobject, different results can be in the form of different kinetic energythat falling object transfers. Objects might have different falling speedduring day and night time.

• Falling photon experiment can be done in open desert where there isvery less chances of interference from external magnetic fields.

• Falling photon experiment can be carried out throughout the year tosee impact of weather on gravity.

The sea level rises during the night time. The rise in the level of sea is con-tributed to gravity from moon. However, sea level rise can also be due earthexerting less gravity on sea water during night time. If above experimentshows different behavior of photon during day and night, it can be claimedthat objects are lighter during the night due to reduction in concentration of gravitons on the surface of earth.



3.4. ENERGY STORAGE CAPACITY OF PARTICLE 43

3.4 Energy storage capacity of particle

Figure 3.12 illustrates how energy carrying waves travel when a stone hit apond full of water. The radius of energy carrying waves increases with timewhile energy these waves carry decreases. Photon also carries energy andkeeps on reducing its energy (frequency) as it travels away from the sourcewhich emitted it.

Figure 3.12: Travel path of energy carrying particle

Let’s assume that photon is a flying vehicle which can fly long distance.As photon decreases its frequency while traveling, it is assumed here that itconsumes energy while traveling in free space. Let’s assume that photon hasa fuel tank with limited capacity that contains energy that photon uses whiletraveling in the free space.

Photons are affected by gravity. Falling photon experiment proves thatphoton increases its frequency (energy). Photons also bend toward cosmo-logical bodies while traveling in free space. Bending toward cosmological

bodies can increase the energy of photons. In other words, gravity increasesthe fuel contained in the fuel tank of photon. To calculate how much dis-tance photon can travel with the energy it can contain, let’s observe how fara photon can travel without refueling itself. The nearest star from our solarsystem is about 4.3 light years. Figure 3.13 shows the travel path of thephoton between nearest star and the earth. At earth the photon which hastraveled from the nearest star is absorbed. The photon takes about 4.3 lightyears to travel from the star to the earth surface. The height of the upperpart of light cone is 4.3 light years. According to the concept of time and




space developed by Einstein, the equal size cone needs to exist downward.

So the total height of both cones is 8.6 light years. If the time unit of c2 isignored, it is almost equal to 9 light years. Thus, it can be said that photoncan travel up to 9 light years with the energy it can contain within itself.

Figure 3.13: Maximum distance photon can travel without refueling



3.4. ENERGY STORAGE CAPACITY OF PARTICLE 45

Photon is capable of traveling with energy it contains up to 9 light years.

To travel further than this distance, photon needs energy from externalsources. There are stars millions of light years away from us and a pho-ton is incapable of traveling such long distance. Photon needs to refill itself while traveling such long distances.

Let’s assume dark matter is made of a specific type of particle P +. Forevery particle, there exists an antiparticle. Hence, there should also existantiparticle for P +. This antiparticle is called P − here.

• P + exhibits gravity. In other words, P + transfers gravitons to photons.

• As P + transfers gravitons to photons, P − should receive gravitons from

passing photons.

• Dark matter can be regarded as a three dimensional space with highconcentration of P +.

• The three dimensional space where there is high concentration of P − iscalled anti dark matter here.

• The free space is a combination of dark and anti-dark matter.

• As photon always loses energy while traveling, it can be claimed thatthe quantity of anti dark matter is larger than that of dark matter in

the free space.

This book suggests that:

• Photon is like a aircraft which can be refueled during its flight.

• Photon starts its flight from one galaxy.

• Photon travels on a path during its flight which passes near cosmolog-ical bodies.

• Photon keeps on refueling its energy reserves by passing by the cosmo-

logical bodies or making rotations around the cosmological body.

• Large number of black holes or collapsed stars are one of those cos-mological bodies, which perform the role of refueling stations in theuniverse. Black holes may have other roles such as a collection of mat-ter used in creation of cosmological bodies. However, the role of blackbodies to as a point of refueling photons is only considered here.

• Photon finishes its flight, when it reaches its destination. It stays atthis destination before embarking on a new trip.




Figure 3.14 illustrate how the photon flies from one cosmological body to

another, when they are at a distance of more than 9×1016 meters. The pho-ton grazes the surface of different cosmological bodies (or makes round triparound the cosmological bodies) and refuels itself. It continues the processof consuming energy and utilizing it, until it reaches its destination. A fixedangle at which the photon bends toward the surface of sun has been an areaof interest. This book postulates a new theory suggesting that:

• The angle at which the photon bends toward the cosmological bodywhile grazing it depends upon the quantity of energy the photon needs.The photons might be making round trips around the cosmological bod-

ies. The number of round trips a photon make around the cosmologicalbody depends on its energy need.

• It means that two photon traveling from the same point A to pointB, may have different angle of bending (or number of round trips)toward the cosmological body depending upon the initial energy storage(photon frequency), they had when they started their journey.

• It is not necessary that the all the photon leaving a star flies towardthe same destinations. Some of the photons may have destinations and

others don’t. There is also a possibility that the photons leaving acosmological body may have different target destinations.

• This book suggests that photons might be rotating around the cosmo-logical bodies to recharge themselves with gravitons. Based on this,the angle of bending can be also treated as the difference between theangle at which the photon started its round trip around the cosmolog-ical bodies and the angle at which it left the cosmological body afterrecharging itself.

In short, it can that claimed that the Gravity or the stream are gravitons becomes fuel for photons to enable them travel from one destinations to an-

other destination . Up to now, it had been believed that the role of gravityhas been only to make one cosmological body rotate around another and ithad no other role in the functioning of the light and matter. This theory canbe regarded as a major discovery of link between gravitons and the photons.

As any mass is a container of photons, it can be claimed that any massincluding cosmological bodies can travel up to 9 light years with the energythey contains.



3.5. DISCOVERY OF MICROWAVE 47

Figure 3.14: Journey path of photon using cosmological bodies as refuelingstation

3.5 Discovery of microwave

In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered microwave that wassame in whatever direction the microwave detector was pointed out. It wassame through out the year. The detected microwave was assumed to be aglow from early universe. This book suggests some other possible explana-tions for existence of such microwave.Earth has a special place in the universe

Let’s assume a spherical space with very large radius which has our earth atits center. The boundary of this spherical space has large number of samekind of uniformly distributed stars. Photons emitted by these star reach our





3.6. ENERGY CONTAINED IN COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 49

• Speed of light is constant

• Mass cannot travel faster than light

The other possibility is that the Big Bang happened at the point where ourearth exists now and since then the early glow from the universe remainedattached to our earth.Cosmological bodies are energy hub

Cosmological body (earth) receives energy within a specific frequency range(microwave). It is also known that cosmological bodies (stars) have uniquespectrum. Based on these two facts, it can be suggested that cosmolog-

ical body is an energy transformer which changes received energy to newfrequency and then distributes it to different points in the universe. It indi-cates the possibility that cosmological bodies in our universe play a specificenergy transmission role while being part of a very huge energy distributionnetwork.Photons are dependent on matter for their survival

The possible mechanism, due to which glow from early universe can be stilldetected on the earth can be due to existence of some kind of bond (rela-tionship) between light and matter. Due to this bond light (glow) needed toremain in vicinity of matter (earth). In this scenario, glow from early uni-verse and the origin of matter forming our earth started travel in the samedirection at the same time. Earth traveled at a speed less than the speedof light while glow kept attached to the earth while traveling in vicinity of the earth at the speed of 3 ∗ 108 meters. Microwave detector can detectmicrowave regardless of direction it is pointed out, as even now significantquantity of this glow is moving in vicinity of around this earth due to somekind of bond (relationship) between light and matter.

3.6 Energy contained in cosmological bodies

The gravitational constant which forms the basis of Newton’s Universal Lawof Gravitation is not constant on different location on earth. Different loca-tions on earth have different value of Gravitational Constant, casting doubtthat the current gravitational mathematical relationship can be applied tothe whole universe in its current form. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravita-tion has two main concepts:

• Smaller mass orbits around larger mass.




• Force making the smaller body rotate around the larger body reduces

when distance between smaller and larger cosmological bodies increase.

This book suggests that our universe is too complex to be described by a sim-

ple Gravitational Constant . Let’s evaluate the validity of the mathematicalrelationship proposed by Newton. Let’s assume that there are two types of object A and B with characteristics:Mass of an object OA of type A = mMass of an object OB of type B = m/pp = Integer valueDistance between the centers of object OA and object OB = rO

A attracts O

b toward itself, or in other words, O

A releases gravitational

waves (the groups of particle gravitons) toward OB. The extent of the forceF released by OA is given as:

F = Gm2

pr2 = k (3.9)

where,G: Gravitational constantLet’s assume another object OC with the same mass as OB is brought inproximity to OA at the distance r . Now the total energy released by the OA

is given as:F = 2k (3.10)

When n number of bodies are brought in proximity to OA at distance r, thetotal energy released by is OA given as:

F = nk (3.11)

n →∞⇒ F → ∞ (3.12)

In the case, n approaches infinites, F becomes infinite too. The relationshipmeans a limited amount of mass in our galaxy can release infinite amount of

energy, which is against the basic understanding of modern physics. Figure3.15 illustrates this concept. It is interested to know how cosmological bodiesgain energy they need to perform their tasks. In the subsequent sub sections,the energy contained in sun and earth is discussed.

3.6.1 Energy storage capacity of sun

It is believed that gravitational force by sun is responsible for rotation of earth around it. Earth is assumed to be 4.5 billion years old. Let’s calculate



3.6. ENERGY CONTAINED IN COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 51

Figure 3.15: Mass as limited source of energy

whether sun posses enough energy to be able to rotate earth continuouslyaround itself for 4.5 billion years. To calculate the energy of sun can contain,

following generally accepted values are used:Mass of earth mEarth = 6× 1024 kgMass of sun mSun = 2× 1030 kgRadius of earth rEarth = 6.4× 106 mRadius of sun rSun = 1.7× 106 mMean radius of earth’s orbit REarth = 1.5× 1011 mAssuming that there is no other cosmological body rotating around the sunexcept the earth, then the distance (meters) sun is able to move the earth isgiven by:

dSun,Earth = 9× 1016 mSun

mEarth

= 3× 1022m (3.13)

Number of rotations the earth has made around the sun since its birth ( 4.5billion years ) is equal to:

nEarth = 4.5× 109 (3.14)

Total distance traveled by the earth so far is given by:

dEarth = 2πREarth × 4.5× 109 = 4.24× 1021m (3.15)




These calculations show that the sun has consumed significant part of energy

it can contains in rotating earth around its orbit during the last 4.5 billionyears.

According to this book, it is clear that earth can travel only 9 × 1016

meters by using all the energy it contains. This distance is much less thanthe distance already earth has traveled.

The solar system consists of following nine planets:

• Mercury

• Venus

• Earth

• Mars

• Jupiter

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Neptune

• Pluto

Now, let’s pay attention to Jupiter and see whether sun has enough energyto be able to rotate other planets like Jupiter. The distance sun can moveJupiter by using all the energy it can contains is given by:

dSun,Jupiter = 9× 1016 mSun

mJupiter

= 9.47× 1019 (3.16)

mJupiter: 317.8 times of earths mass.Assuming that Jupiter and the earth both came into being 4.5 billion years

ago at the same time, then the number of rotations Jupiter has made aroundthe sun are given as:

nJupiter = 4.5× 109

11.86 = 3.79× 108 (3.17)

Assuming that Jupiter is rotating in a circle, the total distance Jupiter hastraveled since it came into existence 4.5 billion years ago is given by:

dJupiter = 2πRJupitern = 1.85× 1021 (3.18)



3.7. ENERGY STORAGE CAPACITY OF PROTON 53

where,

RJupiter : Orbital radius of Jupiter which is 5.20 AU1 Astronomical Unit (AU): 1.5× 1011 metersFrom the calculations, it is obvious that the sun does not contain enoughenergy to rotate Jupiter around it for 4.5 billion years even when it uses allthe energy it can contain. According to this book, Jupiter should not beable to travel more than 9×1016 meters by using all energy it contains. Thisdistance is much less than the distance Jupiter already has traveled.

3.6.2 Energy contained in moon

The distance the earth is capable of rotating moon around is given by:

dEarth,Moon = 9× 1016mEarth

mMoon

= 7.7× 1018 (3.19)

where,Mass of earth mEarth = 6× 1024 kgMass of moon mMoon = 7× 1022 kgAssuming that the moon came into existence 4.5 billion years ago at thesame time as the earth. The number of rotations moon has made around theearth is given as:

nMoon = 4.5× 109 × 365

27 = 6.0× 1010 (3.20)

The total distance traveled by the moon since its existence 4.5 billion yearsis given as:

dMoon = 2πRMoonnMoon = 1.5× 1020m (3.21)

here,Radius of Moon’s orbit around the earth RMoon = 4× 108 mIt is obvious that even when the earth uses all the energy it can contain, itis not possible for earth to rotate the moon around its orbit for 4.5 billionyears.

3.7 Energy storage capacity of proton

It is evident from the examples of cosmological bodies that they do not con-tain enough energy to perform their current tasks. Let’s investigate whetheror not proton contains enough energy to able to rotate electron around itsorbit. Here, let’s assume that earth itself is not in motion.




Hydrogen is the simplest element consisting of only one proton and one

electron. It is thought that hydrogen atom was formed 700000 years afterthe Big Bang. The Big Bang is thought to have occurred 15 Billion yearsago. For simplification purpose, the life of the hydrogen atom is assumedto 15 billion years here. The total distance electron can travel using energycontained in the proton is given as:

dProton,Electron = 9× 1016 mProton

mElectron

= 1.68× 1020m (3.22)

where,Mass of electron mElectron = 9.1× 10−31 kg

Mass of proton mProton = 1.7×

10

−27

kg

As no one ever has been able to directly observe the time an electronspends in making one rotation around the proton. This work reverse calcu-lates the distance, electron would have traveled in last 15 billion years if allof the energy proton can contains is used rotating electron. Here, the energyelectron uses to spin around its own axis is ignored: The distance electronhas so far traveled in one second is given as:

dElectron = dProton,Electron

15× 109 × 365× 24× 3600 = 355.15m/sec (3.23)

The above calculations exclude the energy, proton uses to bind to otherprotons in the matter. A object traveling at 355.15 m/sec can be easilyobserved. Based on the calculated values, it can be claimed that the protonmay not be capable of rotating electron around its orbit for 15 billion years,even when if it use all the energy it contain.

3.8 Energy source of cosmological bodies

In the case of cosmological bodies, it is evident that they do not containenough energy to perform the task, they had been performing for a very longtime.

• The earth is incapable of rotating moon using all the energy it cancontain.

• The sun is incapable of rotating planets around it using all energy itcan contain.

Releasing of major part of energy from any object can make it useless. Let’ssee how cosmological bodies can meet their energy needs.



3.8. ENERGY SOURCE OF COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 55

• Moon does not contain enough energy of its own which can enable it

to rotate around the earth. The nearest possible channel of energy canbe the planet (earth) around which it is rotating. In other words, theplanet (earth) channels energy to the moon which enables the moonto keep on traveling in an orbit around the planet (earth). The otherpossibility is that moon gets energy from the sun and reflects it towarddifferent parts of the earth while rotating around the earth. Here, onlyfirst possibility is considered.

• The planet (earth) itself is rotating around the star (sun). The planet(earth) itself has not enough energy , which could have enabled it keepon rotating around the star (sun). At the same time, the planet (earth)also becomes path of energy flow to the moon. To be able to travelaround the star (sun) and rotate moon in orbits, requires the supplyof external energy. The star (sun) around which the planet (earth)rotates can be path of the flow of this energy.

• Sun (star) is moving in an orbit around another star. Sun (star) needsenergy for its own movement around another star and also for rotatingplanets around itself. The center of galaxy can be the path of flow of this energy.

• Let’s assume galaxies are moving on specific paths. Galaxies needenergy to supply to stars it contain and also for movement of galaxieson specific paths. Galaxies need supply of energy from specific pointin the universe.

From the above observations, it can be concluded that:

• There is a very powerful flow of energy coming from some specific pointin the universe.

• The cosmological bodies acts as reflectors of this energy to other smallerbodies. In other words, there exists a whole infrastructure of energy

supply to the universe, using cosmological bodies as energy reflectors.It has been observed that:

• Cosmological bodies are made of matter. Matter is a container of en-ergy.

• From energy point of view, the matter is a consumer of energy and atthe same time matter is a path through which energy passes on its wayto its destination. Matter is like a vehicle which is without fuel. To beable to move or function, it needs fuel from outside.




• The universe to be able to function, there is a need a source which

contain very massive quantity of energy. This source supplies energy tomass. At the time of universe creation, this source was at the maximumlevel of energy. With the passage of time, the energy this source issupplying to the universe is dropping. At a certain point in future, theuniverse will be without energy to be able to function.

• As energy supply drops, everything in the universe becomes slowerincluding the speed of photons.

Figure 3.16 and Figure 3.17 shows how the cosmological bodies can actas a distributor of photons/gravitons. Figure 3.17 also shows two flow of

gravitons/photons toward moon. First flow is from earth which moon usesfor moving around the earth and the other flow of gravitons/photons is fromsun, which moon diverts toward the earth. In other words, moon is anenergy reflector from sun toward the earth. Moon gets energy from earthfor rotating around the earth and while rotating around earth distributegravitons/photons from sun toward different parts of the earth. Figure 3.18shows how atom acts like an energy hub.






Figure 3.17: Gravitons travel paths within galaxy



3.8. ENERGY SOURCE OF COSMOLOGICAL BODIES 59

Figure 3.18: Atom as an energy hub




3.9 Purpose of orbits and spin

This book suggests:

• Moving in orbits can help smaller objects reflect gravitons/photons todifferent parts of the larger object.

• Rotation of a smaller object can help smaller object gain gravitons/photonsfrom different parts of the larger object.

• The radius of the orbit depends upon the energy needs of the smallerand larger object. Object which needs larger quantity of energy, re-

mains near the larger body to capture more gravitons/photons. Thebody which does not need much energy remains at a larger distance.Similarly when smaller object is acting as a reflector of energy towardlarger body, the distance between the larger and smaller body dependon the energy need of the larger body.

• Shape of the orbit depends upon the energy need of the object asillustrated in Figure 3.19.

Round Orbit Objects which consume gravitons quickly need to re-main at a constant distance from the larger mass. This leads to a

smaller object rotating around a larger mass in circle.Eclipse Orbit Objects which have some good capacity to store addi-

tional gravitons are able to move larger distance away from thelarger mass. These objects store energy and travel far away. Whenthey have used major part of their stored energy, they come backnear the larger body to refill gravitons. It leads to an orbit ineclipse shape.

• Angle of inclination of the orbit around the larger mass also dependsupon the energy needs of the smaller objects. The gravitational con-stant G is not constant on all points of the earth. It may lead to theconclusion that the density of gravitons/photons that are released fromthe surface of earth is not constant at all points of the surface. Theorbit at an inclined path may be helping capture gravitons accordingto needs of an object.

Earth rotates around its own axis and similarly particles like electron also spinaround their own axis. The particles are classified according the direction of spin and the extent of spin using number like 0, 1 and 2. This work suggeststhat:



3.9. PURPOSE OF ORBITS AND SPIN 61

• Spin helps particle capture gravitons on all sides the surface of the

object.

• As illustrated in Figure 3.20 the area A receives and stores the gravi-tons/photons when it is directly facing the larger body. With the spinof the object area A, it moves toward opposite side and consumes thegravitons/photons stored. Spin rotation around own axis helps all areasof the object gain gravitons/photons.

• The speed of the spin depends upon how fast the received gravitons/photonsare consumed. The objects which consume gravitons/photons veryquickly and do not have larger graviton storage spin quickly. The ob-

jects which consume gravitons slowly and/or do have a good gravitonstorage capacity, spins slowly.

• The direction of the spin (clockwise or anti clockwise) need not to beof very significance as rotating in clockwise or anti-clockwise both canhelp meet the gravitons/photons demands of the object. The directionof the spin depends upon the initial conditions when objects started itsspin.

• The objects which does not spin around own axis while rotating alonga larger mass, can be described as objects which have a well developed

gravitons/photons distribution system within themselves. Only onesurface of the object receives gravitons/photons and gravitons/photonsget distributed well throughout the inner of the object without need tohave opposite sides directly getting exposed to gravitons/photons fromlarger body.




Figure 3.19: Shape of orbit depending on energy needs



3.9. PURPOSE OF ORBITS AND SPIN 63

Figure 3.20: Rotation around own axis




3.10 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle says that there can be no two electron in the sameorbit with the exactly same state. However, there are some situations wherePauli’s Exclusion Principle does not seems to be useful, such as in case:

• Assume, there are two smaller object A and B, which are rotatingaround object C.

• Object A and B are both made of uniform density matter and consumesonly one type of field particle in equal quantity.

• Object C has a supply of type of field particle which both, object Aand object B consumes.

• In case, C has sufficient supply of field particle which can meet theenergy demand of both A and B, A and B can exist in the same orbitwhile spinning around their own axis in the same direction (clockwiseor anticlockwise).

However, there are cases in which Pauli’s Exclusion Principle seems useful.The top part of Figure 3.21 illustrates a case, in which the smaller body

(electron) is rotating around a larger body (nucleus).

• The electron has two sides A and B with equal surface area ae.

• Side A and B of the smaller body has different roles.

• Side A and side B requires different types of field particles or the sametype of field particles in different quantity to perform their roles.

The bottom part of Figure 3.21 shows:

• Two electrons in an orbit spinning around their own axis in two differentdirections. One electron spins in clockwise direction, while the otherelectron spins in anti-clockwise.

• Lift hand side figure shows the case, when side A of both electrons isfacing the same direction, while right hand side shows a situation whenthe side of each electron is in opposite direction to each other.

The important features of such arrangement are:



3.10. PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 65

Case 1 When both electrons face A is facing the same direction (bottom

left side of the Figure 3.21) while they are spinning around their ownaxis, both electrons are able to capture gravitons using all parts of thesurface A. Maximum area that gets directly get exposed at any instanceduring one spin is equal to 2ae.

Case 2 When both electrons face A is facing opposite directions (bottomright side of the Figure 3.21) while they are spinning around their ownaxis, the maximum total area from both electron that directly getsexposed to the larger mass is equal to ae.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle can be useful for electrons only in situations such

as :

• In case 2, when the larger mass is able to pass field particles that canmeet field particles requirement of only one electrons at any instance.By coordinating the the angle of spin of surfaces A (for example, twoelectrons place their surface A in complete opposite directions and ro-tates in opposite directions at the same rate), the both electrons areable to meet their field particles requirements.

• In case 2, where

- Larger body emits two different types of field particles gY and gZ

meeting field particles requirements of area A and area B, respec-tively.

- The gravitons gY and gZ are emitted in the same interval t.

- The supply of field particles gY and gZ is not sufficient enough tomeet all the requirements of 2 electrons during the interval t.

- By coordinating the angle of spin of surfaces A (for example, twoelectrons place their surface A in complete opposite directions andstart rotating in opposite directions at the same rate), the both

electrons are able to meet their energy requirement.• The above discussion indicates that there is a limited supply of energy

and objects/particles need to act in a coordinate manner to meet theirenergy needs.




Figure 3.21: Spin in opposite direction



3.11. CONFIRMING ENERGY CHAIN 67

3.11 Confirming energy chain

According to this book, there is a very well coordinated energy chain in theuniverse:

• A source somewhere in the universe, is the main source of gravitons tothe universe.

• These gravitons gets disturbed in the universe through a very coordi-nated way.

• Photon carries these gravitons and deliver them to objects which need

them as a source of energy.This energy chain can be experimentally confirmed. A mechanical systemshould slow down when it is placed in darkness. Figure 3.22 shows an ex-ample of experiment. Any motor placed in complete darkness should show adifferent behavior compared to the system where the light is present.

Figure 3.22: Mechanical system in complete darkness






Chapter 4

Dynamic shapes of particles

4.1 Dimension of particles and speed

It has been discussed that energy transfer is a controlled process and particlesdo not accept more energy than a certain limit within a certain period of time. Assuming that there are docks on the external surface of the particleto accommodate field particles, there are two possible mechanisms throughwhich flow of field particles can be controlled:

• Reducing the diameter of dock will stop the flow of field particle whendock’s diameter becomes smaller than the dimensions of the field par-ticle, in case field particle has dimension, .

• Reducing the number of dock can also control the flow of field particles.Number of docks on a specific surface can reduced if some of the dockscloses themselves or the surface containing these docks wraps itself tohide the docks.

It is a very common characteristic of the material that:

• Material reduces its volume under influence of external force.

• Material partially or fully restores to its original volume when externalforce does not last for long period of time.

• Strong force for extended period of time permanently changes the shapeof the material.

Changing shapes to reduce the force on the body is a well known charac-teristics of objects. For example:

69



70 CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC SHAPES OF PARTICLES

• Stones with sharp corners when placed in strong water current, will

gradually change the shape of their corners.

• Birds like eagle while diving at a high speed, reduce the width of theirwings.

• The sample principle is used in aircrafts, the area of the wing in thedirection of the motion is increased when aircraft is landing or takingoff. While flying at high speed, the area of the wing in the directionof the motion is reduced in order to reduce the force experienced bywings.

In short, there is a possibility that particles can control the flow of fieldparticles through the docks on the external surface of the particle duringenergy exchange. The energy transfer through the docks can be controlledby reducing the number of docks on the external surface.

To understand how particles under strong flow of field particles can adjust the number of captured field particles through docks on their externalsurface, let’s assume a three dimensional three space Z containing particle Pwith three dimensions. The dimensions of the space Z is given by:

L: Length of the space ZW : Width of the space ZH : Height of the space Z

All boundary walls of the space Z are at right angle to each adjacent wall,meaning that the space Z is a box shaped space with corners at the following(x,y,z) co-ordinates.

( 0, 0, 0 ),(L, 0, 0 ),(0, W, 0 ),( 0, 0, H )( L,W,0 ),( 0, W, H ),( L, 0, H ),(L, W, H)

Let’s assume a particle P which exists in space Z and have following dimen-sions:

l: Length of the particle Pw: Width of the particle Ph: Height of the particle P

All boundary walls of the particle P are at right angle to each adjacent wall,meaning that particle P is a box shaped particle. Let’s assume that particle Pis smaller than the space Z. Under this assumption, dimension relationshipsbetween particle P and the space Z are:

l < L/4 (4.1)

w < W/4 (4.2)

h < H/4 (4.3)



4.1. DIMENSION OF PARTICLES AND SPEED 71

The volume v of the particle P is given by:

v = lwh (4.4)

Figure 4.1 shows such space.

Let’s assume a force F which exists in space Z. This force F is in singledirection, which is in positive x direction. Force F is exerted uniformly inthe y, z plane of the space Z. Assume the density of the force F in space Z;

f = F

HW (4.5)

The particle P is placed in the space Z, with its center at the coordinate (L/2, W/2, H/2 ). The force F will be exerted at the right angle of y,z surfaceof particle P. The force that particle P experiences follows:

F P = f wh (4.6)

Let’s assume that particles are also made of material which reduces theirvolume when external force is exerted on them. When external force is tem-porary and does not last for longer period of time, the particles resume their

original form when this external force is removed. External force exerted onparticles for extended period of time, may permanently change the dimen-sions of the particle. Let’s assume that the particle P changes its dimensionsunder the influence of external force and the new dimensions are:

w ⇒ w

n (4.7)

h ⇒ h

m (4.8)

l ⇒ mnl (4.9)

Now the force that particle P experiences after change in its dimensions variesas follows:

F P ⇒ F P nm

(4.10)

To make the particle experience the same force as before, f the force perunit area in the space Z need to increased by factor nm. Particles can behavedifferently by changing dimensions.




Figure 4.1: Space Z and Particle P



4.2. OBJECTS CAPACITY TO EXPAND AND CONTRACT 73

4.2 Objects capacity to expand and contract

The hypothesis that the particle changes dimensions dynamically to avoidforce which they are incapable of handling can be supported if it can be ver-ified that the particle actually contains empty spaces in its spherical shapewhich help them contract and expand easily without damaging their struc-ture. Empty space does not necessarily mean that the inner of the particleis completely empty. It can also mean that outer layers of the particle aremade of high density medium while the inner is made of low density medium.This chapter discusses different direct and indirect evidences about particlescontaining empty spaces.

4.2.1 Expanding universe

It is believed that the universe is expanding. Let’s assume that the universeexpanded from a single large piece of something. Let’s assume that theuniverse as a whole is a closed energy and mass system and there is no moreinput of mass from the external source. Under these assumption,the averagedensity of matter per square meter is dropping which can result in hollowspaces as universe is expanding.

4.2.2 Black holes/Collapsed starsBlack holes are thought to be the collapsed stars. When a star collapses intoa black hole, its radius becomes very small

rBlackhole rStar (4.11)

where,r: Radius of the cosmological bodyThe mechanism through which star collapses into a black hole is not clearlyknown yet. However, assuming that the earth and the star are created

through the same process, the earth structure can help build a theory aboutcollapsing of stars into very small size black holes. It is thought that the earthis made of seven large and several small plates. Examples of the identifiedlarger plates are:

• Pacific plate

• North America plate

• Eurasian plate




• Antarctic plate

• African plate

Identified smaller plates are:

• Cocos plate

• Nazca plate

• Caribbean plate

• Gorda plate

The plates are assumed to be moving at the rate of a few centimeters a year,resulting in earthquakes and the volcanic activities. This book assumes thateach such large plate is further made of many smaller plates. It is known thatthe mountains have roots. Mountains grow both in upward and downwarddirections. The mountains can have two roles:

• The mountains help reduce movements of the earth plates, thus avoid-ing creation of large number of earth quakes by frequent collisions of the earth plates.

• The mountains act as a staple which stitch together different earthplates.

Figure 4.2 shows how a mountain can pin together different earth plates. Asdiscussed in the previous section, it is believed that the universe is expand-ing. The universe can expand when cosmological bodies and dark matterit contains also expands. Assume that the earth plates are expanding tooas a result of the universe expansion, the expansion of the earth plates andmountains can lead to the collapse of the mountains. It can lead to the phe-nomena of the earth turning flat from its current spherical shape in differentstages as illustrated in 4.3.

It has been assumed that the earth crust is made of high density matter,while the inner of the earth is a low density matter. The different steps thatcan lead to the change in the shape of the earth from the spherical structureto flat structure are:

• The mountains expand in area and loose grip on the earth plates. Atthe same time, the earth plates also expand which further looses thebond between the earth plates and the mountains.




Figure 4.2: Mountains acting as pins to stitch together earth plates




Figure 4.3: Change in shape of earth




• Some of the mountains collapse when the earth plates and the moun-

tains expand to a certain threshold. The mountain collapse leads tothe separation of the earth plates.

• The inner low density matter contained within the earth leaks out intothe space as the separation of some of the earth plates creates a largeopening.

• After a while, due to the immense weight of the earth plates, the flatstructure of earth plates collapse.

According to methodology of this book, all cosmological bodies are assumed

to be created through the same process. Under the same assumption, it canbe said that the star collapse into the black hole through the same procedureas illustrated in Figure 4.3. The process of conversion of stars into the blackhole is described in Figure 4.4. In the Figure 4.4, it has been assumed thatthe there are two types of cosmological bodies.

• Cosmological bodies which are filled of matter which is of the samedensity as the external crust

• Cosmological bodies which are either empty or filled with very lowdensity matter.

Paying attention to the nature on the earth, there is a life cycle for everything.Let’s have a look at the horticulture:

• DNA code (seed), soil, sunlight and the water interacts together toform a plant.

• Plant grows and then withers.

• Plant turns back into the soil.

Similarly let’s look at the cycle of rain:• Heat evaporates water in the water reserves.

• Evaporated water turns into clouds.

• Clouds move with air to a new location.

• Clouds turn back into water in the form of rain.

• Water flows back into the water reserves.




Figure 4.4: Conversion from large radius body to very small radius body




The process of stars creation and star collapsing may be still continuing.

Based on this, this book postulates a new theory about the life cycle of thecosmological bodies: Figure 4.5 shows the full life cycle of the cosmologicalbodies.

• A large condensed matter converts into flat sheets and solid pieces of matter which acts like pins.

• The pins stitch together flat sheets to form the spherical cosmologicalbodies.

• The pins positions and the sheets stretchiness enables the contraction

and the expansion of the cosmological body.• Separation of the pins from the flat sheets results in the end of spherical

shape and turns the cosmological body into a flat sheet.

• The flat sheets collapse into the piece of condensed mass again.

Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 shows the process of cosmological body creationin details. This book suggests that:

• A localized high pressure acted as a blade to peel off layers from thelarge piece of matter. This process created sheets of different sizes and

width. The pieces of matter which did not formed any sheet turnedinto small pieces of matter which acted like the pins.

• The pins attached to the flat sheets to form large size sheets.

• The ends of the sheets were stitched together to form large cosmologicalbodies.

Localized pressure working as a blade is just an expression to explain theconcept. In reality, matter in condensed gases form can detach itself fromthe surface or the inner of the cosmological body. These condensed gases cancool down over time to form a crust layer called sheets here.

This book suggests that some of the cosmological bodies are not madeof uniform density matter but are actually hollow from inside or contains amedium of very low density. In short word, some of the cosmological bodiesare like bubbles, which exist in different sizes and are expected to be burstafter some time.

According to the methodology of this book, the cosmological bodies arean enlarged model of smaller elements as they are created through the sameprocess at the time of the Big Bang. Based on this methodology , it can besaid that:




• Particle can expand.

• Particle can also contract or collapse.

• Particle have a life cycle.




Figure 4.5: Life cycle of the cosmological body




Figure 4.6: Creation of the cosmological body 1




Figure 4.7: Creation of the cosmological body 2




4.2.3 Creation of moon

It has been believed that the moon was a part of the earth in past. Theprocess of creation of moon from the earth, can help us understand thestructure of the cosmological bodies.

Assuming that earth is filled with mass which has a solid crest around it.The earth in this condition is like a balloon filled with hot liquid or gases. Inthe process of creating a small spherical body (moon) from the big sphericalbody (earth), there is need to rapture the outer surface. This rapture startswith a small hole. Let’s assume that balloon filled with water or air as anexample of earth. It is obvious that a small hole in a balloon with a needlewill burst the balloon. Furthermore, comparing the radius of the moon tothe earth, there earth surface should have a very big and deep crater on thesurface of the earth. Observing the earth through the satellites, no such deepcrater is visible. However, there is a large area on the surface of the earth,which is like a pilled skin on the surface of the earth. This observation canlead to the argument that if moon was once part of the earth then it wasformed by following process:

• A thin layer was peeled off from the surface of earth

• After this thin layer moved away from earth, its corners get stapled

together to form moon with a spherical shape

Figure 4.8 illustrates this process. No one has ever drilled earth to the centerof the earth, so it cannot be verified whether earth is really filled of hot meltedmass which becomes hotter as we move toward the center of the earth or theinner of the earth is empty.

According to the existing theories about the creation of the universe, theuniverse is a result of the Big Bang. Let’s assume that planets were the partof the sun and the moon was the part of the earth, then there is a need of series of bangs. Here, bang does not necessarily mean a powerful explosion.It can be a process of peeling off an external layer of the cosmological body.

Let’s consider cosmological creation process related to this planetary sys-tem in which we live. This work excludes the time preceding the creation of the sun.Creation of Sun

The sun was created from a cosmological body much larger than the sun dueto peeling off of the external surface of this larger cosmological body due tothe localized pressure working as a sharp blade.Creation of Planets

There was a large localized pressure on the sun’s surface acting like a sharp




blade which created planets. As there are many planets around the sun, it

can lead to the argument that there was a series of high localized pressureon the surface of the sun and each such localized pressure different in theintensity to another as the radius of different planets is different.Creation of moon

There was a bang on the surface of the earth which created the moon. Asthere is just a single moon around the earth, new moon can be created inthe future if there is intense localized pressure on the surface of the moon orearth again. As it is thought that the process of stars creation and the starcollapsing is still being continued, black holes and starts might be releasingsmaller stars into the universe.

The methodology of this book assumes that cosmological bodies are verylarge size particles and may posses the same structure as the smaller parti-cles which cannot be directly observed. Based on this methodology, it canbe said that:

• The external dimension of a particle can change due to the peeling off the external surface layer of the particle.

• As it is assumed that the external surface of the particle have thedocks which capture and release the field particles, peeling off the partof external surface of the particle changes the capability of the particle

to interact with the other particles.

• A particle can give birth to other smaller particle with the process of peeling off the external surface.

4.2.4 Basic structure of particles

Figure 4.9 shows the basic structure of particles according to this book.Strings join together to form sheet. Sheets join together to form sphericalshaped particles.




Figure 4.8: Creation of moon from planet




Figure 4.9: Structure of particles




4.2.5 X-ray spectrum of metal targets

X-ray spectrum can clearly show that the particles such as electrons are notof uniform density and may contain empty spaces. X-ray was discovered byWilhelm Roentgen in year 1895. Roengton found that a beam of high-speedelectrons produces extremely penetrating type of electromagnetic rays whenthey strike a metal target. This newly discovered electromagnetic rays werenamed X-ray. Figure 4.10 shows the basic structure of the x-ray source. Inthe X-ray source, electrons hit the metallic targets.

The X-ray is produced as a result of collision between high speed electronsand the atoms forming the metallic target. The atom is made of particlescontained in the nucleus and the electrons orbiting around it. The X-rayappears as the energy that is lost during the collisions between the high speedelectron and particles in the atoms forming the metallic target. Each materialhas its own unique X-ray spectrum consisting of following characteristics,which are also shown in Figure 4.11

• λmin, which is smallest wavelength of the electromagnetic waves in theX-ray spectrum. λmin remains constant for all the metallic targets.

• Peak A of X-ray intensity at λA , which is regarded as the result of head-on-collision between the high speed electrons from the source and

particles forming region A in the metallic target.

• Peak B of X-ray intensity at λB, which is regarded as the result of head-on-collision between the high speed electrons from the source andparticles forming region B in the metallic target.

There are mainly three types of particles, electrons, protons and the neu-trons which can forms the region A and B in the metallic target.

The energy of the X-ray E Xray can be represented as the difference be-tween the kinetic energy of the high speed electron before and after thecollision with the particles contained in the atoms in the metallic target:

E Xray = 1

2Kme1(v2Before − v2After) (4.12)

where,K : Constantme1: Mass of the electron in the sourcevBefore: Velocity of the high speed electron before the collisionvAfter: Velocity of the high speed electron after the collision




E Xray is a function of λ and from the X-ray spectrum it can be claimed

that:λA = λB (4.13)

E λA = E λB (4.14)

vAfterA = vAfterB (4.15)

where,vAfterA : Velocity of the high speed electron after collision with the particlesforming region A in the metallic target while emitting electromagnetic wavesof wavelength λA

vAfterB : Velocity of the high speed electron after collision with the particles

forming region A in the metallic target while emitting electromagnetic wavesof wavelength λB

The collisions between particles relevant to λA and λB are head-on-collisionand the radius of electron and nucleus having a relationship below:

rA = rB = rElectron (4.16)

where,rA: Radius of the particles forming region ArB: Radius of the particles forming region BrElectron: Radius of the electronLet’s assume that the collisions between the particles in the process of emis-sion of X-ray, is like the collisions between two solid balls, it can be saidthat as the energy lost by the high speed electron (or energy emitted as aform of X-ray) is different between the following two types of the collisions,the material characteristics of the electrons and nucleus are different at tworegions A and B. One of the commonly known material characteristics whichimpact the energy transfer function is the hardness of the external surface of the particle. Paying attention to this characteristic, it can be claimed that:

hA = hB (4.17)

where,hNucleus: Hardness of the particles forming region A in the metallic targethElectron: Hardness of the particles forming region B in the metallic targetAs the hardness of any material can be result of density of the material, itcan be claimed that:

dA = dB (4.18)

where,dA: Material density of the particles forming the region A in the metallic




target

dB: Hardness of the particles forming the region B in the metallic targetAs the material density is different for two different particles, it can beclaimed that the different particles may contain empty spaces or are thematerial distribution in the spherical shape of the particle is not uniform. If peak λA and λB is unique for each element in the X-ray spectroscopy, it canbe used as an argument that the structure of elements as electrons, neutronsand the protons is unique for each type of element, when it is assumed thatthe mass of a type of particle is same for all the elements.

Figure 4.10: X-ray source based on Compton effect

4.2.6 Matter density of particles forming materialThe comparison of mathematical calculated matter density in different par-ticles can help indicate the possibility of mass density distribution being notuniform. The density of the proton and the electron can be calculated us-ing fundamental physical constants from National Institute of Standards andTechnology:Proton rms charge radius r proton: 0.875 ∗ 10−15 mProton mass m proton: 1.673 ∗ 10−27 kgClassical electron radius relectron : 2.818 ∗ 10−15 m




Figure 4.11: X-ray spectrum of metal target




Electron mass melectron : 9.109 ∗ 10−31 kg

The comparison of the average density of electron and the proton can becalculated as:

pelectron = 3melectron

4πr3electron(4.19)

p proton = 3m proton

4πr3 proton(4.20)

pelectron

p proton=

melectron

m proton

r protonrelectron

3(4.21)

Using above fundamental physical constant values the ratio between the den-sity of the proton and the electron is calculated.

pelectron

p proton= 1.63 ∗ 10−5 (4.22)

The calculated values show that the matter forming the electrons has differ-ent average mass density compared to the matter forming the proton. Thecalculated value shows that some particles are easily capable of contractingor reducing its three dimensional state compared to the others.

4.2.7 Tunneling of light

Assuming that the photon is an particle with non-zero mass, and is confined

to a three dimensional space like particles such as electrons and protons. Thephoton structure should be able to collapse and expand again, if the conceptof particle having a dynamic shape is correct. In the collapsed shape, thephoton should not be observed. Such behavior of the photon can be observedin the case of Frustrated Total Internal Reflection as shown in the Figure4.12. As shown in Figure 4.12, the light gets reflected at the hypotenuseface. However, when another prism is brought near to the first prism, somepart of the light tunnels through the second prism and the light cannotbe observed in the gap between the two prisms. According to the conceptpresented in this book,

• Photon is a particle with non-zero mass.

• Photon has a three dimensional structure.

• Photon senses the environment and collapses its three dimensionalstructure resulting in the disappearance of the photon between thegaps of the two prisms.

• Photon senses the environment and can bring the collapses structureto the original dimension.



4.3. TYPES OF DYNAMIC CHANGE IN PARTICLE’S DIMENSIONS 93

Figure 4.12: Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

4.3 Types of dynamic change in particle’s di-mensions

This section looks at the possible mechanism which can enable particlechange their three dimensional structure. As the science has not reachedto the level, where the structure of the particles could be directly observed,this work is unable to verify which type of particle dimension mechanism canactually work.

4.3.1 Change in the dimension of particles with uni-form density

Figure 4.13 shows the type of particle which is filled with the matter of equaldensity. The contraction and the expansion of the particle happen with thechange in the distance of the smaller particles which arrange themselves toform the larger particle as shown in Figure 4.14.




Figure 4.13: Spherical particle filled with uniform density matter

Figure 4.14: Distance between particles forming spherical body of uniformdensity




4.3.2 Change in the dimensions of hollow particles

Figure 4.15 shows the mechanism of change in the dimensions of the par-ticles which are hollow from inside. The thickness of the external layer of the particle changes, which results in the change of three dimensions of theparticle.

Figure 4.15: Change in dimensions for particle with hollow inner

4.3.3 Change in the dimensions of multilayer particle

Figure 4.16 shows the mechanism of the particle which contains multiplelayers. The change in the distance between the different layers of the particleis responsible for the change in the dimensions of the particle.

4.3.4 Change in the dimension of origami particle

Origami means folded paper. Origami is a traditional Japanese art, in whicha piece of paper is converted into shapes of different objects without cuttingthe piece of paper into different size papers. There is a very strong possibilitythat most of the particle may be formed through the flat sheet structure andwhich changes their folds dynamically to form different shapes to adjust thearea with docks which is exposed to the external environment. Figure 4.17




Figure 4.16: Change in dimensions for particle with multiple layers

an exemplary structure in which the external surface folds its external layer

to change its dimensions dynamically.




Figure 4.17: Change in particle dimensions due to origami structure






Chapter 5

Intelligent strong interaction

This chapter discusses intelligent aspects of strong interaction.

5.1 Strong interaction

Strong interaction is responsible for binding quarks together to form neu-trons and protons. The strong interaction is extremely short-range and canbe ignored for distance more than 10−15 meters. In 1935, Japanese physi-cist Hideki Yukawa proposed theory which explained the strong interaction.

Yukawa proposed that a new particle is exchanged between protons and neu-trons in strong interaction. The mass of this new particle called pion wasproposed to be about 200 times the mass of the electron. Pion (π) comes inthree varieties:

• π+ which has mass equal to 139.6 MeV/c2

• π− which has mass equal to 139.6 MeV/c2

• π0 which has mass equal to 135.0 MeV/c2

Figure 5.1 shows the interchange of the pion between proton and the neutron.

99



100 CHAPTER 5. INTELLIGENT STRONG INTERACTION

Figure 5.1: Interaction between neutron and proton



5.2. INTERACTION WITHOUT SENSING ENVIRONMENT 101

5.2 Interaction without sensing environment

Let’s consider an element which contains both proton and neutron in itsnucleus. Now let’s see that whether such element has sufficient energy toutilize the low efficiency model of interaction. The following values are usedin calculations here:

dπ = 2× 10−15 mtB = 15 billion years

dπ is the distance the pion travels between proton and the neutron and hereit is considered to be equal to the diameter of the nucleus. tB is the timesince the Big Bang at which the mass was created with energy represented

by Einstein’s energy and mass relationship.As there are three types of pion, the lightest pion (π0) mass is used as theaverage mass of the pion. The ratio between the pion and the mass of theproton is given as:

mProton + mNeutron

mπ0=

938.3 + 939.6

135 = 13.91 (5.1)

Let’s assume that the proton and neutron are of equal mass, the distance,nucleus of an atom with single proton or neutron, can move the pion byutilizing energy contained in it is given by:

d = 6.95× 9× 1016 = 6.255× 1017m (5.2)

The average distance pion has traveled since the time of the Big Bang in onesecond is given by:

dTotal = 6.255× 1017

15× 109 × 365× 24× 3600 = 1.322m (5.3)

Such low speed indicates that:

• If at any given time at least one pion is flying in random direction fromthe surface of the proton or neutron in search of a target, it can beclaimed that pion is a very slow particle which travels at the maximumspeed for 1.322 m/sec.

• A pion which travels in a path in which proton or neutron is not presentresembles a free particle.

• π+ have positive charge and π− has negative charge.




Such particle can be very easily torn off by any powerful charged plate from

the three dimensional space of nucleus.The total number of times in one second pion is released in random di-

rections without first sensing the position of the target, is given by n pion:

n pion = dTotal

dπ

= 6.61× 1014 (5.4)

Now let’s pay attention to the mass of pion and see how many pion a protonor neutron can contain, if pion, proton and neutron are all made of the sameuniform density matter:

n = m proton

mπ+ + mπ− + mπ0= 2.26 (5.5)

The proton can contain maximum two sets of three types of pion inside it.Let’s assume that:

• Proton or neutron is container of three types of pion.

• Pion can leave the surface of the proton 6.61×1014 times in one second

The top diagram in Figure 5.2 illustrate a proton which contains six pions.The different parts of the protons are:

• 2 sets of 3 types of pions occupy major portion of the mass of protons,so the remaining part of the photon is assumed to be made of lowdensity matter.

• As pions need to leave proton very frequently, they need to exist nearthe external surface of protons and neutrons.

If it is assumed that the proton/neutron does not sense the presence of the neutron/proton in the neighborhood and keep on throwing the pionsin random directions from its surface in the hope that they will strike a

neutron/proton, the pions need to leave the external surface of the pro-ton/neutron very frequently. In this case, as shown in the bottom figure inFigure 5.2 the outer layer of the neutron/proton need to have docks holdingpions. The same docks can capture the pion from the other particles. Nonexistence of the docks can rapture the proton/neutron making it very shortlived particle.

Furthermore, it is believed that the π− is a very short lived particle, whilethe image presented in Figure 5.2 shows it as long life particle. This booksuggests that the π− are stable when they are staying in the docks on the




Figure 5.2: Proton/Neutron with two sets of pion




surface of the protons/neutrons and are outside of the docks for very short

period of time. Pion become unstable when they have to be outside of theirdocks for longer period of time. Pion are stable and have longer life whenthey are in their favorable environment.




If it is assumed that docks which acts like storage of the pion does not

exist, the other possibility is that the neutron/proton acts like a factoryof pion, which creates pion at a very high speed at the time of need. Inthis case, if matter that forms the pion exists under the outer boundaryof proton/neutron, the frequent creation of the pion will destroy the pro-ton/neutron structure permanently. The other possibility is the creation of the pion by the peeling of the external layers of the neutron in the same pro-cess as thought to be used in the creation of the moon. Figure 5.3 shows theprocess of the creation of pion through peeling off the external layer of theneutron. The pion turns into other sub-particle through the same process ina non-friendly environment.

Figure 5.3: Creation of pion




Figure 5.4 shows the mechanism of transfer of pion from proton to neutron

in case the neutron and the proton does not have docks structure and pion iscreated each time the strong force need to be mediated between proton andneutron.

• A sheet is peeled off from the surface of the neutron.

• The sheet travels toward the proton with full speed.

• As the purpose of pion is transfer of energy, the sheet does not need to join its both ends to form a spherical shape.

• The sheet strikes the surface of proton and thus transfer it energy.• The sheet becomes the part of the particle it strikes.

• The sheet becomes spherical shape only when it has to exist for longerperiod of time in free space due to missing its target.

Furthermore, in this model as a neutron can have maximum of six pions,any pion which is released in random direction and misses its target, needsto return to the neutron as each pion is of substantial mass. Loosing thepion means reducing the mass of the neutron substantially and thus leadingto conversion of neutron into lighter particles . It is known that the particles

move. Any pion that leaves the neutron need to know the position of theneutron at the time it misses its target and returns back. In the case, pionhas very low speed of only 2.642 m/sec, there is a strong possibility that thatthe neutron is no longer at the position it was before as shown in top diagramin Figure 5.5. In this case, the neutron looses pion permanently and mayconvert to lighter particles. If pion travels at a very high speed, each pionwhich miss to hit any proton returns back to the neutron as shown in thelower diagram in Figure 5.5. Neutron needs energy to push pion at a veryhigh speed from an external source. This book suggests that light carryinggravitons becomes the source of such energy.

In short, it can be said that there is a possibility that particles interactwith other particles without sensing them first, by releasing the field particlesin random direction. However, to be able to do so, particle needs externalenergy to be able to travel at a high speed. It is very uncommon in naturearound us that interactions happen without sensing the target first.




Figure 5.4: Pion transferring force without converting into spherical shape




Figure 5.5: Pion speed and stability of neutron



5.3. INTERACTION INVOLVING SENSING ENVIRONMENT 109

5.3 Interaction involving sensing environment

In this type of interaction, a particle senses other particles, before releasinga field particle in the direction of interacting particle. Thus, this type of interaction involves two steps:

• Particle senses other particles in nearby environment.

• Once presence of the other particle is confirmed, the field particle isreleased.

To be able to have two steps interaction, there is a need for two types of

particles:• Sense particle which are used in sensing the environment.

• Field particle which mediate the force.

Figure 5.6 the functions that will be required by the particle to have thecapability of sensing the environment, before starting the process of inter-action. These are the capabilities that are typically present in sophisticated

robots .

Figure 5.6: Particle with ability to sense environment




The modern particle physics says that charge particle exchange virtual

photon when they repel each other. The top of Figure 5.7 shows interactionbetween two charged particles such as two electrons. It is thought the in-terchange of a virtual photon leads to the repulsion between them. Basedon extension of this concepts, the bottom diagram of Figure 5.7 shows theattraction between the two charged particles. Assume two types of particleswith charge p+ and p−, which have equal but opposite charge. Two chargedparticle p− and p− will repel each other with force F , while two particle p+ and p− will attract each other force F . The only difference between therepulsion and attraction will be the direction of the force.

Figure 5.7: Exchange of field particle between charged particle




Refer to Figure 5.8, which shows the interaction between two charged

particles. At time t1 the first particle senses the second particle. Aftersensing the second particle , the field particle is released at t2. The timedifference between sensing and the release of the field particle is given as:

∆t = t2 − t1 (5.6)

Figure 5.8: Exchange of field particle between charged particle

Assume an interaction between two charged particles A and B in whicha virtual photon travels from particle A to particle B. The information thatparticle A requires to be able to send a virtual photon to particle B is:

• Position of particle A at time t1

• Velocity of particle A at time t1




• Direction of motion of particle A at time t1

• Position of particle B at time t1

• Velocity of particle B at time t1

• Direction of motion of particle B at time t1

The above information particle B can use to calculate its own and the particleB position at time t2. In other words, there is need to know velocity andthe position at the same time for both particles A and B. If Heisenberg’sLaw of Uncertainty is valid, position and the velocity cannot be determined

accurately at the same time. The possible solution to this problem is:

• Sense particles travel at a very high speed and acts as a bond creationmessages.

• Time spent to prepare field particle (∆t) is zero or fixed.

• The sense and the field particles are able to tunnel through the barrierswhich come into the way to the destination.

5.3.1 Zero field particle preparation time

For any particle, requiring zero time to prepare and send a field particle whichin is some cases quite massive is unthinkable. Any mechanical system aroundus is expected to spend some time to prepare and target a force toward aspecific direction. The only possibility is that the both particle who wantsto interact remain in a fixed position for a fixed duration t, which is sum of :

• Time required to prepare a field particle.

• Energizing the field particle.

• Setting its direction.

• Releasing the particle.

The fixed position here can refer to two types of different situation:

• Both particles are in fixed state at rest.

• Both particles move with a fixed momentum in a fixed direction, whichis universal value for all interacting particles.




Figure 5.9 shows the Feynman diagram showing the suspended position dur-

ing which the particles remain in a fixed position, until the field particle isexchanged. For both particles to remain in a fixed position is a simpler so-lution compared to the second possibility in which each particle moves witha fixed momentum and the new position need to be calculated by particles.Furthermore, the particle cannot remain in a fixed time duration unless thereis a common time system being used by the both particles. The life on theearth is adjusted according to the duration of day and night on the earth.The motion of the earth around its own axis and around the sun creates dayand night. If human being is considered a collection of particles, the bodyworking is synchronized with the body clock and the body clock is synchro-

nized with the motion of earth around the sun and also around its own axis.This book extends this observation and suggests that the particles uses themotion of the cosmological bodies in their proximity to coordinate their ac-tions as shown in Figure 5.10. So it is suggested here that the cosmologicalbodies have two very important roles in the functioning of the particles:

• Cosmological bodies act as a reflector of gravitons to the particle.

• Cosmological bodies become the path of the time signals which helpthe particles synchronized their actions.

How the cosmological bodies distribute time signals is unknown. However,the time signals in the electronics system are generated by an oscillatingcrystal. If this model is applied to the particles, it can be said that all theparticles that show a distinct behavior, oscillates a small part of their matterand uses it as a time clock. The oscillating part is synchronized with thetime signals coming from the cosmological body in proximity to which theyexist. It can be said that the reason all bodies have a vibrating motion is dueto the reason that they need a common clock to synchronize their actions.However, vibrating the whole mass to have a time signal can be regarded asa low energy efficiency solution. Only a small part vibration can also act asa clock with less energy consumption.

5.3.2 Very high speed of sense particles

According to Heisenberg’s Law of Uncertainty, the particle position and thevelocity cannot be determined accurately at the same time. The sense par-ticle travels toward the target and returns back, thus making two equal dis-tance trips. If the sense particle has limited speed, the time spent in suchtrips will not be zero and the both particles which are interacting will moveto new locations, which cannot be accurately determined. Thus, the first




Figure 5.9: Particles in suspended state before exchange of field particle




Figure 5.10: Universal distribution of reference time signal




condition for the successful working mechanism is that the sense particles

travel at very high speed. As discussed in the previous section, both theparticles need to be in a rest position for a limited period of time. To be ableto do so, both the particles need to form a bond with at least these steps:

• Once a sense particle strikes a target, it needs to tell the target that itneeds to stay in its position for a specific period of time and wait forthe field particle. Or when a particle is stricken by a sense particle, itdecides to stay in its present location for a fixed period of time.

• The sense particle once returned to its origin, tells the origin that aparticle has been sensed and is waiting for the field particle.

• All above is only possible, when the sense particle is not just carrierof mass but also acts like an information message. In other words, theparticles are interacting with complex messages, before mediating forcethrough the field particles.

The possibility of the intelligent messages playing a role in the exchange of the field particles will be discussed in the next chapter.

5.3.3 Tunneling through barriers

Based on the concepts of the particle physics, it is believed that the force be-tween two charged particles is mediated through exchange of virtual photons.Refer to Figure 5.11, the virtual photon need to travel between the protonand the electron. In larger atoms, the proton and the neutron are confinedto a limited three dimensional space. The neutron can become the obstaclebetween the proton and electron, preventing the flow of virtual photon. Thevirtual photon should be able to tunnel through the mass that exists betweenits origin and the target. It can happen only when the photon is aware of itstarget and avoids being absorbed by other neutron. Virtual photon need tohave following capabilities:

• Virtual photon is a carrier of energy.

• Virtual photon is aware of its destination or in other words contain thedestination address.

• Virtual photon is capable of distinguish between target and non-targetparticles.

• Virtual photon is capable of controlling where to deliver the energy itcontains.




Therefore, field particle can be treated as:

• Traditional field particle AND

• Information possessing capability of the field particle.

Figure 5.11: Field particles passing through the neutron






Chapter 6

Intelligent communication

This chapter discusses the group behavior of particles and possible mecha-nism of communication among particles to realize the group behavior.

6.1 Group behavior of particles

There are several observations that indicates group behavior by particles.No group behavior by multiple particles is feasible unless there exists a meanthe particles can use to communicate with one another. If nature around

us is observed, animals communicate with one another. Similarly the plantsalso communicate with one another. Animal or plant can be regarded as acollection of large number of particles arranged in specific order. Communi-cation between animals or between plants can be regarded as communicationamong multiple group of particles which are arranged in specific order andconfined within a three dimensional space. If communication can happenbetween groups of particles, it can also happen within the particles whichform each group. This section discusses several groups behavior exhibited bygroups of particles.

6.1.1 Magnetic lines extending from the bar magnet

Particle physics says that the four identified particle interactions are real-ized by flow of field particles. Based on this theory, it can be claimed thatmagnetic field is also formed by the flow of field particles. Modern sciencesays that the spin of the electron creates a magnetic field in a perpendiculardirection of the flow of the electrons. As the bar magnet is the collection of the multiple atoms, as shown in Figure 6.1, the field particles forms magneticfield by grouping together and then travel in curved path toward the other

119





6.1. GROUP BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLES 121

6.1.2 Different amplitude of waves with equal frequency

Assume that the particle is a boat with a motor. Now let’s consider twoboats A and B.Power of the engine of boat A F A= FPower of the engine of boat B F B= 2FWeight of boat A W A = WWeight of boat B W B = WBlade size of boat A S A = sBlade size of boat B S B = 2sRotational speed of motor in boat A = f ARotational speed of motor in boat B = f B

Assume both boats are traveling in the same density medium with exactlythe same motor blade rotation speed, then the intensity (amplitude) of wavescreated in the water by the two boats will have relations:

I A = 0.5I B (6.1)

Now let’s assume that the boats in the above example are photons, thenaccording to Einstein

f A = f B (6.2)

E A = E B (6.3)In other words, if boat is considered a photon then it can be said that ac-cording to Einstein:

• All boats (photon) in the universe are equipped with the same capacitymotors.

• Engine blade of all the boats (photons) have exactly the same diame-ters.

• All engines of the boats (photon) have exactly the same fuel efficiency.

• Boat motor efficiency never degrades over time.

• If the motor efficiency degrades over time, all the motor have the sametime dependent efficiency degradation curve. Furthermore, all the mo-tors were created exactly at the same instance and all have been work-ing exactly the same time since their creation.

Figure 6.2 shows a single boat (photon) according to Einstein thoughts. Theboat creates a wave of amplitude I . To have a wave of amplitude 2I as shownin Figure 6.2, the basic requirements are:






Figure 6.3: Group of photons flying together

• Electrons organize themselves into specific distribution pattern when

they are forced to pass through a slit.

Such behavior can be observed in daily life. For example, pressing the endof water hose makes water spread in horizontal directions with pressure.Electrons can bend their path, in the existence of a an electric field as shownin Figure 6.4. The slit acts as an obstacle to the flow of the electrons indifferent directions. There can be two possible reasons which can realize theelectron diffraction.

• The accumulation of the charge around the slit creates organized de-posits of charge which acts like the charged plate. Electrons need to

adopt a group behavior to form any patterns of the electric field nearthe slit to deflect the electrons.

• As free path of the electrons is obstructed, the electrons cooperate withone another and try to go through the slit by organizing their directionof motions.

Above behaviors are only possible, when

• Electrons can sense one another.



124 CHAPTER 6. INTELLIGENT COMMUNICATION

• Electrons can communicate with one another.

• Electrons can take a group action.




Figure 6.4: Wave-particle duality




6.1.4 Light splitting

Let’s assume a light source which emits one photon at a time as shown inFigure 6.5. Each photon travels in straight line and strikes the splitter. Dueto the photon being a quanta, the photon is not expected to split into twoparts. Photon goes toward right or left. If the flow of the photons from thesource continues, half of the photons go toward right and half of them gotoward left. If the splitting is a real random process, the photons shouldnot split into two almost equal groups. One side could have only 10% of the photon, while the other with 90% of the photons. At other occasion,photons could have been split into two groups of 30% or 70%. If each photonwhich strikes the splitter is observed, it cannot be determined whether it will

go toward right or toward left. However, when looked at the total numberof photons, it is equally divided into two equal groups. This observationindicates that

• The group of photons have a group target to split between two groups.

• Each individual photon tries to accomplish the group target.

Such behavior is only possible when:

• Photons can sense one another.

• Photons can communicate with one another.

• Photons can take a group action.




Figure 6.5: Photons working together to split into two equal groups




6.2 Messages exchange mechanism

Group behavior by particles is only feasible when particles are equippedwith a mean to exchange information. This section discusses two possiblemeans for messages exchange among particles. Figure 6.6 shows the firsttype of message exchange mechanism. In this first type message exchangemechanism, the message and the field particles are two different entities.With each group of field particles, travels a message containing instructionsabout how to use the field particles. This mechanism suits better a situationin which there are involved large numbers of particles with somewhat similarbehavior. Here, this book uses the term Message Particle for message as the

message here is an independent entity and is able to travel with group of field particles.

Figure 6.6: Message exchange involving Message Particle

Figure 6.7 shows another possible message exchange mechanism. In thismessage exchange mechanism the field particle itself contains the informationabout how the field particle is to be used. It suits best to the situations wherethere are only limited numbers of field particles are exchanged , as in the caseof pion used in the realization of strong interaction.

In modern science, field particles are treated like billiard balls withoutgiving any consideration to the well developed capabilities of particles tosense and react to the environment. All kind of particle behavior are linked



6.2. MESSAGES EXCHANGE MECHANISM 129

Figure 6.7: Message exchange without Message Particle

to the rearrangement of electrons in the atoms. Assuming that the particlesreally interact with one another using messages, the role of messages in thechanged behaviors of the particle cannot be excluded. Formation of semi-conductor materials when silicon and the impurity metals are combined is an

example of changed behavior of silicon. This book suggests that the messagesalso play a significant role in the changed behavior of the material, besidethe rearrangement of the electrons. The behavior of matter is influencedby content of message. For example, silicon and the impurity metal haveindividual behavior controlled by the Message Type 1 and Message Type 2respectively. When the two metals are mixed, new messages are formed withthe conversion of existing messages. These new generated messages give themetal new behavior. Let’s assume that the message type 1 and message type2 are in equal number before merging. After merging, the new message type3 and 4 may not be in equal numbers.

Figure 6.8 shows a unique key-hole mechanism, which may help particlesidentify one another, while interacting.




Figure 6.8: Identification mechanism of targets



6.3. INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND MATTER 131

6.3 Interaction between light and matter

Photoelectric Effect can be regarded as a physical effect involving matter(electron) and light (photon). This book treats both electron and photonsas particles with mass and regards photoelectric effect as an intelligent inter-action between two types of particles with mass. The intelligent interactionbetween photon and electron needs to involve information exchange. Figure6.9 shows the three different steps to explore the possibility of existence of message interaction among particles.

Step 1: Light source 1 emits light with frequency f 1 resulting in the photo-electric current I 1.

Step 2: Light source 2 with frequency f 2 generates photoelectric currentequal to I 2.

Step 3: Light source 1 and light source 2 emit lights with frequency f 1 andf 2 respectively, at the same time resulting in the photoelectric currentI 3. The light source 1 and light source 2 emits light toward the metallicplate from different angles so that there is no inference between the lightbeams from two sources.

As photons with two frequencies f 1 and f 2 creates different quantity of cur-

rent I 1 and I 2 respectively, one can assume that the content of the messagethat accompanied photon with frequency f 1 is different from the content of the message that accompanied the photons with frequency f 2. There is apossibility that the sum of two different information contents is not the lin-ear sum of individual contents, thus there should exist a pair of frequencieswhich satisfies the relationship:

I 3(f 1, f 2) = I 1(f 1) + I 2(f 2) (6.4)

This book predicts the existence of combination of such frequencies f 1,f 2 andf 3, thus indicating the possibility of existence of message exchange amongparticles.




Figure 6.9: Non-linear sum of photoelectric current




Figure 6.10 shows another approach to explore the possibility of the ex-

istence of the message communication between particles.

Step 1: Light with frequency f 1 falling on the metallic emitter for durationt1 generates current with intensity I 1.

Step 2: No light falls on the metallic emitter for duration t2.

Step 3: Light with frequency f 2 falls on the metallic emitter for duration t3and generates photoelectric current I 2.

It is expected that the message that accompany the light has contents de-pending on the frequency as the behavior of the metallic plate is different atdifferent frequencies. The different behavior here means that the amount of energy exchange that takes place between photon and the emitter metal isdifferent at different frequencies. In the example of Figure 6.10, it is expectedthat the contents of the message accompanying the photons will be differentat frequencies f 1, f 3 and f 5. If the validity period of the message accom-panying the photons is larger than t2, then photoelectric current generatedduring t3 will be different or in other words:

I 2 = I 4 = I 6 (6.5)

This book predicts the existence of a combination of f 1, f 2, f 3, f 5 and t2satisfying the above relationship.

If the message exchanged between the interaction of particles, are not im-mediately consumed/annihilated but have a limited validity life, it indicatesthe possibility of existence of capacity of the storing information within theparticles. Figure 6.11 describes the steps that can be executed to explorethe capacity of the particles to store information. Each step is executed withsmall gaps t2.

Step 1: Light with frequency f 1 falls on the metallic emitter for interval t1and generates photoelectric current with intensity I 1.


Step 3: Light with frequency f i falls on the metallic emitter for interval t1and generates photoelectric current with intensity I i.

Step 4: The frequency f i is incremented with ∆f for n times and each of this light is incident for interval t1. There is a gap of t2 between eachof these steps.




Step 5: Now the incremental increase is disrupted. Light with frequency f 1

falls on the metallic emitter for duration t1 and generates photoelectriccurrent I x. After interval of t2 the light with frequency f 2 falls on themetallic emitter for duration of t3 and generates photoelectric currentI y.

Assuming that the particle has a fixed capacity permanent memory area tostore information contained in the messages that accompany the photons inthe photoelectric effect, the memory contents changes as:

• Each step will store the message content accompanying the photons of specific frequency in the fixed memory storage within the particle.

• Each message content can be of variable length.

• It is expected that the memory storage area within the particle, whichstores the information accompanying the photons is of limited size,some of the memory sub areas will be overwritten forming a completelynew information when different kind of information of variable lengthis repetitively written after small intervals.

• If the stored information is used in defining the behavior of the particle,it is expected that the particle will behave differently compared to the

time the process of storing different types of information started.

This book predicts the existence of a combination of t1,t2,t3,f 1,f 2,f i,∆f andn, which satisfies the following relationship, thus showing strong possibilityof particle having memory storage capability:

I 1 = I x (6.6)

I 2 = I y (6.7)

Figure 6.12 shows another approach to verify the possibility of existence

of memory storage capability in the particles. The proposed verificationprocess consists of three steps:


Step 2: No light falls on the metallic emitter for interval t2.





Step 4: Step 1 to Step 3 are repeated by increasing the intensity of the light

with frequency f 1 during duration t1. The photoelectric current thatis obtained during t3 is I 4.

This book predicts the existence of a combination of f 1, f 2, t1, t2, t3 satisfyingthe relationship, thus showing the strong indication of existence of messagesexchange and the memory storage within particles:

I 2 = I 4 (6.8)

As according to Einstein E = hf , the change in the photoelectric current dueto intensity of the incident light shows that the matter change their behavior

according to the content of messages. Figure 6.13 shows another approachin which rather then the intensity of I 1, the duration t1 is modified.

Figure 6.14 shows a proposed to probe the possibility of existence of thegroup behavior. The metallic emitter has two areas A and B, which are fairlyseparated from one another. I (f 1) is the amount of the photoelectric currentthat will be generated if only photons with frequency f 1 falls on the surfacearea A of metallic emitter. I (f 2) is the amount of the photoelectric currentthat will be generated if only photons with frequency f 2 falls on the surfacearea B of metallic emitter. In the case, photons with frequency f 1 on the areaA and at the same photons with frequency f 2 on the area B. Theoretically,

the photoelectric current with amount I (f 1 + f 2) should be created for allfrequencies. However, if any combination of f 1 and f 2 which does not satisfythe relationship below is found, it indicates the strong possibility of existenceof group behavior using interaction through messages.




Figure 6.10: Message contents depending on the frequency




Figure 6.11: Memory functions in particles




Figure 6.12: Photons as messages for particles




Figure 6.13: Photons as messages for particles




Figure 6.14: Group behavior




Thomas Wedgewod discovered in year 1792 that all objects regardless of

their type and shape becomes red at the same temperature. This led to thediscovery of blackbody spectrum. All bodies at higher temperature showsthis continuous spectrum as shown in the upper diagram of Figure 6.15.However, the matter shows discrete lines at the lower temperature as shownin bottom diagram of Figure 6.15. These discrete lines in the spectrum areused as an argument to support the claim that the electrons in the matterexist in the discrete states. It means that the matter shows different behaviorat different ranges of temperature. If behavior of the matter is assessedfrom the information processing point of view, it indicates that differentlogics are active in the particles in different environmental conditions. It is a

common trend throughout the world for several last centuries that physicaleffects are modeled as a single mathematical relationship. Any developedmodel that does not fit some part of the curve is discarded as incorrect.However, in real observations, the behavior of the matter is different underdifferent conditions. For example, the matter shows discrete spectrum linesat the lower temperature and the higher temperature, the spectrum becomescontinuous. If we pay attention to the ability of the particles to interactwith their environment, modern science need to reassess traditional methodof expressing the behavior of particles in a single step and try to understandthat a behavior of a particle is best described by different mathematicalexpressions, each of which are valid under certain conditions. Even if somemathematical model does meet the whole experimental curve, it still need tobe considered as valid.

There is also a strong trend to to show that everything is quantized.Quantized means that each observed value is a multiple of an integer. Thisbook suggests that discrete and continues are the different aspects of the samething. This book further suggests the presence of reference time signals,whom particles use to synchronize their behavior. Figure 6.16 shows thediscrete and continuous behavior. The discrete behavior starts at one specifictime signal and continues for a fixed period of time. In case of continuousphenomena, an action starts at a time signal and continues until another

time signal. Discrete behavior has only start condition, while the continuousbehavior has both start and the end conditions. According to this book, thepast approach and the modern approach both complements each other in thenature.




Figure 6.15: Multi step behavior




Figure 6.16: Multi step behavior




6.4 Pattern of interaction through messages

This section describes different types of message interaction patterns be-tween the particles, under the assumption that there is a strong possibilityof particles using message communication to exhibit a well coordinated groupbehavior. Figure 6.17 illustrated different interaction patterns.Messages from source to target

In this pattern, the message flows from the particle which is the source of the field particle toward the target particle. In Figure 6.17 only one targetparticle is shown. In the real situation, there can be large number of targetparticles.

Messages from target to source interaction pattern In this pattern, the message flows from the particle which receives the fieldparticle to the source of the field particle. It can be useful in cases such as:

• Target particle informs the source particle that it does not need morefield particles.

• Particle which needs field particles send message to other particles in-forming their need for field particles.

Figure 6.17 illustrates message flowing from one single target to a singlesource. In real situations, a target particle may send messages to multiplesource particles.



6.4. PATTERN OF INTERACTION THROUGH MESSAGES 145

Figure 6.17: Patterns of interaction by particles





6.5. MESSAGE PROCESSING IN NATURE 147

on the surface. It is also known from the classical mechanics that the force is

proportional to the mass. However, the force that the ship receives from thewater is independent of the mass of water that exist beneath the ship bottom.In simple words, the ship gets the same force from the water regardless of the depth of the water. Such phenomena is not possible, without involvinginformation processing.




Figure 6.18: Flat structure reduce the impact of gravity



6.5. MESSAGE PROCESSING IN NATURE 149

Figure 6.19: Force is not dependent on the mass






Chapter 7

Energy chain

This chapter summaries the observations in the previous section and de-scribes how different types of interactions are related to one another.

7.1 Basic Interactions

This section briefly introduces the basic four types of particle interactions.Strong Interaction

Strong interaction is responsible for binding quarks together to form neu-

trons and protons. Strong interaction is extremely short-ranged and can beignored for distance more than 10−15 meters.Electromagnetic Interaction

Electromagnetic interaction binds electrons and the protons within atomsand molecules. Electromagnetic interaction decreases inversely with distancebetween the interacting particles.Weak Interaction

Weak interaction is responsible for the decay of the nuclei and the decay of the heavier quarks and leptons.Gravitational Interaction

Gravity holds together planets, stars and the galaxies together according toexisting literature.

7.2 Electromagnetic field and gravity

According to arguments in this book, photon or any other particle can travelup to 9 × 1016 meters with the energy it can contain. However, the earthreceives photons from other galaxies that exist at a distance much further

151



152 CHAPTER 7. ENERGY CHAIN

than 9 × 1016 meters. This book suggests that photons bends their path

toward large cosmological bodies (or rotates around the cosmological bod-ies) to collect gravitons. This refueling mechanism allows photons travel adistance larger than 9× 1016 meters.

There are two main concepts about light as illustrated in Figure 7.1:

• Maxwell and Hertz suggests that there are continuous waves of mag-netic and electric field in right direction to the travel of light.

• Einstein says that the light is made of collection of photons and themomentum it exerts is in the direction of travel.

This book unifies the two school of thoughts into one based on the observa-tions made and suggests that:

• The photon is like a high speed boat traveling at very high speed.

• The boat carries fuel to deliver.

• The boat has two oars at right angle to each other.

• The boat uses a part of the fuel it carries as a fuel to push the oars of the boat.

• Once the boat reaches the destination, it delivers the fuel.

• The capacity of the fuel tank of the boat is limited and the fuel tankrefills during long travel.

Figure 7.2 illustrate such a boat resembling photon’s functions. The boat isequipped with Global Positioning System, which allows it travel long distancesuch as the travel from far away distances to the earth.

As the photon which need to travel distance more than 9 × 1016, doesnot have sufficient energy to continue the travel, it refill itself with gravitons.

Photon is like an energy function, in which energy of one form E Input entersand appears as output in a different form E Output:

E Output = F (E Input) (7.1)

Here, F is the energy function.E Output consists of three parts here:

• Electric field generated at the right angle to the direction of travel of photon.



7.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND GRAVITY 153

• Magnetic field generated at the right angle to the direction of travel of

photon.

• Momentum that transferred to matter, when photon interacts withparticles such as electrons.

Particle physics says that the field is created by field particles and in the caseof long traveling photon, the field particle the photon consumes is graviton.Based on this observation, it can be claimed that:

• Magnetic field created along photon’s path is formed by gravitons,which change their behavior after passing through the photon.

• Electric field created along photon’s path is formed by the gravitons,which change their behavior after passing through the photon.

• Kinetic energy (momentum) is transferred from photon to electronwhen photon reaches electron orbiting around nucleus. This energyis used by the photon to jump from low energy state to high energystate. Photon carries the gravitons. Transfer of energy from the photonto electron, is actually the process of transfer of gravitons from photonto electron.

• Potential energy and kinetic energy are interchangeable, thus it can besaid that the interchange between potential energy and kinetic energyis realized by the transfer of gravitons.

Thus, gravitons can be as the basic field particle of our universe.Now let’s look at the interaction between the negative and the positive

charge.

• Two negative charged particle repel each other. While, two oppositecharge particle attract each other.

• Repulsion and attraction between two negative charged particle is ev-ident from the increase in the velocity of the two particles in oppositedirections for a limited interval of time.

• Increase in velocity is change in the kinetic energy of the particle.

• Kinetic energy is realized by the transfer of gravitons.

• Particle physics says that a photon is exchanged between the twocharged particles when they come near to each other.




• Photon can act like a carrier of gravitons.

• Thus, it can be said that the gravitons are stored in a photon and aresent from one charged particle to another particle, in the process of attraction and repulsion between charged particles.

The only issue, here is why gravitons need to be encapsulated into photonbefore being transfer from one charged particle to another charged particle.The possible reasons can be:

• The gravitons may have tendency to spread out in specific path direc-tions as evident from the magnetic lines extending from the one end of

the magnetic bar to another end.

• The enclosing of gravitons in three dimensional space boundary of aphoton, help gravitons delivered to a specific destination with limitedquantity.

The next very basic question is what are positive and negative charge andwhy they attract one another. The answer is that:

• One particle contains surplus gravitons of specific form A.

• Another particle needs gravitons of specific form A.

• When one particle in need finds the particle with surplus graviton of specific form A, it jumps toward it to meet its need of gravitons.

• When one particle in need finds another particle with the same need,it moves away from it to avoid reducing chances of competition forgravitons.

• Particles who do not need gravitons are particles without charge anddo not move toward each other.



7.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND GRAVITY 155

Figure 7.1: Traveling lights




Figure 7.2: Boat



7.3. GRAVITY AND STRONG INTERACTION 157

7.3 Gravity and strong interaction

In section 5.1, it is shown that the

• Pion needs to travel at very high speed to realize a bond between protonand neutron.

• Neutron needs energy to be to push pions to very high speed. Gravitonscan be used as the source of energy for realizing such high speed.

• Photons can carry these gravitons to neutrons.

If above theory is true, breaking atom near moon should require less com-pared to breaking atom on the surface of the earth.

7.4 Strong and weak interaction

In beta decay, mass of nucleus changes and one type of element changes intoanother type of element. The typical beta decays are:

146C → 14

7N + e− + ν (7.2)

127N → 12

6C + e+ + ν (7.3)

Here, ν stands for neutrino which was proposed by Pauli in 1930.Photon and three bosons are the field particles realizing weak interaction.

The mass of bosons is given as:

• W ± has mass 85 times that of proton.

• Z 0 has mass of 97 times that of proton.

As evident from Equation 7.2 and 7.3, the field particles which are thoughtto mediate in the weak interaction are larger than the mass of carbon andnitrogen. If nature around us is observed, there are two patterns of objectsbreaking down in smaller pieces:

• Objects are hit by something powerful.

• Internal structure of the object become unstable.

Lets assume that

• Neutron/proton has six pions which stays in docks near the surface of protons.




• If neutron/proton stays without pions for extended period of time, their

structure can become unstable and collapse. This process can resultingin smaller particles.

• Under such circumstances, decay of particles is a side effect of stronginteraction. It means strong interaction and weak interaction are thetwo aspects of one type of energy transfer.

• W ± and Z 0 can be formed when unstable neutron and proton grouptogether.

7.5 Energy flow in universeAccording to this book, universe has a very well organized energy distributionsystem:

• Larger particles are energized by smaller particles.

• Smaller particles are energized by photons.

• Photons are energized by gravitons.

• Gravitons are energized by something modern science is unable to de-

tect.



Chapter 8

Basics of modern science

In this section, basics of the modern science is revisited based on the conceptspresented in this book.

8.1 Basic concepts of modern science

This section summarizes the very basic concepts of modern science based onconcepts presented in this book.

8.1.1 What is matter?Matter is a container of photons. Some of the photons contained in mass actlike coded instruction and control the behavior of other contained photons.

8.1.2 What is photon?

Photon is a container of gravitons. Some of the gravitons contained in pho-ton act like coded instruction and control the behavior of other containedgravitons. Gravitons use photon to move from one location to another.

8.1.3 What is conversion of mass into energy?

Matter is a container of photons. Conversion of mass into energy is simplya process through which photons contained in the matter are released.

8.1.4 Why heavy objects can release more energy?

Matter contains docks to accommodate photons. According to this book,mass energy conversion process is simply a process through which photons

159



160 CHAPTER 8. BASICS OF MODERN SCIENCE

contained in docks of matter are released. The only difference between heavy

object and light object is the number of docks to accommodate the photons.

8.1.5 Can objects control the intake of photons?

Object can reduce the intake of photons by reducing the number of docksthat accommodate the photons. Object can reduce the number of docks byhiding the surface which contains these docks to accommodate the photons.

8.1.6 Why matter do not travel more than speed of light?

Matter is a container of photons. Matter can speed up only to the speedwhich is the speed of the particles (photons) it contains.

8.1.7 Why light bends?

Photon is a carrier of gravitons. It collects gravitons and deliver them at theirdestination. Bending of light increase the time, photon uses in exchange of gravitons.

8.1.8 Why gravity travels at the same speed as light?

Photon is the transportation means for gravitons. Thus, speed of photons isthe speed of gravitons.

8.1.9 Why gravitons are particle?

Let’s assume photon is a machine hammer and the free space is a nail. Theelectro-magnetic field photon creates while traveling is like machine hammerhitting a nail. Machine hammer has three characteristics which define itscapability to hit a nail:

• Power of each hit.

• Number of hits in a minute.

• The direction of hit.

According to Einstein, photon is a special type of hammer where

• Power of each hit is fixed



8.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MODERN SCIENCE 161

• Number of hits in a minute (frequency of photon) can be adjusted.

• Direction of hit (direction of electric and magnetic field) is fixed.

As power of each hit is always fixed, it can be claimed that

• Fixed amount of energy is transfered at the same speed for all the hits.This can happen only when fixed amount of energy can travel at a fixedspeed.

• As fixed amount of energy travels at a fixed speed, it can be regardedas a field particle.

8.1.10 Is speed of light is constant?

This book treats matter as a container of photons. Figure 8.1 shows pho-tons contained in a falling object. These photons increase their speed whiletraveling toward the earth’s surface. It is believed that photons which arenot contained in matter travel at the fixed speed and only their frequencyincreases while they fall. Falling photon experiment only confirmed the in-crease in the frequency of falling photon. Falling photons experiments arenot conducted yet to confirm in the speed of falling photons. There is needfor conducting falling photons experiments and confirm falling photons alsoaccelerate while falling.

In subsection 8.1.9, it has been assumed that power of each hit is fixed.If proposed experiment in this subsection, proves that the speed of fallingphoton is not constant, it can be claimed that the amount of energy a photoncontains is not only indicated by the frequency of photon but by also its speed.Any observed increase in the speed of falling photon, does not contradictclaim by Einstein that photon travel at constant speed in free space. Thespace surrounding our earth is not a free space. Similarly, most of the universeis not a free space but is a region which is filled with dark and anti darkmatter.

Let’s discuss another logic to indicate that there is a very limited possi-bility of speed of light being constant. As shown in Figure 3.11, this booksuggests that two photons couple together to exchange gravitons. Let’s as-sume two photons A and B as shown in Figure 8.2 which are at coordinate(x1, y1, z 1) and (x2, y2, z 2) respectively at time t1. Let’s further assume thatthe speed of both photons is c which is a constant value and photon A and Bcouple together at t2 on coordinate (x3, y3, z 3). Photon A and B can be cou-pled together, only when coordinates (x1, y1, z 1) and (x2, y2, z 2) are at fixeddistance from (x3, y3, z 3).






Figure 8.2: Coupling of two photons

Let’s assuming A and B are independent entities where are not capableto coordinate their actions through a mutually agreed protocol. In this case,there should be fixed paths on which A and B travel. As coupling of pho-tons is an event that has already happened countless time successfully, itcan be said that there are paths in the universe on which photon travel toincrease their chance of meeting one another. Figure 8.3 shows a mesh of such paths. Photons travel only on the shown paths (lines) of the mesh andcouple together at the points where two paths meet. All photons need to besynchronized by a universal clock and be at the crossing point of two pathsat time which is integral multiple of a fixed value. If photon really travelon such paths, photons should be allowed to change direction at fixed angles

(in this case at 90 degree) only. This cannot be true as photons can strike amirror at any angle.

Photons which are capable to sense one another and can move at variablespeed do not need to travel on fixed paths as shown in Figure 8.3. In theera of Einstein, there were no computers and there was no concept thatgroup of particles (semiconductor devices) can process logic. In the absenceof capability to process logic, all photons need to be uniform and behaveaccording to rigid rules.




Figure 8.3: Paths of traveling photons




8.1.11 How all objects fall at the same speed?

These are the few observations made in this book.

• Energy transfer is a controlled mechanism under which particle acceptsonly a limited number of field particles in a unit time.

• Surface of particle have docks to accommodate field particles. Let’sassume two objects X and Y made of same element where object X’smass is n times that of object Y. X will have n times number of docksto accommodate field particle compared to object Y, as X has n timesnumber of particles compared to Y.

• A particle lose energy while traveling. A particle can travel up to 9∗1016meters with the energy it can contain. The amount of energy a particlelose (or use in traveling) depends on the distance traveled. Object Xwill lose n times of energy compared to object Y, as the number of particles contained in object X are n times that of object Y.

Let’s consider an example of two objects C and D, which are made of same type of material with equal molecular concentration in both objects.Let’s assume object C has half of mass of object D. Object C and D hasfollowing characteristics:Number of docks on the surface of object C to capture gravitons: 1000Number of docks on the surface of object D to capture gravitons: 2000Number of gravitons a single dock of object C accepts in one second: 4Number of gravitons a single dock of object D accepts in one second: 4Gravitons used by object C in traveling one meter: 20Gravitons used by object D in traveling one meter: 40Let’s suppose object C and D fall from the same height.Distance traveled for object C: 490 metersDistance traveled for object D: 490 metersTime of fall for object C: 10 secondsTime of fall for object D: 10 seconds

Number of gravitons captured by object C during its fall: 40000 (=1000*4*10)Number of gravitons captured by object D during its fall: 80000 (=2000*4*10)Number of gravitons used by object C during its fall: 9800 (=490*20)Number of gravitons used by object D during its fall: 19600 (=490*40)Number of gravitons object C deliver when it arrives at surface of earth=30200(=40000-9800)Number of gravitons object D deliver when it arrives at surface of earth=60400(=80000-19600)The above calculation matches our general observation that object D deliver




twice the energy compared to object C when it strikes the earth. It has been

believed that earth pulls the objects toward it. According to this book, objects might be flying in an energy field (flying) for the purpose of capturingenergy on their own discretion rather than being pulled the earth.

8.2 Electron’s energy level and radius of orbit

This section describes the relationship between the energy level of the elec-tron and the radius of the orbit according to this book.

• Bohr’s atomic model is modeled after our solar system. Bohr Modelassumes that the electrons jump from one orbit to another when theirenergy changes. However, in our solar system, the planets and themoon do not jump from one orbit to another.

• According to this book, the particle are made of sheet like structure,which can change themselves to different dimensions and shapes like anorigami. Changing the surface area that faces the field particles, canadjust the energy of the particle without the need of moving to otherorbit.

• The radius of the orbit, does not necessarily indicate the energy of theparticle. The electron in the most external orbit can increase theirsurface area that faces the field particles and can have the same energyas the the electron which exist in the most inner orbit.

8.3 Energy bands in metals

This section describes the energy bands in metals according to this book.

• Energy band of a electron is defined by a minimum and maximumenergy level.

• According to this book, the energy of particle is defined by the surfacearea that faces the flow of field particles.

• Energy band can be realized by a particle changing the surface areathat faces the field particles within a specific range . If the particle isassumed to be a spherical shape, then there is a range of radius inwhich the particle changes its radius as shown in Figure 8.4.



8.3. ENERGY BANDS IN METALS 167

• Forbidden band corresponds to the range of radius in which the particle

does not keeps its radius for significant period of time. In Figure 8.4 thewhite space between two ranges representing conduction and valenceband is the forbidden state.

The holes which are thought to exist in the semiconductor are excluded fromexplanation as:

• A number of electrons need to exist in proximity to each other over ex-tended period of time. In other words position and velocity of electronsremain deterministic over a period of time.

• Heisenberg principle of uncertainty tells that the position and the ve-locity cannot be determined at the same time.

• Thus, the concept of hole is against the general understanding of theHeisenberg’s law of uncertainty.

Change in energy bands happen when an impurity is added to a metal.According to this book, the merging of messages from the metal and impurityleads to the change in behavior. This change in behavior becomes evident aschange in the range of allowed radius in the conduction and valence band.




Figure 8.4: Relationship between shape and energy bands



8.4. TUNNELING PHENOMENA 169

8.4 Tunneling Phenomena

Tunneling Phenomena is the physical effect which helps particles penetratethrough the barrier. Tunneling Phenomena is thought to be the underlyingmechanism behind field emission, alpha decay and particle escaping fromblack holes. This section discusses the underlying mechanism in TunnelingPhenomena according to concepts developed in this book.

• The particle reduce the surface area that face the streams of field par-ticles.

• Reducing surface area facing the field particle, reduces the external

force on the particle.

• This allows the particle to penetrate the barriers as shown in Figure8.5.

The remaining question is why only a part of the particles are able to pene-trate. The reason can be that the nature has created diversity in nature andnot all are trained in exactly the same manner.




Figure 8.5: Tunneling Phenomena






8.6.2 Using the appropriate source of energy

The maximum speed of particle is the maximum speed of photons that itaccommodates. In the era of Einstein, there were no computing devices(semiconductor devices) and it was impossible to think that group of particlescan process a logic. The only way the universe can work as a well coordinatedsystem is that all particles follow are identical and follow rigid rules. As everyleaf of a tree is unique, so are the particles according to this book. Therecan be photons which travel at much higher speed than c. If matter canaccommodate this very fast photons, it can travel at a much higher speed.

8.7 Special Theory of RelativityIt is a well known fact that objects resist change. Objects ability to resista change is known as inertia. Special Theory of Relativity presents severalconcepts such as increase in mass, time dilation and length contraction whenobject which are normally at rest are forced to travel at very high speed. Thechange behavior of objects at high speed can be also due to inertia. Suchchange is due to inertia or due to special theory of relativity can be verified byrepeating time dilation experiments for different traveled distance. If inertiahas any contribution in time dilation phenomena, when distance traveled at

high speed is increased, the extent of time dilation should decrease.



8.7. SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 173

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