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Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision Making

Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

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Page 1: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Headline

John G. Lynch, Jr.

5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop

Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision

Making

Page 2: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Thank  you  

•  Michael  &  colleagues  •  Na3onal  Endowment  for  Financial  Educa3on  

•  Opinions  expressed  are  my  own  and  those  of  coauthors  

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Page 3: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

h@p://leeds.colorado.edu/event/bouldersummerconference  

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Page 4: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Upcoming  at  Boulder  Summer  Conference  June  24-­‐26  

Sunday  •  Shlomo  Benartzi:  Bridging  the  Gap  from  Academic  Research  to  Prac3ce”  Home  Purchase  and  Financial  Health  

•  Panel  Discussion  on  Bridging  Gap  –  Re3rement  Research  

•  Helen  Dean  (UK  Na3onal  Employment  Savings  Trust)  •  Daniel  Egan  (Barclays  Wealth  /  UCL)  •  Michael  Liersch  (Merrill  Lynch)  

– Mortgages  and  Home  Ownership  •  Peter  Carroll  (U.S.  Consumer  Financial  Protec3on  Bureau)  •  Seth  Carter  (Al3source)  •  Janneke  Ratcliffe  (UNC  Center  for  Community  Capital)  

Page 5: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Upcoming  at  Boulder  Summer  Conference  June  24-­‐26  

Monday  •  Home  Purchase  and  Financial  Heath    

– Moulton,  Sydnor,  Deggendorf  •  Deciding  to  Default  

–  Fox,  Wilkinson-­‐Ryan,  Dokko  •  Role  of  Intermediaries  in  Debt  Resolu3on  

–  Collins,  Lawless,  Soll  •  A  Closer  Look  at  CARD  Act  Disclosures    

–  Jones,  Salisbury,  Reid  •  Choosing  How  to  Insure  Health  

–   Atanasov,  Johnson,  Ginde  

Page 6: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Upcoming  at  Boulder  Summer  Conference  June  24-­‐26  

Tuesday  •  Heredity,  Personality,  and  Financial  Behavior  

–  Olivola,  Kuhnen,  Todd  •  Financial  Literacy  and  Financial  Educa3on  

–  Fernandes  /  Netemeyer,  Wong,  Hogarth    •  Valuing  Annui3es  

–   Brown,  Shu,  Bateman  •  Bracke3ng  and  Inves3ng  

–   Koehler,  Goldstein,  Willis  •  Inves3ng  in  Times  of  Crisis    

–  Meyer,  Weber,  Payne  

•  Smart  Disclosure:  The  Regulatory  Future  -­‐-­‐  Thaler  

Page 7: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Agenda  

•  Domain  of  consumer  financial  decision  making    v.  financial  capability  

•  What’s  happening  across  disciplines?    

•  A  personal  example  of  benefits  of  opera3ng  out  of  the  comfort  zone  

Page 8: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Financial  Capability  and  Financial  Decision  Making  

•  Financial  capability  – Upstream…  skills  that  eventually  relate  to  behavior  

•  Financial  decision  making  – Downstream  …  focus  on  causes  that  are  more  proximate  to  specific  financial  behaviors  

Page 9: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Domain  of  Consumer  Financial  Decisions  

•  Consumer  decisions  are  “financial”  if:  – Drama3c  effects  on  consumer’s  overall  financial  picture  due  to    •  Size  of  single  expenditure  or  •  Accumulated  effects    of  repea3ng  same  pa@ern  due  to  personal  traits,  abili3es,  and  habits  

– Decision  involves  choice  of  financial  products  to  enhance  financial  well-­‐being  

Page 10: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Decisions  that  Ma@er  

•  Student  loans  &  inves3ng  in  human  capital  •  Using  and  abusing  credit  cards  •  Buying  a  house  •  Choosing  mortgages  •  Deciding  which  debts  to  pay  •  Deciding  on  savings  priori3es,  including  re3rement  •  Invest  at  some  risk  to  increase  future  wealth  •  Insurance  to  reduce  risk  •  Paying  for  health  care  •  All  ma@ers  with  great  personal,  societal,  and  business  consequences  

Page 11: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Consumer  Myopia    

•  At  any  given  3me  consumers  focus  on  small  part  of  overall  financial  picture  but  do  not  appreciate  interdependencies  

•  Decisions  influenced  by  fascina3ng  set  of  traits  and  skills,  situa3onal  factors,  and  social  mo3ves  

•  Many  players  trying  to  nudge,  influence,  persuade,  inform  

Page 12: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Core  Topics  

•  Nonlinear  reasoning  due  to  compound  interest  (MacKenzie  &  Liersch;  Soll,  Keeney,  &  Larrick;  Stango  &  Zinman)  

•  Intertemporal  tradeoffs  between  smaller  sooner  and  larger  later  rewards  &  considera3on  of  opportunity  costs  (Atlas,  Johnson,  Payne;  Bartels  &  Urminsky;  Hirschfield  et  al;  Soman  &  Cheema;  Spiller;  Wilcox,  Block,  Eisenstein)  

•  Role  of  emo3on  vs  reason  (Galak,  Small  Stephen;  Lee  and  Andada;  Strahilevitz,  Odean,  Barber;  Sussman  &  Olivola)  

•  Framing  (Amar  et  al.;  Soman  &  Cheema)  

•  Role  of  advisors  and  influence  agents  (Bolton,  Bloom,  and  Cohen;  Guarav,  Cole,  Tobacman;  Schwarz,  Luce,  Ariely)  

Page 13: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Focus  on  Classes  of  Remedies  

•  Educa3on  •  Informa3on  disclosures  

•  Defaults  and  choice  architecture  •  Financial  products  and  advice  from  for-­‐profit  and  not  for  profit  en33es  

Page 14: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Naturally  Interdisciplinary  

•  All  topics  where  mul3ple  disciplines  have  something  valuable  to  contribute  that  would  not  occur  to  a  scholar  in  another  discipline  – Finance,  Behavioral  Finance,  Economics,  Behavioral  Economics,  Consumer  Sciences,  Marke3ng,  Management,  Psychology,  Anthropology,  Sociology,    Human  Ecology,  Public  Affairs,  Educa3on,  Law,  etc.  

•  How  do  we  fit  in  and  talk  with  each  other?  

Page 15: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Benefits  of  Interdisciplinary  Dialogue  

•  Levels  of  analysis:  – markets  (econ),  Individuals  (psych),  dyad  or  social  groups  (sociology),  culture  (anthro)  

•  Sage:  Siing  at  the  public  policy  children’s  table  

•  Public  policy  the  special  domain  of  lawyers  and  their  economist  friends  –  Point  predic3ons  and  a  story  

•  How  can  other  social  sciences  have  a  seat  at  the  table?    Fleischer’s  advice.  

Page 16: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

My  Own  Experience  

•  Rand  BeFi  Conference  –  –  Presen3ng  mortgage  recommender  system;  Barney  Frank  aide  says  “we’re  puing  our  money  on  financial  literacy”  

•  Boulder  Summer  Conference  •  NEFE  Quarter  Century  conference  

–  Phillips:    Given  mixed  evidence  and  cost  considera3ons,  maybe  now  is  not  the  3me  to  con3nue  to  press  for  state  mandates  

– Here3c  in  a  room  of  believers  

Page 17: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Effects  of  Financial  Literacy  on  Downstream  Financial  Behaviors  

•  with  Daniel  Fernandes  Erasmus  University&  Rick  Netemeyer,  Univ.  of  Virginia  

•  NEFE  funded  project  to  do  meta-­‐analysis  of  when  and  why  financial  literacy  affects  financial  behaviors  

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Page 18: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Our  Guiding  Hypothesis  

•  There  are  two  kinds  of  studies  in  this  literature  1.  Experimental  &  Quasi-­‐Experimental  studies  of  

effects  of  educa3onal  interven'ons  on  financial  behaviors  

2.  Correla3onal  /  econometric  studies  that  measure  financial  literacy  of  consumers  by  some  test    &  predict  some  downstream  financial  behavior  

•  We  expect  that  first  kind  will  show  weak  effects  compared  to  second  kind  

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Page 19: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Meta-­‐Analysis  Results  

•  Manipulated  educa3onal  interven3ons  v  measured  financial  literacy  

•  Interven3on  characteris3cs  ma@er  – Dose  size  (hours  of  instruc3on)  – Delay  between  interven3on  and  behavior  –  Bigger  interven3ons  start  with  larger  effects  but  decay  faster  with  3me  

–  Consequently,  even  large  interven3ons  like  high  school  courses  have  very  small  effects  at  a  long  delay  

•  Why  bigger  effects  of  measured  literacy?  

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Page 20: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Why?  

•  Q:  If  manipulated  literacy  interven3ons  have  such  weak  effects,  why  the  stronger  predic3ve  effects  of  measured  literacy?  

•  A1:  Measured  literacy  is  a  mediator:  MY  >  (XMY)  •  A2:  We  don’t  really  know  what  measured  literacy  is  

measuring.  No  proper  psychometric  development  of  popular  measures  

•  A3:  Perhaps  measured  literacy  is  correlated  with  other  omi@ed  traits  that  are  true  drivers  of  financial  behaviors  

•  A4:  Educa3onal  efforts  haven’t  yet  explored  full  poten3al  of  interven3ons  

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Page 21: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Study  Two  •  Predict  financial  behaviors  by  demographics,  literacy,  other  traits  •  The  consumer  financial  behaviors  of  Study  Two  were:    

–  1)  a  yes  or  no  measure  of  “saving  for  an  emergency  fund”  (Lusardi  and  Mitchell  2006,  2007,  2009);    

–  2)  a  yes  or  no  measure  of  “figuring  out  how  much  savings  is  needed  for  re3rement”  (Lusardi  and  Mitchell  2006,  2007,  2009);  

–  3)  a  ra3ng  of  “How  do  you  think  banks  or  credit  card  companies  would  rate  your  credit?”  1  =Very  Poor,  10  =  Excellent”  shown  by  Lynch  et  al.  (2010)  to  correlate  .85  with  credit  scores;    

–  4)  three  mul3ple-­‐choice  items  used  by  Mandell  and  Klein  (2009)  and  Hilgert  et  al.  (2003)  assessing  nega3ve  financial  behaviors  of  bouncing  checks,  late  credit  card  payments,  and  minimal  credit  card  payments.  Summed  three  items  for  score  from  3  to  13.    

–  5)  four  yes/no  ques3ons  about  performing  posi3ve  investment  /  savings  behaviors  summed  to  form  an  score  ranging  from  0  to  4  (Lusardi  and  Tufano  2009);    

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Page 22: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Study  2  Hierarchical  Model  Comparisons  

•  Model  1:  Financial  Behavior  =  f(Demographics)  •  Model  2:  Financial  Behavior  =  f(Demographics,  Financial  Literacy)  – Replicate  extant  findings  in  the  literature  

•  Model  3:  Financial  Behavior  =  f(Demographics,  Financial  Literacy,  4  correlated  traits)  

•  Confidence  in  info  search,  propensity  to  plan,  willingness  to  take  financial  risk,  numeracy  

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Page 23: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

What  Does  It  Mean?  

•  For  4  of  5  financial  behaviors  studied,  might  literacy’s  effect  in  Model  2  be  due  to  correla3on  with  other  omi@ed  traits?  

•  Under  that  interpreta3on,  weak  effects  of  financial  educa3on  in  meta-­‐analysis  may  be  because  the  wrong  skills  are  emphasized  – Don’t  focus  on  impar3ng  specific  vocabulary  and  objec3ve  knowledge  

–  Build  propensity  to  plan  –  Build  subjec3ve  knowledge  &  confidence  &  financial  self-­‐efficacy  (Hader,  Sood,  &  Fox)  

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Page 24: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Role  of  Financial  Educa3on  in  Toolkit  

•  Economists  have  three  main  tools:  More  choices;  Be@er  informa3on;  Incen3ves  to  perform  desired  behaviors  

•  Financial  Literacy  is  a  “be@er  info”  remedy  –  What’s  the  half-­‐life?  –  Just  in  /me  financial  educa/on?  

•  Nudge  /  defaults  when  consumers  homogeneous  •  JIT  Financial  educa3on  +  ac3ve  choice  when  needs  heterogeneous    

•  2  problems  for  future  work  –  What  to  teach  –  When  to  teach  it?  How  to  teach  it  close  to  the  point  of  decision  

•  What  do  our  findings  imply  for  school-­‐based  financial  ed?  

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Page 25: Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer Financial Decision ... · Headline John G. Lynch, Jr. 5 June 2012 Center for Financial Security Workshop Interdisciplinary Research on Consumer

Thank  you!  

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