Interaction DevicesInteraction Devices

Chandra KelleyChandra Kelley

Sandeep ParwagaSandeep Parwaga

Human Interaction DevicesHuman Interaction Devices The study of interaction between people (users) and computersThe study of interaction between people (users) and computers

Often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral Often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences and design and other fields of studysciences and design and other fields of study

Because human-computer interaction studies a human and a Because human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in conjunction, it draws from supporting knowledge on both machine in conjunction, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages, in computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive psychology, and human linguistics, social sciences, cognitive psychology, and human performance are relevant.performance are relevant.

HistoryHistory 1943 John Mauchly and Presper Eckert -- ENIAC, 1943 John Mauchly and Presper Eckert -- ENIAC, the world’s first all electronic the world’s first all electronic

numerical integrator and computernumerical integrator and computer 1945 Vanevar Bush – Memex, 1945 Vanevar Bush – Memex, a memory expander, conceiving Hypertext and the a memory expander, conceiving Hypertext and the

World Wide Web, envisioned as microfilm but computer.World Wide Web, envisioned as microfilm but computer. 1960 J.R. Licklider – postulated “Man-Computer Symbiosis“1960 J.R. Licklider – postulated “Man-Computer Symbiosis“,, which which

revolutionized human and machines interaction and information handling, the goals revolutionized human and machines interaction and information handling, the goals and visionsand visions

1962 1962   Douglas Engelbart – Word processorDouglas Engelbart – Word processor, which features automatic word wrap, , which features automatic word wrap, search, replace, macros, scrolling, move, copy and delete.search, replace, macros, scrolling, move, copy and delete.

1963 Ivan Sutherland – Sketchpad1963 Ivan Sutherland – Sketchpad, a graphic system which had a sophisticated , a graphic system which had a sophisticated drawing package and introduced many ideas in today’s interfaces.drawing package and introduced many ideas in today’s interfaces.

1965 Ted Nelson1965 Ted Nelson – coined term of “hypertext” – coined term of “hypertext” 1966-1967 William Newman – Reaction handler1966-1967 William Newman – Reaction handler, the first widget which provided , the first widget which provided

direct manipulation of graphics, and introduced light handlesdirect manipulation of graphics, and introduced light handles 1968 Douglas Engelbart – Augment/NLS, 1968 Douglas Engelbart – Augment/NLS, an on line system, a hypermedia an on line system, a hypermedia

document system, featured tiled windows, mouse, chord keyboard and command line document system, featured tiled windows, mouse, chord keyboard and command line interface.  He provoded a conceptual framework for Augmenting Human Intellectinterface.  He provoded a conceptual framework for Augmenting Human Intellect

History History (con’t)(con’t)

1968 MIT Lincoln Labs—AMBGIT, 1968 MIT Lincoln Labs—AMBGIT, an iconic representation, dynamic menus and an iconic representation, dynamic menus and used pointing deviceused pointing device

1969 Alan Kay – FLEX, 1969 Alan Kay – FLEX, an early object orientated language, “an early object orientated language, “DynabookDynabook“ a vision “ a vision and cardboard prototype of a notebook computer.and cardboard prototype of a notebook computer.

1969 – 1980 Nicholas Negroponte 1969 – 1980 Nicholas Negroponte – MIT machine architecture had many innovative – MIT machine architecture had many innovative inventionsinventions

1973 Xerox PARC – Alto, 1973 Xerox PARC – Alto, the first personal workstation, base on raster dispalythe first personal workstation, base on raster dispaly 1974 Ted Nelson -- “Computer Lib/Dream Machines“1974 Ted Nelson -- “Computer Lib/Dream Machines“, described what comuters , described what comuters

can do for people instead of businesscan do for people instead of business 1974 Charls Simonyi and Butler Lampson – Bravo1974 Charls Simonyi and Butler Lampson – Bravo, document, document editing system for editing system for

the Alto, the Alto, Larry Tessler – BravoXLarry Tessler – BravoX,  WYSIWIG text-editor ,  WYSIWIG text-editor 1975 David1975 David Canfield – Pygmalion, Canfield – Pygmalion, A Computer Program to model and stimulate A Computer Program to model and stimulate

creative thought, which coined the term “ icons”creative thought, which coined the term “ icons” 1975 Ed Roberts/MITS -- ALTAIR 88001975 Ed Roberts/MITS -- ALTAIR 8800, an electronics article that showed people , an electronics article that showed people

how to build a computer for under $400how to build a computer for under $400 1977 Alan1977 Alan Key – Dynabook, Key – Dynabook, a handheld computer helper which direct manipulates a handheld computer helper which direct manipulates

interfaces. Ideas:interfaces. Ideas:

1981 Xerox – Star, 1981 Xerox – Star, thethe first commercial PC designed for “business professionals“ as first commercial PC designed for “business professionals“ as an office automation system which had overlapping windows, the revolutionary an office automation system which had overlapping windows, the revolutionary aspectsaspects

1981 IBM – PC,1981 IBM – PC, assembed by stadard components, low cost, command interface and assembed by stadard components, low cost, command interface and MS-DOS OS.MS-DOS OS.

1982 Ben Shneiderman 1982 Ben Shneiderman --  describes graphically-based interaction, visibility of --  describes graphically-based interaction, visibility of objects, incremental action and rapid feedback, which coined the term “direct objects, incremental action and rapid feedback, which coined the term “direct manipulation”.manipulation”.

1983 Apple – Lisa, 1983 Apple – Lisa, text based system, redesign as graphical system similar to Xerox text based system, redesign as graphical system similar to Xerox Star but more personal than office tool. commercial was a failure because of Star but more personal than office tool. commercial was a failure because of expensive. expensive. 

1984 Apple/Steve Jobs – Macintosh, 1984 Apple/Steve Jobs – Macintosh, the first commercial graphics destop the first commercial graphics destop microcomputer based on Alto and Star, old ideas but well done.  With aggressive microcomputer based on Alto and Star, old ideas but well done.  With aggressive princing, it was successful commercially.princing, it was successful commercially.

1987 Microsoft – Windows, 1987 Microsoft – Windows, a Mac imitation with some improvements: collaborative, a Mac imitation with some improvements: collaborative, iterative and multi-disciplinary.iterative and multi-disciplinary.

Types of Interaction DevicesTypes of Interaction Devices

MouseMouseVideo GamesVideo GamesCell PhonesCell PhonesKeyboardsKeyboardsVoice RecognitionVoice RecognitionMicrophonesMicrophonesOthersOthers

Development of the MouseDevelopment of the Mouse The MouseThe Mouse: The mouse was developed at Stanford Research : The mouse was developed at Stanford Research

Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) to be a cheap replacement for from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954 light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954

Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as part of NLS in a movie created in 1968.Engelbart as part of NLS in a movie created in 1968.

The mouse was then made famous as a practical input device by The mouse was then made famous as a practical input device by Xerox PARC in the 1970's.Xerox PARC in the 1970's.

It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the Three Rivers Computer Company's PERQ (1981), the Apple Lisa Three Rivers Computer Company's PERQ (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984). (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984).

Mouse (con’t)Mouse (con’t)

Unlike the modern mouse, which uses either a ball or light to move the pointer in any direction, Douglas Engelbart’s mouse had two wheels perpendicular to each-other, meaning that the mouse was limited to a single movement along an axis.

Video GamesVideo Games A A video gamevideo game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user

interface to generate visual feedback on a video device.interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The three largest producers of and markets for computer and video games The three largest producers of and markets for computer and video games

(in order) are North America (US and Canada), Japan and the United (in order) are North America (US and Canada), Japan and the United Kingdom.Kingdom.

The NPD Group(formerly The NPD Group(formerly National Purchase DiaryNational Purchase Diary) tracks computer and ) tracks computer and video game sales in the United States. It reported that:video game sales in the United States. It reported that: Console and portable software sales: $6.2 billion, up 8% from 2003Console and portable software sales: $6.2 billion, up 8% from 2003 Console and portable hardware and accessory sales: $3.7 billion, down Console and portable hardware and accessory sales: $3.7 billion, down

35% from 2003 35% from 2003 PC game sales: $1.1 billion, down 15% from 2006PC game sales: $1.1 billion, down 15% from 2006

Video Games (con’t)Video Games (con’t)

www.xtimeline.com/timeline/The-History-of-Video-Games

Cell phonesCell phones Cell phones may be new devices, but they originated in the 1920’s. Radios Cell phones may be new devices, but they originated in the 1920’s. Radios

were used since 1921. Features were put into these radios in the 1940’s, were used since 1921. Features were put into these radios in the 1940’s, and they were used by police. The concept of the cellular phone was and they were used by police. The concept of the cellular phone was developed in 1947 which originated from the mobile car phone. The concept developed in 1947 which originated from the mobile car phone. The concept of the cellular phone was produced by Bell Laboratories.of the cellular phone was produced by Bell Laboratories.

The first actual cell phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola The first actual cell phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola and other assisting inventors who used the idea of the car phone and and other assisting inventors who used the idea of the car phone and applied the technology necessary to make a portable cell phone possible. applied the technology necessary to make a portable cell phone possible. Cell phones were first made available to the public in 1984. Back then, they Cell phones were first made available to the public in 1984. Back then, they were very large, expensive instruments.were very large, expensive instruments.

Cell phones (con’t)Cell phones (con’t) A A mobile phonemobile phone or or mobilemobile (also called (also called cell phonecell phone and and hand hand

phonephone,, as well as as well as cell phonecell phone, , cellular phonecellular phone, , cellcell, , wireless wireless phonephone, , cellular telephonecellular telephone, , mobile telephonemobile telephone or or cell telephonecell telephone) is ) is a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialized base stations known communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites.as cell sites.

Services and accessories such as SMS for text messaging, email, Services and accessories such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.

In 2008 there were 4,100 million mobile cellular subscriptions in the In 2008 there were 4,100 million mobile cellular subscriptions in the world.world.

Evolution of Cell phonesEvolution of Cell phones

Future Interaction DevicesFuture Interaction Devices

Future Interaction Devices Future Interaction Devices (con’t)(con’t)

ReferencesReferences

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amulet/papers/uihistory.tr.htmlhttp://www.cs.cmu.edu/~amulet/papers/uihistory.tr.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone

http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/The-History-of-Video-http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/The-History-of-Video-GamesGames