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Interest GrabberInterest Grabber Good Food SenseGood Food Sense
Nutrients are molecules that provide the body with energy Nutrients are molecules that provide the body with energy and materials for growth. Three kinds of nutrients you eat are and materials for growth. Three kinds of nutrients you eat are called fats, proteins, and carbohydrates—terms you may have called fats, proteins, and carbohydrates—terms you may have already heard. Think about what they may mean.already heard. Think about what they may mean.
1. Write a brief description of what you think fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are.
2. Which of these three nutrients do you think should make up the largest part of your diet? Which should make up the smallest part? Arrange the three nutrients in order starting from the one that you should eat the most to the one that you should eat the least.
3. Why might it be unwise to eat too much of the nutrient you listed last?
Section OutlineSection OutlineA.A. Food and EnergyFood and Energy
B.B. NutrientsNutrients
1.1. WaterWater
2.2. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
3.3. FatsFats
4.4. ProteinsProteins
5.5. VitaminsVitamins
6.6. MineralsMinerals
C.C. Balancing the DietBalancing the Diet
include
include
such as such as
are made of include includeare made using
Nutrients
Carbohydrates Fats MineralsProteins Vitamins
Simple ComplexAmino acids
Calcium Iron
Fatty Acids Glycerol
Sugars Starches Fat-solubleWater-soluble
Vitamin
A (retinol)
D (calciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin
A (retinol)
D (calciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
Sources
Yellow, orange, and dark green vegetables; dairy products
Fish oils, eggs; made by skin when exposed to sunlight; added to dairy products
Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable oils
Green leafy vegetables; made by bacteria that live in human intestine
Whole grains, pork, legumes, milk
Dairy products, meats, vegetables, whole-grain cereal
Sources
Yellow, orange, and dark green vegetables; dairy products
Fish oils, eggs; made by skin when exposed to sunlight; added to dairy products
Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable oils
Green leafy vegetables; made by bacteria that live in human intestine
Whole grains, pork, legumes, milk
Dairy products, meats, vegetables, whole-grain cereal
Function
Important for growth of skin cells; important for night vision
Promotes bone growth; increases calcium and phosphorus absorption
Antioxidant; prevents cellular damage
Needed for normal blood clotting
Normal metabolism of carbohydrates
Normal growth; part of electron transport chain; energy metabolism
Function
Important for growth of skin cells; important for night vision
Promotes bone growth; increases calcium and phosphorus absorption
Antioxidant; prevents cellular damage
Needed for normal blood clotting
Normal metabolism of carbohydrates
Normal growth; part of electron transport chain; energy metabolism
Vitamin
Niacin
B6 (pyridoxine)
Pantothenic acid
Folic acid
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin
Niacin
B6 (pyridoxine)
Pantothenic acid
Folic acid
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Sources
Liver, milk, whole grains, nuts, meats, legumes
Whole grains, meats, vegetables
Meats, dairy, whole grains
Legumes, nuts, green leafy vegetables, oranges, broccoli, peas, fortified bread and cereal
Meats, eggs, dairy products, enriched cereals
Sources
Liver, milk, whole grains, nuts, meats, legumes
Whole grains, meats, vegetables
Meats, dairy, whole grains
Legumes, nuts, green leafy vegetables, oranges, broccoli, peas, fortified bread and cereal
Meats, eggs, dairy products, enriched cereals
Function
Important in energy metabolism
Important for amino acid metabolism
Needed for energy metabolism
Coenzyme involved in nucleic acid metabolism; prevents neural-tube defects in developing fetuses
Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism; maturation of red blood cells
Function
Important in energy metabolism
Important for amino acid metabolism
Needed for energy metabolism
Coenzyme involved in nucleic acid metabolism; prevents neural-tube defects in developing fetuses
Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism; maturation of red blood cells
Vitamin
C (ascorbic acid)
Biotin
Choline
Vitamin
C (ascorbic acid)
Biotin
Choline
Sources
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, red or green peppers, broccoli, cabbage, strawberries
Legumes, vegetables, meat
Egg yolk, liver, grains, legumes
Sources
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, red or green peppers, broccoli, cabbage, strawberries
Legumes, vegetables, meat
Egg yolk, liver, grains, legumes
Function
Maintenance of cartilage and bone; antioxidant; improves iron absorption; important for healthy gums, tissue repair, and wound healing
Coenzyme in synthesis of fat; glycogen formation; amino acid metabolism
Required for phospholipids and neurotransmitters
Function
Maintenance of cartilage and bone; antioxidant; improves iron absorption; important for healthy gums, tissue repair, and wound healing
Coenzyme in synthesis of fat; glycogen formation; amino acid metabolism
Required for phospholipids and neurotransmitters
Mineral
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
Magnesium
Iron
Fluorine
Iodine
Zinc
Sources
Diary products; salmon; sardines;
kale; tofu; collard greens; legumes
Dairy products; meats; poultry; grains
Meats; dairy products; manyfruits and vegetables; grains
Table salt; processed foods
Table salt; processed foods
Whole grains; green leafy vegetables
Meats; eggs; legumes; whole grains; green leafy vegetables; dried fruit
Fluoridated drinking water; tea; seafood
Seafood; dairy products; iodized salt
Meats; seafood; grains
Function
Bone and tooth formation; blood clotting; nerve and muscle function
Bone and tooth formation; acid-base balance
Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function
Acid-base balance; formation of gastric juice
Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function
Activation of enzymes in protein synthesis
Component of hemoglobin and of electron carriers used in energy metabolism
Maintenance of tooth structure; maintenance of bone structure
Component of thyroid hormones
Component of certain digestive enzymes
FatsSugars
Fats, Oils, and Sweets (use sparingly)Soft drinks, candy, ice cream, mayonnaise, and other foods in this group have relatively few valuable nutrients.
Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese Group(2-3 Servings)Milk and other dairy products are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nut Group(2-3 servings)These foods are high in protein. They also supply vitamins and minerals.
Vegetable Group(3-5 servings)Vegetables are a low-fat source of carbohydrates,fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
Fruit Group(2-4 servings)Fruits are good sources of carbohydrates, fiber, vitaminsand water.
Bread, Cereal, Riceand Pasta Group(6-11 servings)The foods at the base of the pyramid are rich in complex carbohydrates and also provide proteins, fiber, vitamins, and some minerals.
Interest GrabberInterest Grabber Dinner Is ServedDinner Is Served
Remember the last time you sat down to a dinner of your Remember the last time you sat down to a dinner of your favorite foods? Recall everything that you did before you favorite foods? Recall everything that you did before you swallowed your first bite.swallowed your first bite.
1. Why do you cut up your food?2. What role do your teeth play in eating?3. Saliva is the fluid that is found in your mouth. What role do you
think it plays in eating?
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive SystemAlso called the:Also called the:
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Alimentary canalAlimentary canal
Function:Function:Break down foodBreak down foodPrepare it for absorptionPrepare it for absorptionEliminate wasteEliminate waste
Mouth
Salivary glands
Stomach
Pancreas (behind stomach)Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Gallbladder (behind liver)
Liver
Esophagus
Pharynx
The Process of DigestionThe Process of DigestionTwo types of digestion:Two types of digestion: Mechanical - physical breakdown of foodMechanical - physical breakdown of food Chemical - chemical breakdown of foodChemical - chemical breakdown of food
A.A. Oral (Buccal) cavity - The MouthOral (Buccal) cavity - The Mouth
1.1. Teeth – begins the mechanical Teeth – begins the mechanical digestiondigestion
2.2. Saliva – contains digestive enzymes Saliva – contains digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical digestive that help begin the chemical digestive processprocess
B.B. Hard palate – anterior roof of the mouthHard palate – anterior roof of the mouth
C.C. Soft palate – posterior roof of the mouthSoft palate – posterior roof of the mouth
PharynxPharynx – back of the throat – back of the throatEsophagusEsophagus – carries food from the pharynx to – carries food from the pharynx to
the stomachthe stomachStomachStomach – saclike structure located in the left – saclike structure located in the left
upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae (folds) (folds) 3 main parts:3 main parts:
FundusFundus – upper part – upper part BodyBody-large central part-large central part PylorusPylorus-funnel shaped part at the lower -funnel shaped part at the lower
end of the stomachend of the stomach Chemical Digestion Chemical Digestion – hydrochloric acid and – hydrochloric acid and
enzymesenzymes Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion
Small IntestinesSmall Intestines• 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric
sphinctor to the large intestinessphinctor to the large intestines• Consists of 3 parts:Consists of 3 parts:
• Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 inches longinches long
• Jejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet longJejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet long• Ileum – lower part - approx. 12 feet longIleum – lower part - approx. 12 feet long
Digestion is completed here along Digestion is completed here along with enzymes from the pancreas with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and liver
Contains finger-like projections Contains finger-like projections called villi that aid in absorption called villi that aid in absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream of nutrients into the bloodstream
Small Intestine Villus
Circular folds
Villi
Epithelial cells
Capillaries
Lacteal
Vein
Artery
Section 38-2
Large IntestinesLarge IntestinesPassageway for waste products beginning at the Passageway for waste products beginning at the
end of the ileum and extending to the anusend of the ileum and extending to the anusAbout 5 feet in lengthAbout 5 feet in lengthFunction is to absorb water and minerals and Function is to absorb water and minerals and
eliminate wasteeliminate wasteCecum – 2-3 inchesCecum – 2-3 inchesAppendix – small appendageAppendix – small appendageAscending colonAscending colonTransverse colonTransverse colonDescending colonDescending colonSigmoid colonSigmoid colonRectumRectumAnus Anus
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Bile duct
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
To small intestine
Section 38-2
Site
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
Site
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
EnzymeEnzyme Role in DigestionRole in Digestion
Section 38-2
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Peptidase
Breaks down starches into disaccharides
Breaks down proteins into large peptides
Continues the breakdown of starch
Continues the breakdown of protein
Breaks down fat
Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides
Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
•Open sore in the digestive tract caused by:•Action of the hydrochloric acid•Helicobacter pylori bacteria
•S/S•Heartburn, abdominal pain
•Tx•Antibiotics•Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs•Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and alcohol
Hernia
•Protusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained•Inguinal - groin•Umbilical - umbilicus•Diaphragmatic - abdomen•Hiatal - abdomen•S/S
•Varies according to site•Tx
•Surgical repair
Intestinal Obstruction
•Partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestines that prevents forward flow of digestive products caused by tumors, twisting of the intestines, scar tissue, etc.•S/S
•Abdominal pain, vomiting•Lack of bowel sounds
•Tx•Insertion of an intestinal tube•Surgery
Hemorrhoids
•Enlarged veins in the anal canal caused by pressure from straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, prolonged sitting•S/S
•Bleeding, pain, itching•Tx
•Cold compresses•Stool softeners•Analgesic ointments•Surgical removal
Hepatitis
•Inflammation of the liver•Hepatitis A - Infectious Hepatitis •Hepatitis B or C - Serum Hepatitis
•S/S•Hepatitis A – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea•Hepatitis B, C – possible flu-like symptoms, by may remain asymptomatic for years•Both - Jaundice
•Tx•Hepatitis A – no specific tx available •Hepatitis B- vaccination or immune globulin after exposure
Diverticulitis
•Small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestines and may balloon through the intestinal wall•S/S
•Usually asymptomatic unless they become inflamed •Pain in the LLQ, extreme constipation, or diarrhea, fever, occasional blood in the stool
•Tx•Antibiotics•Soft diet•Surgery in severe cases