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Interactive QuizTry the multiple choice questions below to test
your knowledge of this chapter.
Question 1 of 14
1. What makes a research conclusion true?
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
There is general agreement among other researchers that it is
true.
Yes:
No: X
The propositions within the conclusion correspond to what is
actually the case in relation to the objects orevents being
researched.
Yes: X
No:
The conclusion fits in with the conclusions of other
research.
Yes:
No: X
The conclusions are practically useful in relation to the
objects and events that we are researching.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Researchers rarely ask about the truth of the conclusions to
their research. Generalyy, they are moreinterested in whether the
conclusions fit in with what others have found out or whether they
serve thepurposes of the research. As long as the research has been
carried out with due care and diligence, thetruth is left to look
after itself. For the purposes of our discussion here, the truth of
their conclusions liesin whether they correspond with the reality
that they describe.
Answer:
There is general agreement among other researchers that it is
true.
1.
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Yes:
No: X
The propositions within the conclusion correspond to what is
actually the case in relation to the objects orevents being
researched.
Yes: X
No:
The conclusion fits in with the conclusions of other
research.
Yes:
No: X
The conclusions are practically useful in relation to the
objects and events that we are researching.
Yes:
No: X
Next Question 2 of 14
2. What makes an argument valid?
Its persuasiveness.A general agreement among others that it is
so.The conclusions logically follow within the line of
argument.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Its persuasiveness.
Yes:
No: X
A general agreement among others that it is so.
Yes:
No: X
The conclusions logically follow within the line of
argument.
2.
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Yes: X
No:
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Validity is a logical term and refers to the relationship
between the premises, that is, the preliminarystatements and the
conclusions that follow. This relationship is one of entailment. If
the conclusions areentailed by the premises, the argument is
logical. There are no 'degrees' of validity either two plus
twoequal four or they do not (apologies to mathematically minded
readers who will tell me that even thissupposedly obvious example
is not as simple as it looks).
Answer:
Its persuasiveness.
Yes:
No: X
A general agreement among others that it is so.
Yes:
No: X
The conclusions logically follow within the line of
argument.
Yes: X
No:
Next Check My Answer!Question 3 of 14
3. What makes data reliable?
It accurately represents the objects and events from which it is
drawn.There is agreement from the repeated observations of
researchers.It appears reasonably to be the case to others.We are
confident that the researcher has observed carefully and has always
produced reliable data in
the past.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
It accurately represents the objects and events from which it is
drawn.
Yes: X
No:
3.
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There is agreement from the repeated observations of
researchers.
Yes:
No: X
It appears reasonably to be the case to others.
Yes:
No: X
We are confident that the researcher has observed carefully and
has always produced reliable data in thepast.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
The repetition of observations, questionnaire surveys or
whatever, under similar conditions, either by thesame researcher or
by others in a team, is a standard way of ensuring the reliability.
But this, in itself,does not make the data reliable; rather goes
some way to ensuring that the data accurately represents theobjects
and events from which it is drawn.
Answer:
It accurately represents the objects and events from which it is
drawn.Yes: X
No:
There is agreement from the repeated observations of
researchers.
Yes:
No: X
It appears reasonably to be the case to others.
Yes:
No: X
We are confident that the researcher has observed carefully and
has always produced reliable data in thepast.
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Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 4 of 14
4. What is 'positivism'?
The demand for certainty in relation to research findings.The
view that all arguments and conclusions can be reduced to specific
elements that are the result of
particular observations including measurements.The employment of
scientific methodology in social research.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
The demand for certainty in relation to research findings.
Yes:
No: X
The view that all arguments and conclusions can be reduced to
specific elements that are the result ofparticular observations
including measurements.
Yes: X
No:
The employment of scientific methodology in social research.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Positivism is the view that concluding statements or judgemental
propositions can be justified byreducing them to clearly identified
items of data, i.e. what is taken from observations,
interviews,questionnaires, or documentary evidence.
Answer:
The demand for certainty in relation to research findings.
Yes:
No: X
4.
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The view that all arguments and conclusions can be reduced to
specific elements that are the result ofparticular observations
including measurements.
Yes: X
No:
The employment of scientific methodology in social research.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 5 of 14
5. What is a 'theory'?
An explanation regarding how something should work.An
explanation of how we think something does work.A guess or inspired
hunch about how something works.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
An explanation regarding how something should work.
Yes:
No: X
An explanation of how we think something does work.
Yes: X
No:
A guess or inspired hunch about how something works.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
At its simplest, a theory is an explanation as to why things
happen as they do. It might be at its earlystages in the form of a
conjecture or hypothesis and as such speculative in nature.
Answer:
5.
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An explanation regarding how something should work.
Yes:
No: X
An explanation of how we think something does work.
Yes: X
No:
A guess or inspired hunch about how something works.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 6 of 14
6. What is 'knowledge transfer'?
Bringing professional practitioners up to date in terms of
recent developments in their field ofpractice.
Drawing from research those findings and conclusions that are
most useful to the professionalpractitioner.
Providing easy and instant access to a wide range of
information.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Bringing professional practitioners up to date in terms of
recent developments in their field of practice.
Yes:
No: X
Drawing from research those findings and conclusions that are
most useful to the professionalpractitioner.
Yes: X
No:
Providing easy and instant access to a wide range of
information.
Yes:
No: X
6.
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The answer that you gave was incorrect.
This term has come into common parlance among researchers and
normally refers to the process ofdrawing from research those
findings and conclusions that are most useful to the professional
practitioner.In this sense it refers to the practically orientated
process of generating and disseminating 'useful'research findings
that have immediate practical application.
Answer:
Bringing professional practitioners up to date in terms of
recent developments in their field of practice.
Yes:
No: X
Drawing from research those findings and conclusions that are
most useful to the professionalpractitioner.
Yes: X
No:
Providing easy and instant access to a wide range of
information.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 7 of 14
7. What is 'quantitative' research?
Systematic and objective research.Research that is logical in
character and does not admit of different interpretation.Research
in which the data is primarily centred on measurement and
quantification.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Systematic and objective research.
Yes:
No: X
Research that is logical in character and does not admit of
different interpretation.
Yes:
7.
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No: X
Research in which the data is primarily centred on measurement
and quantification.
Yes: X
No:
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Quantitative research is sometimes associated with notions of
'scientific research' and 'objectivity'. In fact'quantitative'
simply refers to a kind of evidence, that which is gathered from
measurement or counting,namely evidence of quantities.
Answer:
Systematic and objective research.
Yes:
No: X
Research that is logical in character and does not admit of
different interpretation.
Yes:
No: X
Research in which the data is primarily centred on measurement
and quantification.
Yes: X
No:
Next Check My Answer!Question 8 of 14
8. What is 'qualitative' research?
Research on situations in which different interpretations are
possible.Research into peoples' feelings.Research that is
subjective with conclusions that depend on the particular
inclinations of the
researcher.Research into human choices.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Research on situations in which different interpretations are
possible.
8.
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Yes: X
No:
Research into peoples' feelings.
Yes:
No: X
Research that is subjective with conclusions that depend on the
particular inclinations of the researcher.Yes:
No: X
Research into human choices.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
As with the term 'quantitative', 'qualitative' also refers to
certain kinds of data. Qualitative data is thatpertaining to
peoples' values, ideas and expressions of preference. The number of
people visiting theTower of London and Regent's Park Zoo in any one
day is quantitative data. The views of those peopleon which of the
two makes a better visitor attraction, is qualitative data.
Answer:
Research on situations in which different interpretations are
possible.
Yes: X
No:
Research into peoples' feelings.
Yes:
No: X
Research that is subjective with conclusions that depend on the
particular inclinations of the researcher.
Yes:
No: X
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Research into human choices.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 9 of 14
9. What are the major methodologies of qualitative
research?Interviews and observations of discussions.Interpretive
analysis within a holistic and integrative approach.Ethnography
(the study of people in their natural settings), action research
(research focused on
development) and case study (the investigation of a single
individual, organisation or event).
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Interviews and observations of discussions.
Yes:
No: X
Interpretive analysis within a holistic and integrative
approach.
Yes:
No: X
Ethnography (the study of people in their natural settings),
action research (research focused ondevelopment) and case study
(the investigation of a single individual, organisation or
event).
Yes: X
No:
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Interview and observation are research methods that may provide
qualitative or quantitative data,depending on what is being asked
or observed. Interpretive analysis within a holistic integrative
approachmay well be one procedure used by the researcher within the
qualitative approach but it is not amethodology. A methodology is a
collection of research methods that are used in the context of
broadlydefined qualitative (or quantitative) objectives. In this
case ethnography, action research and case studyare examples of
ways in which sets of methods might be gathered together in the
interests of particularqualitative research objectives.
Answer:
Interviews and observations of discussions.
9.
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Yes:
No: X
Interpretive analysis within a holistic and integrative
approach.
Yes:
No: X
Ethnography (the study of people in their natural settings),
action research (research focused ondevelopment) and case study
(the investigation of a single individual, organisation or
event).
Yes: X
No:
Next Check My Answer!Question 10 of 14
10. What are the major methodologies of quantitative
research?Measurement and statistical analysis.Survey and
experimental research.Research that reduces its object to its key
variables of factors and analyses them for causal
relationships.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
Measurement and statistical analysis.
Yes:
No: X
Survey and experimental research.
Yes: X
No:
Research that reduces its object to its key variables of factors
and analyses them for causal relationships.Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
10.
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Measurement and statistical analysis are certainly key processes
along with the reduction of situationsand events to key variables
with consequent analysis. The methodologies that bring the
differentprocesses together are survey and experimental
research.
Answer:
Measurement and statistical analysis.
Yes:
No: X
Survey and experimental research.
Yes: X
No:
Research that reduces its object to its key variables of factors
and analyses them for causal relationships.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 11 of 14
11. What is 'triangulation' ?
The use of more than one method or procedure to establish the
reliability of a particular finding.The use of a second researcher
to confirm the data derived from a questionnaire or observation.The
attempt to achieve a spatial/geometric understanding of a social
situation.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
The use of more than one method or procedure to establish the
reliability of a particular finding.
Yes: X
No:
The use of a second researcher to confirm the data derived from
a questionnaire or observation.
Yes:
No: X
11.
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The attempt to achieve a spatial/geometric understanding of a
social situation.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
The use of a second researcher using the same methods to confirm
ones findings, is the process ofreplication. Presenting concepts of
social situations in geometric form is purely a metaphorical
processthat some find helpful to aid understanding. Triangulation
is the use of different methods, e.g.questionnaire followed by
interview or observation, or different sources within the same
organisation,e.g. asking the same question of the head teacher and
class teachers in a school, in order to establish thereliability of
our findings.
Answer:
The use of more than one method or procedure to establish the
reliability of a particular finding.
Yes: X
No:
The use of a second researcher to confirm the data derived from
a questionnaire or observation.
Yes:
No: X
The attempt to achieve a spatial/geometric understanding of a
social situation.
Yes:
No: X
Next Check My Answer!Question 12 of 14
12. What is the 'mixed methods' approach in research ?
The use of both survey and experimental design within a research
project.To use a case study within the context of a broader
ethnographic research project.The use of both quantitative and
qualitative data in the context of a research question.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
The use of both survey and experimental design within a research
project.
Yes:
12.
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No: X
To use a case study within the context of a broader ethnographic
research project.
Yes:
No: X
The use of both quantitative and qualitative data in the context
of a research question.
Yes: X
No:
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
Survey and experimental design are both methodologies of
quantitative research. Using these twomethodologies is fine but
this would be to remain within the quantitative methodological
paradigm.Similarly, case study and ethnographic research are both
qualitative methodologies. Mixed methodsapproaches would be to use
both quantitative and qualitative methods and data in a project,
e.g. a surveyof mainly quantitative information might be
accompanied by a case study dealing with qualitativeresponses to
changing circumstances.
Answer:
The use of both survey and experimental design within a research
project.Yes:
No: X
To use a case study within the context of a broader ethnographic
research project.Yes:
No: X
The use of both quantitative and qualitative data in the context
of a research question.
Yes: X
No:
Next Check My Answer!Question 13 of 14
13. What is 'multi-level design' as a framework for mixed
methods research?
The use of quantitative data-gathering processes at different
levels within an organisation.The use of interviews to follow up on
a questionnaire.The juxtapositioning of qualitative and
quantitative data taken at different levels within an
13.
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organisation: pupil and class, citizen and social context and so
on.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
The use of quantitative data-gathering processes at different
levels within an organisation.
Yes:
No: X
The use of interviews to follow up on a questionnaire.
Yes:
No: X
The juxtapositioning of qualitative and quantitative data taken
at different levels within an organisation:pupil and class, citizen
and social context and so on.
Yes: X
No:
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
The use of interviews to follow up questionnaires might be a
mixed-methods approach but it does notimply that these methods have
necessarily been used at different levels. If you answered 'a' you
were notfar off. Certainly, using processes to gather quantitative
data at different levels, e.g. progress in individualchildren's
reading ages set against the general measured progress of a class
group, would be a multi-levelapproach in quantitative research. If,
however, our multi-level design is to be a framework for
mixedmethods, the implication is that qualitative and quantitative
data will be taken at the different levelsspecified.
Answer:
The use of quantitative data-gathering processes at different
levels within an organisation.
Yes:
No: X
The use of interviews to follow up on a questionnaire.
Yes:
No: X
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The juxtapositioning of qualitative and quantitative data taken
at different levels within an organisation:pupil and class, citizen
and social context and so on.
Yes: X
No:
Next Check My Answer!Question 14 of 14
14. What, if any, is the guiding principle of mixed methods
approaches?
A rejection of the epistemological dogma of the qualitative vs
quantitative debate.A pragmatic approach that sees 'qualitative'
and 'quantitative' as terms that chiefly describe the nature
of data.A more relaxed and eclectic approach to social
research.
The answer that you gave was correct.
Answer:
A rejection of the epistemological dogma of the qualitative vs
quantitative debate.
Yes:
No: X
A pragmatic approach that sees 'qualitative' and 'quantitative'
as terms that chiefly describe the nature ofdata.
Yes: X
No:
A more relaxed and eclectic approach to social research.
Yes:
No: X
The answer that you gave was incorrect.
It is certainly the case that those following mixed-methods
approaches may feel some frustration at the'paradigm wars' that
have preoccupied researchers in recent years, but the rejection of
one set ofapproaches does not, in itself, provide guidance for
another. Research may be more or less eclectic in itsapproach to
the gathering of data, though it is unlikely ever to be relaxed!
The 'question' or 'problem-led'pragmatic approach that seeks to use
whatever kinds of data seem appropriate to the circumstances
isprobably the most we can get in terms of a guiding principle for
mixed methods approaches.
Answer:
A rejection of the epistemological dogma of the qualitative vs
quantitative debate.
14.
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Yes:
No: X
A pragmatic approach that sees 'qualitative' and 'quantitative'
as terms that chiefly describe the nature ofdata.
Yes: X
No:
A more relaxed and eclectic approach to social research.
Yes:
No: X
Yes:
No:
Next Check My Answer!
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