Interconexão de redes de computadores

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    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf

    Gobpvzhjoyfw

  • 7/23/2019 Interconexo de redes de computadores

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    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Gop{ykndz 900>, Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Hvzoyfw

    Lvkq Ghylow Loihzo Loio jf Bfjfkyow

    Knoy Iyknlkh Dhiki

    Yf}kwo mchl

    Pfjyo Whcnkyhyjk

    Fjkzoyho flfzyckgh

    Zfgcojfwknc

    Gooyjfcho hghjbkgh

    Lvkq Gofldo

    ]fywo

    8#8#0

    Zojow ow jkyfkzow yfwfy}hjow, co Iyhwkl, poy

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    dzzp1//~~~#fwy#ycp#iy

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    H Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw jh Yfjf Chgkochl jf Fcwkco f Pfwxvkwh $YCP+ ofyfgfgvywow fb zfgcolonkh jh kcoybho f jh gobvckgho phyh xvfb ivwghoybho fwwfcgkhlbfczf pyzkgh# Hw hzk}kjhjfw wo wkzvhfw"pyoilfbhwfbfldhczfw w xvf wo fcgoczyhjhw ch pyzkgh jo pyokwwkochl jf ZK# Fwzhwhzk}kjhjfw ftknfb hclkwf, wczfwf f gocwzyvo jf dkpzfwfw phyh h wvpfyho jopyoilfbh# H hpyfcjkqhnfb zoych"wf bhkw ffzk}h wf goczftzvhlkqhjh yfhlkjhjfpyokwwkochl#

    Ow gvywow pyopowzow powwvfb :0 $xvhyfczh+ doyhw jf jvyho jk}kjkjhw fb 80$jfq+ wfwwfw jf hpyfcjkqhnfb# Ow phyzkgkphczfw zyhihldhb fb nyvpo ov fb

    jvplhw f ghjh vb pojf jkwpoy jf wvh pypykh fwzho jf zyhihldo# O bhzfykhl jffcwkco gobpowzo jf hpowzklhw goczfcjo wlkjfw gobfczhjow f yozfkyo jfhzk}kjhjfw pyzkghw fb lhioyhzyko#

    Py"yfxvkwkzo

    Bojflo OWK, fcjfyfhbfczo KP, hyxvkzfzvyh f pyozogolow ZGP/KP, pyozogolow jf\yozfhbfczo ov o gvywo Hyxvkzfzvyh f pyozogolow jf yfjfw ZGP"KP#

    Oiafzk}ow

    Fcwkchy how hlvcow ow vcjhbfczow zfykgow f pyzkgow jow pykcgkphkw pyozogolow\f zfgcolonkhw vzklkqhjow phyh kczfygocfto jf yfjfw jf gobpvzhjoyfw fbhbikfczfw jf yfjfw loghkw $LHC+ f jf yfjfw jf locnh jkwzcgkh $^HC+

    Hpyfwfczhy co}hw zfgcolonkhw jf kczfygocfto jf yfjfw, pfybkzkcjo how hlvcow\hbklkhykqho gob ow pykcgkphkw gocgfkzow zfykgow f pyzkgow f gob hwwkzvhfw vwvhkw jf hplkgho jfwwfw gocgfkzow#

    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jfGobpvzhjoyfw

    Hpyfwfczho

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    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Ho mkchl jo gvywo o hlvco zfy hpyfcjkjo

    Pyozogolow f jkwpowkzk}ow jo bojflo OWK f ZGP/KP\

    Mvcjhbfczow zfykgow f pyzkgow woiyf gocknvyhfw jf jkwpowkzk}ow,\pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw jf kczfygocfto jf yfjfw loghkw fb hbikfczfw LHC f^HC

    Mhbklkhykqho gob ow pyozogolow jf LHC, kcglvkcjo gocknvyho iwkgh jf\w~kzgdfw, ]LHCw f fbpyfno jo pyozogolo Wphcckcn Zyff

    Mhbklkhykqho gob ow pyozogolow jf ^HC, kcglvkcjo h gocknvyho iwkgh jf\ yozfhjoyfw

    Mvcjhbfczow zfykgow woiyf pykcgkphkw pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw ^HC1 DJLG/\PPP5 Myhbf Yflh{, JWL, Ghilf f ^kyflfww

    Gocknvyho iwkgh jf yozfhjoyfw phyh fbpyfno jf pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw\^HC

    Mhbklkhykqho gob gocgfkzow, gocknvyhfw f wkzvhfw jf vwo fc}ol}fcjo\Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $CHZ+ f Poyz Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $PHZ+

    Mvcjhbfczow, pyozogolow f fyyhbfczhw iwkghw jf nfycgkh jf yfjfw\

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    Wvbyko

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :8

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 7Yozfhbfczo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;7

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb :W~kzgdfw Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 888

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 6]LHCw Yfjfw loghkw }kyzvhkw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:6

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb =Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 8# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>>

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb >Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 9# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 997

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 4Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 7# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 948

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb ;Nfycgkh jf yfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 707

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 80Yfwolvo jf pyoilfbhw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 79>

    Ikilkonyhkh # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7:8

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    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

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    8

    Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8

    Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow

    Wvbyko jh wfwwo

    Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;

    Yfjfw Ihwzkjoyfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;

    Yfjfw Goc}fyncgkh# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 80

    ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow( # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 80

    Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwo yfbozo# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88

    Gocgfkzo jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88Pyozogolow jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88

    KWO f o bojflo OWK # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 89

    Bojflo fb ghbhjhw Oiafzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 89

    Bojflo fb ghbhjhw ]kwo nfyhl # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 87

    Ghbhjh wkgh Mvcfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 87

    Ghbhjh wkgh Ftfbplow jf bjkh # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:

    Ghbhjh wkgh Kczfyhgfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:Ghbhjh wkgh Kbplfbfczho LHC # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 86

    Ghbhjh wkgh Jkwpowkzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 86

    Ghbhjh jf fclhgf Mvcfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8=

    Ghbhjh jf fclhgf Jkwpowkzk}ow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>

    Ghbhjh jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>

    Ghbhjh jf yfjf Mvcfw f jkwpowkzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 84

    Ghbhjh jf yfjf Mvcfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 84

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    4

    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8;

    Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf Mvcfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 90

    Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf Fwzhiflfgkbfczo jf gocfto # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 90

    Ghbhjh jf wfwwo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98

    Ghbhjh jf wfwwo Mvcfw f ftfbplow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98

    Ghbhjh jf hpyfwfczho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98

    Ghbhjh jf hplkgho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 99

    Fcghpwvlhbfczo jf jhjow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 97

    Gobvckgho Pffy"zo"Pffy# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 97

    ]kwo nfyhl Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9:

    KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 96

    Fcjfyfo BHG # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9=

    KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>

    Zkpow jf xvhjyow Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>

    KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>

    KFFF409#7v / Mhwz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 94

    KFFF409#7hi / Nknhikz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 94

    KFFF409#7hf / 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9;

    Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 70

    ^kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 79

    Yozfkyo jf hzk}kjhjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 76

    Hzk}kjhjf 8 Vwo jo wkbvlhjoy Cfzwkbe # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7=

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    ;

    Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow

    Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho

    Nfyfczfw f pyoafzkwzhw jf yfjf zb h yfwpocwhiklkjhjfjf havjhy hw goypoyhfw co gvbpykbfczo jf wvhw

    bfzhw, poy bfko jf1

    Kczfygocfto jhw LHCw gobpocfczfw jhw yfjfw\jf vbh goypoyho ov fbpyfwh, jf oybh xvfwfy}kow jf yfjf nfonyhkghbfczf jkwpfywowwfahb hgfwwhjow yfbozhbfczf5

    Nhyhczkh jf xvf ow vwvykow zfyo jkwpockiklkjhjf\jf ihcjh chw wvhw gocftfw fb hbikfczfw LHCf ^HC5

    Kbplfbfczho jf co}hw zfgcolonkhw jf yfjf phyh o fbpyfno co bikzo jf\

    vbh goypoyho/fbpyfwh# Ftfbplow jfwwhw zfgcolonkhw1 gobygko flfzyckgo,hplkghfw jf }kjfogocfycgkh, KPZ], zflfockh KP, fbpyfno jf ~kyflfww fzg#Vb iob nfyfczf jf}f gocdfgfy o c}fl jf bhzvykjhjf jhw co}hw zfgcolonkhwphyh whify hplkg"lhw $ov jfwghyz"lhw+ opoyzvchbfczf#

    Vb jow oiafzk}ow jfwwf gvywo pfybkzky xvf o hlvco oizfcdh ow gocdfgkbfczowiwkgow phyh fczfcjfy gobo hw yfjfw jf gobpvzhjoyfw kczfyhnfb, f gobo pojfbwfy oynhckqhjhw f kczfygocfgzhjhw co wfczkjo jf wfyfb hpyo}fkzhjhw phyh pyo}fyow bhkw }hykhjow wfy}kow, fb pyol jo gvbpykbfczo jh bkwwo jhw oynhckqhfw#

    Yfjfw Ihwzkjoyfw

    XoW Xvhlkjhjf jf wfy}ko5\

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    hgfwwhjow yfbozhbfczf

    Pyo}fy h kcmyh"fwzyvzvyh

    woiyf h xvhl ow wfy}kow f

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    jkwpockiklkqhjow

    Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho

    Bhkw jo xvf bfyh gocfto jfghiow1 gobplfth f womkwzkghjhgobikcho jf pyozogolow,womz~hyf, dhyj~hyf, hlnoykzbow,polzkghw fzg#

    Wfnvyhch, pyk}hgkjhjf,jkwpockiklkjhjf 9:t>, XoW, WLH

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    Hplkghfw gyzkghw

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    80

    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Yfjfw Goc}fyncgkh

    Hw bojfychw zfgcolonkhw jf yfjf xvf wfyofwzvjhjhw cfwwf gvywo hwwogkhjhw ho hvbfczo

    jh ihcjh jkwpoc}fl chw yfjfw loghkw f chw yfjfw jfnyhcjf yfh pfybkzfb ghjh }fq bhkw o vwo jfhplkghfw bvlzkbjkh f h gykho jo xvf doafvwvhlbfczf gdhbhbow jf yfjfw goc}fynfczfw,zhbib gocdfgkjhw gobo Yfjfw jh PytkbhNfyho $Cftz Nfcfyhzkoc Cfz~oyew CNC+#

    Fwzf co}o gocgfkzo jf yfjfw cow hlghch chw bhkw}hykhjhw oybhw1

    Z]w ghphqfw jf hgfwwhy h kczfycfz f kczfyhnky gob o vwvyko fwpfgzhjoy5\

    Yfjfw f hphyfldow jf zflfgobvckghfw $gobo gflvlhyfw+ ghphqfw jf yfgfify\wkchkw jf Z]5

    Yfjfw pyoafzhjhw phyh zyhcwpoyzhy jhjow, phwwhcjo h pfybkzky o zyhcwpoyzf jf\}jfo f vjko#

    ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow(

    H Xvhlkjhjf jf Wfy}ko $XoW+ fwz hwwogkhjh hogocgfkzo jf WLH Wfy}kgf Lf}fl Hnyffbfcz $hgoyjo

    poy c}fl jf wfy}ko+#

    Co hjkhczh o jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK kcoybhy howvwvykow jh fbpyfwh woiyf jfzfybkchjhw pyokikfw#

    ]hbow zobhy gobo ftfbplo o vwo jf ~kyflfww# Djvhw opfw1

    O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK hvzoykqh o vwo f zobh hw\pyo}kjcgkhw ghi}fkw phyh f}kzhy pyoilfbhw jfwfnvyhch5

    O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK pyoif zozhlbfczf f zobh hw pyo}kjcgkhw ghi}fkw phyh\f}kzhy xvf ow vwvykow vzklkqfb h zfgcolonkh#

    YfjfwGoc}fyncgkh

    Yfjfw hzvhkw

    goc}fynfb1

    Jhzh $jhjow+

    ]okgf $}oq+

    ]kjfo $}jfo+

    O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK co ojoco jh yfjf

    H yfjf gobpowzh jf wfvw

    vwvykow, cfgfwwkjhjfw,ftpfgzhzk}hw f yfxvkwkzow

    Co ghif ho jfphyzhbfczo jf

    ZK jfgkjky gobo h yfjf vwhjh, bhw wkb gobo hzfcjfyhow yfxvkwkzow jow vwvykow

    pyo}fcjo h wfnvyhch f XoWcfgfwwykow

    Wf ZK co fcgoczyh o ghbkcdo,

    ow vwvykow fcgoczyhb(

    ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow(

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    88

    Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow

    Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwoyfbozo

    Hgfwwo yfbozo

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    Kncoyhy hw hgklkjhjfw f h lftkiklkjhjf kcfyfczfw \wolvo wkbplfwbfczf jhy }hczhnfbgobpfzkzk}h gocgoyycgkh5

    Ch yfjf ihcgykh, poy ftfbplo, vbh zyhcwho\yfhlkqhjh oc"lkcf pflo vwvyko gvwzh bvkzo bfcowjo xvf h bfwbh zyhcwho yfhlkqhjh ch hncgkh5

    pyo}h jkwwo xvf o cbfyo jf zyhcwhfwihcgykhw }kh kczfycfz gyfwgfv =80&, jf 9000 h900= $Moczf1 Aoychl O Fwzhjo jf Wo Phvlo+#

    Gocgfkzo jf yfjf

    Pyozogolow jf yfjf

    Ftfbplo $hchlonkh+1

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    Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwoyfbozo

    Wvpoyzf h hgfwwo yfbozo

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    pyojvzk}kjhjfVzklkqhjo poy gobpfzkjoyfw

    Xvfwzfw jf ZK pojfb wfyyflhzk}hw h1

    Hgfwwo, wfnvyhch, XoW

    Co pyoilfbh jo vwvyko,bhw wkb pyoilfbh jf ZK

    Yfjfw wo yfhw jkcbkghwocjf hw cfgfwwkjhjfw fftpfgzhzk}hw jh oynhckqhobvjhb zo ypkjo xvhczo hzfgcolonkh

    Gocgfkzojf yfjf

    Yfjf Kczfygocfto jf fwzhfw

    jf zyhihldo, pfykmykgow, zfybkchkwf ovzyow jkwpowkzk}ow#

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    gocwzyvo, pyoafzo f vwo,kcglvkcjo h phyzf mwkgh

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    polzkghw f pyogfjkbfczow

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    Ftfbplow jf glhwwfw jf fcjfyfow KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6:

    Zhiflh jf wviyfjfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6:

    Bwghyh jf wviyfjf wfb wviyfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 66

    Bwghyh jf wviyfjf gob wviyfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 66Fcjfyfo jf iyohjghwz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6=

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    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc Bozk}ho# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6=

    Mvcgkochbfczo jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6>

    ]hczhnfcw f jfw}hczhnfcw jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6>

    Fcjfyfow pyk}hjow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64

    Ftfbplow CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64

    Zfybkcolonkh CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64

    Ftfbplo CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6;

    Zkpow jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6;

    CHZ Fwzzkgo# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =0

    Gobhcjow jf gocknvyho jf CHZ Fwzzkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =0

    Ftfbplo jf gocknvyho jf CHZ Fwzzkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =8

    CHZ jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =8

    Gocknvyhcjo CHZ Jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =9

    Poyz Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $PHZ+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =7

    Ftfbplo jf PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =7

    Gocknvyhcjo PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =:

    Jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =:

    Gocknvyhcjo jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =6

    Yfjfw woiyfpowzhw $O}fylhppkcn Cfz~oyew+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =6

    Gocknvyhcjo yfjfw woiyfpowzhw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>

    ]fykkghcjo yfjfw woiyfpowzhw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>

    ]fykkghcjo zyhjvfw CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>

    Yfwolvo jf pyoilfbhw fb zyhjvfw CHZ# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4

    Lkbphcjo zyhjvfw CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4

    Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc Yfwvbo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4

    Zyhjvo jf fcjfyfow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =;

    Zyhjvo jkcbkgh gob o}fylohj$PHZ+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >0

    Jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >8

    Yozfkyo jf hzk}kjhjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >6

    Hzk}kjhjf 8 Hclkwf jo pyozogolo ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >=

    Hzk}kjhjf 9 Lhioyhzyko jf CHZ/PHZ1 CHZ Fwzzkgo f Jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # 48Hzk}kjhjf 7 Lhioyhzyko jf PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 44

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    Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP

    Bojflo JoJ

    Ch jghjh jf =0, h YHCJ Goypoyhzkoc, vbh jhwbhkoyfw fbpyfwhw hbfykghchw fc}ol}kjhw fb

    fwzyhznkhw phyh h Nvfyyh Mykh, wf jfphyov gob vbfwzyhcdo pyoilfbh fwzyhznkgo1 gobo hw hvzoykjhjfwno}fychbfczhkw hbfykghchw pojfykhb goczkcvhy wfgobvckghcjo hpw vbh nvfyyh cvglfhy? Hlb jkwwo,dh}kh h xvfwzo jh oybh gobo h pypykh yfjfpojfykh wfy gobhcjhjh f goczyolhjh# Xvhlxvfyhvzoykjhjf gfczyhl ov xvhyzfl nfcfyhl gfczyhl wfykhvb hl}o i}ko f kbfjkhzo phyh vb bwwkl kckbkno# Ogfczyo jh yfjf wfykh o pykbfkyo lvnhy h wfy jfwzyvjo#

    H YHCJ wf ogvpov jfwzf xvfiyh"ghifh gob wfnyfjo bklkzhy, f gdfnov h vbhwolvo hvjhgkowh# H pyopowzh jh YHCJ wf zoycov pilkgh fb 8;=:# Fb pykbfkyolvnhy, h yfjf co zfykh cfcdvbh hvzoykjhjf gfczyhl# Hlb jkwwo, flh wfykhpyoafzhjh jfwjf o pykcgpko phyh opfyhy bfwbo jfwzyohjh#

    O pykcgpko fyh wkbplfw1 hwwvbkv"wf xvf h yfjf co fyh gock}fl o zfbpo zojo#Flh wfykh pyoafzhjh zfcjo fb bfczf h kjkh jf yfgfify f phwwhy hjkhczf, jfbojo h zyhcwgfcjfy wvh pypykh hlzh jf gockhiklkjhjf# Ghjh c jh yfjf wfykhknvhl $fb zfybow jf wzhzvw f vco+ h zojow ow ovzyow cw jh yfjf, ghjh vb gobwvh pypykh hvzoykjhjf phyh oyknkchy, phwwhy f yfgfify bfcwhnfcw# Hw bfcwhnfcwpoy wvh }fq wfykhb jk}kjkjhw fb phgozfw, ghjh phgozf fcjfyfhjo

    wfphyhjhbfczf# Ghjh phgozf gobfhykh jf vb c jf oyknfb f zfybkchykh co cjf jfwzkco kchl fwpfgkkghjo# Ghjh phgozf }khahykh pflh yfjf fb vbh ihwfkcjk}kjvhl# H yozh wfnvkjh poy ghjh phgozf hzyh}w jh yfjf co zfykh kbpoyzcgkh#Hpfchw ow yfwvlzhjow kchkw zfykhb kbpoyzcgkh#

    Ihwkghbfczf, o phgozf wfykh phwwhjo gobo vbh ihzhzh xvfczf, jf c phyh c,bhkw ov bfcow ch jkyfo jo wfv jfwzkco kchl, hz gdfnhy ho jfwzkco goyyfzo# Wfnyhcjf phyzf jh yfjf zk}fwwf wkjo ftplojkjh, kwwo wkbplfwbfczf co kbpoyzhykh5 owphgozfw hkcjh pfybhcfgfykhb ch yfjf, pfygoyyfcjo ow cw xvf f}fczvhlbfczfhkcjh woiyf}k}fwwfb# Fwzf wkwzfbh jf zyhcwbkwwo jfwoynhckqhjo pojf wfy

    kcfkgkfczf xvhcjo gobphyhjo, poy ftfbplo, gob o wkwzfbh zflfckgo5 cofczhczo, flf wfykh ftzyfbhbfczf yoivwzo#

    H yfjf ftpfykbfczhl oybhjh pflhw vck}fywkjhjfw hbfykghchw gdhbov"wfHYPHCFZ# Hw fwpfgkkghfw jow pyozogolow oyhb flhioyhjhw hzyh}w jfjogvbfczow gdhbhjow YMGw Yfxvfwz oy Gobbfczw $Wolkgkzho jfGobfczykow+, xvf wf zoychyhb ow phjyfw vck}fywhkw#

    Phyh oizfy fwwfw phjyfw, pfwxvkwf yg"kcjft cow poyzhkw jh kczfycfz# Wf wovifyo cbfyo jo YMG, ihwzh pfwxvkwhy ch VYL1 dzzp1//~~~#kfz#oyn/yg/ygCCCC#ztz,ocjf CCCC 2 cbfyo jo YMG jfwfahjo#

    Bojflo JoJ

    Dkwzykgo

    Pyoafzo bklkzhy

    Pyopowzh jh YHCJ jf 8;=:

    Kcgko jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo fb 8;=;

    Gobvzho jf phgozfwYfjf co gocmk}fl

    Bfcwhnfcw jk}kjkjhw fb pfjhow $phgozfw+

    Yozfhbfczo kc jfpfcjfczf poy phgozf

    Wzoyf hcj moy~hyj

    HYPHCFZ

    Phjyfw YMG Yfxvfwz moy Gobbfczw

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    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP

    H knvyh jo wlkjf yfwvbf h gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyhZGP/KP# Ow jokw pykcgkphkw pyozogolow wo o ZGP f o

    KP# Flfw hqfb hw vcfw jhw ghbhjhw jfZyhcwpoyzf f Yfjf, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Hihkto jo KPfwz h yfjf wkgh f hgkbh jo ZGP h hplkgho#

    O ZGP, phjyockqhjo pflo YMG >;7, vb pyozogolokb"h"kb, jfcobkchjo pflow pyoafzkwzhw jh kczfycfzgobo Dowz zo Dowz Pyozogol#

    A o KP, fcghyyfnhjo jo yozfhbfczo jf phgozfw fphjyockqhjo pflo YMG >;8, o pyozogolo kczfy"yfjfw ov Kczfycfz Pyozogol#

    O nhzf~h{ gocfgzh o dowz kczfycfz, o xvf doaf gdhbhbow jf yozfhjoy# Hkcjh vwhjh h jfcobkcho nhzf~h{ phjyo phyh kcjkghy o fcjfyfo jo yozfhjoy xvfhq h gocfto jf vb dowz gob h yfjf#

    Pkldh jf pyozogolow ZGP/KP

    H knvyh jo wlkjf gobphyh h pkldh jf pyozogolo ZGP/KP gob o bojflo OWK jf yffycgkh1

    Hw jvhw ghbhjhw kcfykoyfw pojfb wfy gdhbhjhw\

    jf ghbhjhw jf kczfyhgf jf yfjfw#H ghbhjh jf yfjf gdhbhjh jf ghbhjh\kczfycfz, co bojflo ZGP/KP#

    Ow zfybow phgozf $phgefz+ f jhzhnyhbh\$jhzhnyhb+ wo pyhzkghbfczf kczfyghbik}fkw#Fczyfzhczo, vb jhzhnyhbh KP vbh vckjhjf jfzyhcwbkwwo kb"h"kb jh ghbhjh jf yfjf $hczfwjh yhnbfczho f jfpokw jh yfboczhnfb+,fcxvhczo vb phgozf vbh vckjhjf jf jhjow$PJV+ phwwhjh fczyf hw ghbhjhw jf yfjf f jf

    fclhgf jf jhjow# Vb phgozf pojf goczfy vbjhzhnyhbh gobplfzo ov pfjhow bfcoyfw hwfyfb zyhcwbkzkjow $yhnbfczow+#

    O bojflo ZGP/KP yfhl f vwhjo ch pyzkgh, fcxvhczo o bojflo OWK bhkw\vzklkqhjo phyh kcw hghjbkgow#

    Gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP

    ZGP Zyhcwbkwwkoc Goczyol Pyozo gol

    KP Kczfycfz Pyozogol

    Kczfycfz

    KPNhzf~h{ Nhzf~h{

    Dowz Vckt Dowz VcktDowz zo Dowz

    ZGP

    Pkldh jf pyozogolow ZGP/KP

    Hpplkghzkoc

    Pyfwfczhzkoc

    Wfwwkoc

    Zyhcwpoyz

    Cfz~oye

    Jhzh Lkce

    Pd{wkghl

    Hplkgho

    Zyhcwpoyzf

    Kczfycfz

    Kczfymhgf jfyfjfw

    :

    7

    9

    8

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    Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP

    Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf ZGP/VJP

    ZGP vb pyozogolo jh wvzf jf pyozogolow ZGP/\KP, oykfczhjo gocfto# Fczyfzhczo, zfb vb

    ghifhldo nyhcjf, f gob kwwo d bvkzo o}fydfhj$flfbfczow hjkgkochkw xvf gobpfb o ghifhldof xvf co wo h kcoybho pyopykhbfczf jkzh+#

    VJP jkzo wfb gocfto# Ho flkbkchy ow\bfghckwbow jf yfgocdfgkbfczo$hgeco~lfjnfbfcz+, wf zoych ypkjo f fkgkfczffb zfybow jf o}fydfhj# VJP co jk}kjf owjhjow jf hplkgho fb pfjhow# Hwwvbf"wf xvfh gockhiklkjhjf zyhzhjh cow pyozogolow jhwghbhjhw wvpfykoyfw, ov fb pyozogolow kcfykoyfw

    gock}fkw ov poy vbh hplkgho zolfyhczf h fyyow#VJP zfb bfcoyfw ghifhldow f bfcow o}fydfhj,f yfxvfczfbfczf vwhjo phyh zyhcwpoyzf jfjhjow wfcw}fkw lhzcgkh $cfgfwwkzhb jfzyhzhbfczo xvhwf fb zfbpo yfhl+, zolfyhcjohlnvcw fyyow ov phgozfw pfyjkjow gobo, poyftfbplo, }oq $zflfockh+#

    Zyhcwfycgkh gock}fl jf jhjow f oykfczhjh gocfto wknckkgh xvf phgozfw\jf jhjow gdfnhb ch bfwbh oyjfb fb xvf wo fc}khjow# Pyozogolow hldhbwf hlnvb phgozf oy pfyjkjo, jhckkghjo, jvplkghjo ov yfgfikjo fb oyjfb

    fyyhjh# H kb jf hwwfnvyhy gockhiklkjhjf ch zyhcwfycgkh, jkwpowkzk}ow xvfyfgfifb ow jhjow jf}fb fc}khy yfgocdfgkbfczo jf zojow ow wfnbfczow#

    Ahcflhw $~kcjo~w+ jf jkfyfczfw zhbhcdow wo vwhjhw phyh goczyolhy o lvto\jf zyfno#

    Fczyfnh gock}fl nhyhczf xvf vb lvto jf jhjow fc}khjo jf vb jkwpowkzk}o\wfah fczyfnvf phyh ovzyo jkwpowkzk}o wfb jvplkgho ov pfyjh jf jhjow#

    Yfgocdfgkbfczo powkzk}o $powkzk}f hgeco~lfjnbfcz+ gob yfzyhcwbkwwo vb\pyogfwwo xvf nhyhczf fczyfnh gock}fl jf lvto jf jhjow# Kwzo yfxvfy fc}kojf bfcwhnfcw jf yfgocdfgkbfczo phyh h oyknfb, wfbpyf xvf yfgfify jhjow#

    Fb ghwo jf pfyjh jf vb jow phgozfw, wolkgkzh"wf o yffc}ko jo bfwbo#

    VJP wkbplfw f fkgkfczf, bhw co gock}fl# O oybhzo jo wfnbfczo VJP\kcglvk hw poyzhw jf oyknfb f jfwzkco, vb ghbpo jf gobpykbfczo f vb ghbpojf GYG $gdfgewvb+# Co powwvk ow gocgfkzow jf wfxcgkh, yfgocdfgkbfczoov ahcflh hwwogkhjow#

    Ftfbplo1 ZMZP vwh VJP f vb gdfgewvb hwwogkhjo# Co kb jf vbh\zyhcwfycgkh jf hyxvk}o, wf o gdfgewvb co gocfyf, d fyyo co hyxvk}o# Ovwvyko fczo cozkkghjo f jf}f yfkckgkhy h zyhcwfycgkh, ov wfah, o vwvykophwwh h wfy o bfghckwbo xvf gocfyf gockhiklkjhjf zyhcwfycgkh#

    Oi}khbfczf, cfb wfbpyf kwwo hgfkz}fl#

    Ghbhjhjf zyhcwpoyzf ZGP/VJP

    Zyhcwbkwwkoc GoczyolPyozogol $ZGP+

    Vwfy JhzhnyhbPyozogol $VJP+

    Zyhcwbkwwkoc GoczyolPyozogol $ZGP+

    Vwfy JhzhnyhbPyozogol $VJP+

    Hpplkghzkoc

    Zyhcwpoyz

    Kczfycfz

    Cfz~oye Kczfymhgf

    Goccfgzkoc"Oykfczfj

    Goccfgzkoclfww

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    Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9

    Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP

    Pyozogolo ZGP Mvcfw

    \ Nhyhczf h fczyfnh jf jhzhnyhbhw KP Fwzhzhl}fq wfah h pykcgkphl vco jo ZGP, nhyhczky xvf

    ow phgozfw wfahb fczyfnvfw wfb hlzfyhfw, wfbzfyfb wkjo goyyobpkjow f ch oyjfb gfyzh# O ZGPzfb vbh wykf jf bfghckwbow phyh nhyhczky fwzhfczyfnh#

    \ Ftfgvzh h wfnbfczho f o yfhnyvphbfczojf nyhcjfw ilogow jf jhjow fc}khjow pflowpyonyhbhw, f nhyhczf o wfxfcgkhbfczohjfxvhjo f h fczyfnh oyjfchjh jf jhjowwfnbfczhjow Fwzh ghyhgzfywzkgh yffyf"wf vco jf jk}kjky nyhcjfw hyxvk}ow fb phgozfw

    bfcoyfw f zyhcwbkzky ghjh phgozfwfphyhjhbfczf# Ow phgozfw pojfb wfy fc}khjowpoy ghbkcdow jkfyfczfw f gdfnhy oyh jf oyjfb#O ZGP zfb bfghckwbow phyh nhyhczky xvf, cojfwzkco, ow phgozfw wfahb oyjfchjowgoyyfzhbfczf, hczfw jf wfyfb fczyfnvfw hopyonyhbh jf jfwzkco#

    \ Goczyolf jf mlvto O ZGP vwh o bfghckwbo jf ahcflh jfwlkqhczf phyhffzvhy o goczyolf jf lvto# Fwwf bfghckwbo pfybkzf bhczfy o lvto ch}flogkjhjf hjfxvhjh w ghyhgzfywzkghw jh yfjf f jf hgoyjo gob h

    ghphgkjhjf jow dowzw#

    \ ]fykmkgh h kczfnykjhjf jow jhjow zyhcwbkzkjow vwhcjo glgvlow jfwobh jf }fykmkgho O ZGP hq }fykkghfw phyh nhyhczky xvf ow jhjowco oyhb hlzfyhjow ov goyyobpkjow jvyhczf o zyhcwpoyzf fczyf h oyknfb f ojfwzkco#

    \ Fc}kh bfcwhnfcw powkzk}hw jfpfcjfcjo jo yfgfikbfczo ifb"wvgfjkjojow jhjow Co jfwzkco, o ZGP yfgfif ow phgozfw, }fykkgh wf fwzo goyyfzowf, fb ghwo hkybhzk}o, fc}kh vbh bfcwhnfb phyh h oyknfb, gockybhcjo ghjhogzfzo xvf ok yfgfikjo goyyfzhbfczf# Ghwo vb phgozf co zfcdh wkjo

    yfgfikjo, ov zfcdh wkjo yfgfikjo gob pyoilfbhw, o ZGP fc}kh vbh bfcwhnfbho gobpvzhjoy jf oyknfb, kcoybhcjo xvf goczkcvh hnvhyjhcjo o phgozfgob pyoilfbh# Gob fwwf bfghckwbo, hpfchw phgozfw gob pyoilfbhw zfyoxvf wfy fc}khjow, o xvf yfjvq o zyfno ch yfjf f hnklkqh o fc}ko jow phgozfw#

    \ Zyhcwbkwwo gocmk}fl jf jhjow mkb"h"mkb O ZGP bvkzo gock}fl,wfcjo kcjkghjo phyh pyonyhbhw f wfy}kow xvf jfpfcjhb jf vbh fczyfnhgock}fl jf jhjow, jh oyknfb hz o jfwzkco#

    Pyozogolo ZGP Mvcfw

    Nhyhczf h fczyfnh jf jhzhnyhbhw KP

    Wfnbfczh nyhcjfw ilogo w jf jhjow jh hplkgho

    Fczyfnh ow jhjow ch wfxcgkh goyyfzh

    Yfhlkqh goczyolf jf m lvto

    ]fykmkgh kczfnykjhjf jow jhjow $wobh jf }fykmkgho+

    Fc}kh bfcwhnfcw jf g ocmkybho jf y fgfikbfczo

    Powwvk gocmkhiklk jhjf mkb"h"mkb

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