Intel's Multi Core Processors

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Intels Multi CoreIntels Multi Core

ProcessorsProcessors

Presented BYPresented BY ::

Kashish VaishKashish Vaish

COECOE--A1A1

1108011611080116


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ContentsContents

YONAH BASEDYONAH BASED--Core DuoCore Duo

--Core SoloCore Solo

6464--BIT CORE MICRO ARCHITECTUREBIT CORE MICRO ARCHITECTUREBASEDBASED

--Core 2 SoloCore 2 Solo--Core 2 DuoCore 2 Duo--Core 2 QuadCore 2 Quad

--Core 2 ExtremeCore 2 Extreme


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NEHALEM MICRO ARCHITECTURENEHALEM MICRO ARCHITECTURE

BASEDBASED--Core i3Core i3--Core i5Core i5

--Core i7Core i7


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Yonah BasedYonah Based

The Core brand was launched onThe Core brand was launched on January 5, 2006January 5, 2006 bybythe release of the 32the release of the 32--bitbitYonahYonah CPUCPU Intel's first dualIntel's first dual--core mobile (lowcore mobile (low--power) processor.power) processor.

Its dualIts dual--core layout closely resembled twocore layout closely resembled two

interconnected Pentium M branded CPUs packaged as ainterconnected Pentium M branded CPUs packaged as asingle die (piece) silicon chip (IC).single die (piece) silicon chip (IC).

The Core series is also known for being the first IntelThe Core series is also known for being the first Intelprocessor to be used as the main CPU for anprocessor to be used as the main CPU for an AppleApple

MacintoshMacintosh computer.computer.The Core Duo was the CPU for the first generationThe Core Duo was the CPU for the first generationMacbook Pro while the Core Solo appeared in Apple'sMacbook Pro while the Core Solo appeared in Apple'sMac Mini line.Mac Mini line.


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Core DuoCore Duo

Intel Core DuoIntel Core Duo (product code 80539)(product code 80539)consists of two cores on one die, aconsists of two cores on one die, a 22 MBMB

L2 cacheL2 cache shared by both cores, and anshared by both cores, and anarbiter bus that controls both L2 cachearbiter bus that controls both L2 cacheand FSB access.and FSB access.

Upcoming steppings of Core DuoUpcoming steppings of Core Duo

processors will also include the ability toprocessors will also include the ability todisable one coredisable one core to conserve power.to conserve power.


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CodenameCodename(main(main

article)article)

Brand nameBrand name(list)(list)

L2L2CacheCache

SocketSocket TDPTDP

YONAHYONAH

Core Duo T2xxxCore Duo T2xxx

2 MB2 MB SocketSocket--MM

31w31w

Core Duo L2xxxCore Duo L2xxx 15w15w

Core Duo U2xxxCore Duo U2xxx 9w9w


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Core soloCore solo

Intel Core SoloIntel Core Solo (product code 80538) uses the(product code 80538) uses thesame twosame two--core die as the Core Duo, but featurescore die as the Core Duo, but featuresonly oneonly one activeactive core.core.

This allows Intel to sell dies that have aThis allows Intel to sell dies that have amanufacturing defect in one but not both of themanufacturing defect in one but not both of thecores.cores.

Depending on demand, Intel may also simplyDepending on demand, Intel may also simplydisable one of the cores to sell the chip at thedisable one of the cores to sell the chip at theCore Solo priceCore Solo pricethis requires less effort thanthis requires less effort thanlaunching and maintaining a separate line oflaunching and maintaining a separate line ofCPUs that physically only have one core.CPUs that physically only have one core.


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article)article)


L2L2CacheCache

SocketSocket TDPTDP

YonahYonah Core Solo T1xxxCore Solo T1xxx 2 MB2 MB SocketSocket MM2727--31w31w

Core Solo U1xxxCore Solo U1xxx 5.55.5--6w6w


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6464--Bit Core Microarchitecture basedBit Core Microarchitecture based

The successor to Core is the mobile versionThe successor to Core is the mobile versionof the Intel Core 2 line of processors usingof the Intel Core 2 line of processors usingcores based upon thecores based upon the Intel CoreIntel Core

microarchitecturemicroarchitecture, released on July 27,, released on July 27,2006.2006.

Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64--bitbitprocessor, supporting Intel 64.processor, supporting Intel 64.

Another difference between the original CoreAnother difference between the original CoreDuo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increaseDuo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increasein the amount of Level 2 cache.in the amount of Level 2 cache.


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The new Core 2 Duo has tripled theThe new Core 2 Duo has tripled theamount of onamount of on--board cache toboard cache to 6 MB6 MB..

All three chips are manufactured at aAll three chips are manufactured at a6565 nm lithography, and in 2008, a 45nm lithography, and in 2008, a 45 nmnmlithography and support Front Side Buslithography and support Front Side Busspeeds ranging from 533speeds ranging from 533 MHz toMHz to

16001600 MHz.MHz.


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CORE 2 SOLOCORE 2 SOLO

TheThe Core 2 SoloCore 2 Solo, introduced in September, introduced in September2007, is the successor to the Core Solo.2007, is the successor to the Core Solo.

It is available only as an ultraIt is available only as an ultra--lowlow--power mobilepower mobileprocessor with 5.5 Watt thermal design power.processor with 5.5 Watt thermal design power.

The original U2xxx series "MeromThe original U2xxx series "Merom--L" was using aL" was using a

special version of the Merom chip with CPUIDspecial version of the Merom chip with CPUIDnumber 10661 (model 22, stepping A1) that onlynumber 10661 (model 22, stepping A1) that onlyhad a single core and was also used in somehad a single core and was also used in someCeleron processors.Celeron processors.


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The later SU3xxx are part of Intel's CULV rangeThe later SU3xxx are part of Intel's CULV rangeof processors in a smaller FCof processors in a smaller FC--BGA 956 packageBGA 956 packagebut contain the same Penryn chip as the dualbut contain the same Penryn chip as the dual--core variants, with one of the cores disabledcore variants, with one of the cores disabledduring manufacturing.during manufacturing.


article)article)


L2L2CacheCache

SocketSocket TDPTDP

MeromMerom Mobile Core 2Mobile Core 2Solo U2xxxSolo U2xxx

1MB1MB FCBGAFCBGA 5.5w5.5w

PenrynPenryn--LL Mobile Core 2Mobile Core 2Solo SU3xxxSolo SU3xxx

3MB3MB BGA956BGA956 5.5w5.5w


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Core 2 DUOCore 2 DUO

The majority of the desktop and mobile Core 2 processorThe majority of the desktop and mobile Core 2 processorvariants arevariants are Core 2 DuoCore 2 Duo with two processor cores on awith two processor cores on asingle Merom, Conroe, Allendale, Penryn or Wolfdalesingle Merom, Conroe, Allendale, Penryn or Wolfdalechip.chip.

These come in a wide range of performance and powerThese come in a wide range of performance and powerconsumption, starting with the relatively slow ultraconsumption, starting with the relatively slow ultra--lowlow--power Uxxxx (10 W) and lowpower Uxxxx (10 W) and low--power Lxxxx (17 W)power Lxxxx (17 W)versions, to the more performance oriented Pxxxx (25versions, to the more performance oriented Pxxxx (25W) and Txxxx (35 W) mobile versions and the Exxxx (65W) and Txxxx (35 W) mobile versions and the Exxxx (65W) desktop models.W) desktop models.

The mobile Core 2 Duo processors with an 'S' prefix inThe mobile Core 2 Duo processors with an 'S' prefix inthe name are produced in a smaller FCthe name are produced in a smaller FC--BGA 956BGA 956

package which allows building more compact Laptops.package which allows building more compact Laptops.


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Within each line, a higher number usually refersWithin each line, a higher number usually refersto a better performance, which depends largelyto a better performance, which depends largelyon core and fronton core and front--side bus clock frequency andside bus clock frequency andamount of second level cache, which are modelamount of second level cache, which are modelspecific.specific.

Core 2 Duo processors typically use the full L2Core 2 Duo processors typically use the full L2cache of 2, 3, 4 or 6 MB available in the specificcache of 2, 3, 4 or 6 MB available in the specific

stepping of the chip, while versions with thestepping of the chip, while versions with theamount of cache reduced during manufacturingamount of cache reduced during manufacturingare sold for the loware sold for the low--end consumer market asend consumer market asCeleron or Pentium DualCeleron or Pentium Dual--Core processors.Core processors.


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CORE 2 QUADCORE 2 QUAD

Core 2 QuadCore 2 Quad processors are multiprocessors are multi--chip moduleschip modulesconsisting of two dies similar to those used in Core 2consisting of two dies similar to those used in Core 2Duo, forming a quadDuo, forming a quad--core processor.core processor.

While this allows twice the performance to a dualWhile this allows twice the performance to a dual--corecoreprocessors at the same clock frequency in idealprocessors at the same clock frequency in idealconditions, this is highly workload specific and requiresconditions, this is highly workload specific and requiresapplications to take advantage of the extra cores.applications to take advantage of the extra cores.

Initially, all Core 2 Quad models were versions of Core 2Initially, all Core 2 Quad models were versions of Core 2Duo desktop processors, Kentsfield derived from ConroeDuo desktop processors, Kentsfield derived from Conroeand Yorkfield from Wolfdale, but later Penrynand Yorkfield from Wolfdale, but later Penryn--QC wasQC wasadded as a highadded as a high--end version of the mobile dualend version of the mobile dual--corecorePenryn.Penryn.


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The Xeon 32xx and 33xx processors are mostlyThe Xeon 32xx and 33xx processors are mostlyidentical versions of the desktop Core 2 Quadidentical versions of the desktop Core 2 Quad

processors and can be used interchangeablyprocessors and can be used interchangeably

CodenameCodename

(main(mainarticle)article)

BrandBrandname (list)name (list)

L2L2

CacheCache

SocketSocket TDPTDP

KentsfielKentsfieldd

Core 2 Quad Q6xxxCore 2 Quad Q6xxx 2x4 MB2x4 MB LGA77LGA7755

9595--105w105w

YorkfieldYorkfield

Core 2 Quad Q7xxxCore 2 Quad Q7xxx 2x1 MB2x1 MB 95w95wCore 2 Quad Q8xxxCore 2 Quad Q8xxx 2x2 MB2x2 MB 6565--

95w95wCore 2 Quad Q9xxxCore 2 Quad Q9xxx 2x32x3--2x62x6MBMB

PenrynPenryn--

QCQC

Mobile Core 2 QuadMobile Core 2 QuadQ9xxxQ9xxx

2x32x3--2x62x6MBMB

SocketSocketPP

45w45w


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CORE 2 EXTREMECORE 2 EXTREME

Core 2 ExtremeCore 2 Extreme processors areprocessors areenthusiast versions of Core 2 Duo andenthusiast versions of Core 2 Duo andCore 2 Quad processors.Core 2 Quad processors.

A higher clock frequency and an unlockedA higher clock frequency and an unlockedclock multiplier makes them especiallyclock multiplier makes them especiallyattractive for overclocking.attractive for overclocking.

Core 2 Extreme processors were releasedCore 2 Extreme processors were releasedat a much higher price than their regularat a much higher price than their regularversion, often $999 or more.version, often $999 or more.


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NEHALEM MICROARCHITECTURE BASEDNEHALEM MICROARCHITECTURE BASED

With theWith the Nehalem microarchitectureNehalem microarchitecture, Intel, Intelintroduced a new naming scheme for its Coreintroduced a new naming scheme for its Coreprocessors.processors.

There are three variants, Core i3, Core i5, andThere are three variants, Core i3, Core i5, andCore i7, but the names no longer correspond toCore i7, but the names no longer correspond tospecific technical features like the number ofspecific technical features like the number ofcores.cores.

Instead, the brand is now divided from lowInstead, the brand is now divided from low--levellevel(i3), through mid(i3), through mid--range (i5) to highrange (i5) to high--end (i7).end (i7).


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Common features of all Nehalem basedCommon features of all Nehalem basedprocessors include an integrated DDR3 memoryprocessors include an integrated DDR3 memorycontroller as well ascontroller as well as QuickPath InterconnectQuickPath Interconnector PCI Express and Direct Media Interface onor PCI Express and Direct Media Interface onthe processor replacing the aging quadthe processor replacing the aging quad--pumpedpumpedFront Side Bus usedFront Side Bus used in all earlier Corein all earlier Core

processors.processors.

Also, all these processors have 256 KB L2 cacheAlso, all these processors have 256 KB L2 cacheper core, plus up to 12 MB shared level 3 cache.per core, plus up to 12 MB shared level 3 cache.

Because of the new I/O interconnect, chipsetsBecause of the new I/O interconnect, chipsetsand mainboards from previous generations canand mainboards from previous generations canno longer be used with Nehalem basedno longer be used with Nehalem basedprocessors.processors.


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CORE i3 PROCESSOR

The Core i3 was intended to be the new entryThe Core i3 was intended to be the new entry--level processor from Intel, following thelevel processor from Intel, following theretirement of the Core 2 brand.retirement of the Core 2 brand.

The first Core i3 processors were launched onThe first Core i3 processors were launched onJanuary 7, 2010.January 7, 2010.

The firstNehalem based Core i3 was ClarkdaleThe firstNehalem based Core i3 was Clarkdale--

based, with an integrated GPU and two cores.based, with an integrated GPU and two cores.The same processor will also be available asThe same processor will also be available asCore i5 and Pentium, with slightly differentCore i5 and Pentium, with slightly differentconfigurations.configurations.


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The Core i3The Core i3--3xxM processors are based on Arrandale, the3xxM processors are based on Arrandale, themobile version of the Clarkdale desktop processor. Theymobile version of the Clarkdale desktop processor. Theywill be similar to the Core i5will be similar to the Core i5--4xx series but running at4xx series but running atlower clock speeds and without Turbo Boost.lower clock speeds and without Turbo Boost.

According to some sources, existing Core 2 processorsAccording to some sources, existing Core 2 processorsbased on Yorkfield, Wolfdale and Penryn may also getbased on Yorkfield, Wolfdale and Penryn may also getrebranded to Core i3rebranded to Core i3

Codename Brand name L3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus

Clarkdale Core i3-5xxx 4 MB LGA 1156 73w Direct MediaInterface,

IntegratedGPU

Arrandale Core i3-3xxxM 3 MB PGA-989 35w


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CORE i5 PROCESSOR

Core i5Core i5, like Core i7, is based on the, like Core i7, is based on theNehalem microarchitecture. The first CoreNehalem microarchitecture. The first Corei5 was introduced on September 8, 2009i5 was introduced on September 8, 2009and is a mainstream variant of the Core i7,and is a mainstream variant of the Core i7,initially only quadinitially only quad--core desktop processorscore desktop processorsbased on Lynnfield, with dualbased on Lynnfield, with dual--core mobilecore mobile

(Arrandale) and desktop processors(Arrandale) and desktop processors(Clarkdale) following in 2010.(Clarkdale) following in 2010.


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Codename Brandname

L3 Cache Socket TDP I/O Bus

LynnfieldLynnfield Core i5Core i5--7xx7xx

8 MB8 MB

LGA1156LGA1156

95w95w

Direct MediaDirect MediaInterfaceInterfaceCore i5Core i5--7xxS7xxS

82w82w

ClarkdaleClarkdale Core i5Core i5--6xx6xx 4 MB4 MB

7373--87w87w

Direct MediaDirect MediaInterface,Interface,

IntegratedIntegratedGPUGPU

ArrandaleArrandale

Core i5Core i5--5xxM5xxM

3 MB3 MB PGAPGA--989989

35w35wCore i5Core i5--4xxM4xxM

Core i5Core i5--5xxUM5xxUM 18w18w


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CORE i7 PROCESSOR

As of 2010,As of 2010, Core i7Core i7 is the high end of the Coreis the high end of the Corebrand, which was introduced with the Bloomfieldbrand, which was introduced with the BloomfieldQuadQuad--core processor in late 2008.core processor in late 2008.

In 2009, new Core i7 models based on theIn 2009, new Core i7 models based on theLynnfield desktop quadLynnfield desktop quad--core processor and thecore processor and theClarksfield quadClarksfield quad--core mobile were added, andcore mobile were added, andmodels based on the Arrandale dualmodels based on the Arrandale dual--core mobilecore mobileprocessor have been announced.processor have been announced.

The first sixThe first six--core addition to the Core processorcore addition to the Core processorlineup will be with the Gulftown processor,lineup will be with the Gulftown processor,which was launched on March 16th, 2010.which was launched on March 16th, 2010.


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CodenameCodename Brand nameBrand name L3 CacheL3 Cache SocketSocket TDPTDP I/O BusI/O Bus

GulftownGulftown Core i7Core i7--980x980x 12 MB12 MB

LGA 1366LGA 1366 130w130w QuickPathQuickPathBloomfieldBloomfield

Core i7Core i7--9xx9xxExtreme EditionExtreme Edition

8 MB8 MB

Core i7Core i7--9xx9xx

LynnfieldLynnfield

Core i7Core i7--8xx8xx

LGA 1156LGA 1156

95w95w

Direct MediaDirect MediaInterfaceInterface

Core i7Core i7--8xxS8xxS 82w82w

ClarksfieldClarksfield

Core i7Core i7--9xxXM9xxXMExtreme EditionExtreme Edition

pgapga--989989

55w55w

Core i7Core i7--8xxQM8xxQM

45w45wCore i7Core i7--7xxQM7xxQM 6 MB6 MB

ArrandaleArrandale

Core i7Core i7--6xxM6xxM

4 MB4 MB

35w35w

Direct MediaDirect MediaInterface,Interface,IntegratedIntegrated

GPUGPU

Core i7Core i7--6xxLM6xxLM 25w25w

Core i7Core i7--6xxUM6xxUM 18w18w


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L1 CacheL1 CacheLevel 1 (L1) cache, also known as primary cache, is a memoryLevel 1 (L1) cache, also known as primary cache, is a memorycache built into the CPU.L1 cache is used by the centralcache built into the CPU.L1 cache is used by the centralprocessing unit of a computer to reduce the average time toprocessing unit of a computer to reduce the average time toaccess memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory whichaccess memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory whichstores copies of the data from the most frequently used mainstores copies of the data from the most frequently used mainmemory locations. As long as most memory accesses are tomemory locations. As long as most memory accesses are tocached memory locations, the average latency of memorycached memory locations, the average latency of memoryaccesses will be closer to the cache latency than to theaccesses will be closer to the cache latency than to thelatency of main memory.latency of main memory.

L2 CacheL2 CacheLevel 2 (L2) cache, also known as secondary cache or RAMLevel 2 (L2) cache, also known as secondary cache or RAMcache, is the cache memory external to the CPU. L2 cachecache, is the cache memory external to the CPU. L2 cachememory resides on a separate chip from the microprocessormemory resides on a separate chip from the microprocessorchip. L2 cache contains a subset of the contents of mainchip. L2 cache contains a subset of the contents of mainmemory. The design of the memory and L2 cache is amemory. The design of the memory and L2 cache is asignificant way designers differentiate their systems.significant way designers differentiate their systems.

L1, L2, L3 CacheL1, L2, L3 Cache


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L3 CacheL3 Cache

Level 3 cache is the thirdLevel 3 cache is the third--fastest cache memoryfastest cache memoryavailable to a CPU. It usually consists of SRAM chipsavailable to a CPU. It usually consists of SRAM chipslocated on the motherboard. The "L3" indicates thatlocated on the motherboard. The "L3" indicates thatthe CPU attempts to access this cache after accessingthe CPU attempts to access this cache after accessingthe L1 and L2 cache. Level 3 cache is now the namethe L1 and L2 cache. Level 3 cache is now the namefor the extra cache built into motherboards betweenfor the extra cache built into motherboards betweenthe microprocessor and the main memory.the microprocessor and the main memory.


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THERMAL DESIGN POWERTHERMAL DESIGN POWER

TheThe thermal design power (TDP)thermal design power (TDP), sometimes, sometimescalledcalled thermal design pointthermal design point, represents the, represents themaximum amount of power the cooling systemmaximum amount of power the cooling systemin a computer is required to dissipate.in a computer is required to dissipate.

For example, a laptop's CPU cooling systemFor example, a laptop's CPU cooling systemmay be designed for a 20 watt TDP, whichmay be designed for a 20 watt TDP, which

means that it can dissipate up to 20 watts ofmeans that it can dissipate up to 20 watts ofheat without exceeding the maximum junctionheat without exceeding the maximum junctiontemperature for the computer chip.temperature for the computer chip.


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INETLS QUICKPATH INTERCONNECT AND DIRECTINETLS QUICKPATH INTERCONNECT AND DIRECT

MEDIA INTERFACEMEDIA INTERFACE

TheThe Intel QuickPath InterconnectIntel QuickPath Interconnect((QuickPathQuickPath,, QPIQPI) is a point) is a point--toto--point processorpoint processorinterconnect developed by Intel to compete withinterconnect developed by Intel to compete with

HyperTransport.HyperTransport. Direct Media InterfaceDirect Media Interface ((DMIDMI) is point) is point--toto--

point interconnection between an Intelpoint interconnection between an Intelnorthbridge and an Intel southbridge on anorthbridge and an Intel southbridge on a

computer motherboard. It is the successor ofcomputer motherboard. It is the successor ofthe Hub Interface used in previous chipsets. Itthe Hub Interface used in previous chipsets. Itprovides for a 10Gb/s bidirectional data rate.provides for a 10Gb/s bidirectional data rate.


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INTELS TURBOBOOSTINTELS TURBOBOOST

Intel Turbo BoostIntel Turbo Boost is a technology implemented byis a technology implemented byIntel in certain of their NehalemIntel in certain of their Nehalem--based CPUs, includingbased CPUs, includingCore i5 and Core i7. Turbo Boost allows CPU clock speedCore i5 and Core i7. Turbo Boost allows CPU clock speedto be dynamically increased on demand. It is activatedto be dynamically increased on demand. It is activated

when the operating system requests the highestwhen the operating system requests the highestperformance state of the processor.performance state of the processor.

When the processor is operating below its thermal andWhen the processor is operating below its thermal andelectrical limits and the user's workload demandselectrical limits and the user's workload demandsadditional performance, the processor clock frequencyadditional performance, the processor clock frequency

will dynamically increase in increments of 133 MHz onwill dynamically increase in increments of 133 MHz onshort and regular intervals until a thermal or power limitshort and regular intervals until a thermal or power limitis reached or the maximum speed for the number ofis reached or the maximum speed for the number ofactive cores is reached.active cores is reached.

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Intel's Multi Core Processors