Intermediate World History B

Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas

Lesson 1: Politics of the Renaissance Pg. 81-94

Lesson 2: The Renaissance Beyond Italy Pg. 95-106

Lesson 3: The Reformation Splits Christendom Pg. 107-119

Lesson 5: The Counter-Reformation and Beyond Pg. 121-135

Use this help packet as you work through Unit 3. In here you will find:

Cornell notes from the chapter A Study Guide Links to videos to help you remember the concepts in this

unit.

World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Textbook pages 81-94 Lesson 1: Politics of the Renaissance What did the rulers of Italy want? • To outshine the other cities

• They filled their palaces with statues and manuscripts

• They paid artists and had courtiers to advise them. What is a courtier? • Courtier= court +ier

• Court is the place where rulers were. • Courtiers were well-educated people who served a

ruler at court. • They were scholars or artists. Many were nobles.

What did a courtier do? • A ruler might ask a courtier to… Give advice on how to build a new palace,

repair a cathedral, build defensive walls Take a message to a rival court Negotiate a treaty Lead troops into war Listen to a story that the ruler had to tell

• Courtiers had to have MANY skills Who was Baldassare Castiglione (bahl-dahs-SAHR-ay kahs-tee-Lyoh- nay)?

• Born in Mantua in 1478; gifted with art and very good with people

• Gonzagas family ruled Mantua and needed an advisor;

courier to the prince • Served the duke of Urbino

• Wrote the Book of Courtier

What was The Book of Courtier?

Published in 1528 How-to guide for graceful behavior Based on the code of chivalry and Cicero Castiglione believed that a courier should… 1. have qualities of a chivalrous knight (courage, horsemanship, and good swordsmanship for battle at close range) 2. Know how to wrestle, jump, swim, run (skills needed to win a good name) 3. be well educated- know Greek and Latin 4. be versed in the poets; practice writing; discuss art and dance, draw, paint and play musical instruments

- Man of good character, witty but kind, calm and honorable

- Have the quality of sprezzatura (spreht-zah-TOOR-uh)- done without effort

- To be a renaissance man today is to be of wide knowledge and skill Many couriers were humanists Humanism was an education- writing, persuasive speaking, poetry, history and philosophy (called the humanities today)

Who was Isabella d’Este (DEStay) and why was she a Renaissance woman?

• Well-educated • Ruled Mantua for her husband (married Gonzaga)

• 1509-War with Venice, husband captured; rallied her

people and had her husband returned

• Was the perfect Renaissance Woman because she made Mantua a center of learning and art

Why was Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? What were some of his interests and accomplishments?

• He did many things in many different areas • Had an unlimited desire for knowledge

• Worked in the army • Created maps and sketches of military vehicles (armored

car) • He was a painter (painted the Mona Lisa) and a writer • Studied birds and created a flying machine • Geological studies • Tackled math problems • Studied the human body • Improved Milan’s canals • Tried to create a mirror for a telescope • Was an architect • Served as a courtier for Francis I, the kind of France

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?

• Native of Florence • Worked for the government of Florence • 1502 Observed Cesare Bogia (CHAY-zahr-ay BOR-juh)

, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander the VI and how he concurred mutinous towns in the papal states

• 1512 Medici return to power and he is exiled

• The Father of Modern Political Science- the study of politics and government

• Wrote books about how to be a prince • Wrote the book The Prince

What were the main ideas of The Prince? What influence did this book have on European rulers?

• Based on classical history and his observations • Rejected Medieval idea of for the good of the people • Better to be feared than loved, by any means necessary

to secure the kingdom

• The ideas of this book spread all over Europe. • It gave some ideas about how to govern:

Rulers thought less about abstract ideas and more about human actions and the results.

Summary: To be a Renaissance Man or Woman is to have a wide range of knowledge and ideas. The idea of what a Renaissance man should be like came from the Book of the Courtier. This gave advice to courtiers who served the rulers. The book, The Prince, instructed rulers to think about how their actions had consequences when ruling a nation and that their nation should be secured by any means necessary.

World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Textbook pages 95-106 Lesson 2: The Renaissance Beyond Italy How did Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy?

Italy exported ideas and products (Example: The Book of the Courtier)

Armies that invaded Italy took artwork home with them Merchants spread the word about Italy’s accomplishments Scholars traveled and spread ideas

Where were the strong Monarchs in the 1500s?

England, France, Spain

How did these monarchs get so strong? Based decisions on “the ends justify the means” even

before the book The Prince. For their rivals they…

o Bribed them o Threatened them with war o Imprisoned them o Executed them (beheadings) o Example: Louis XI was known as the Spider King

for spinning a web of schemes and lies.

o In Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married each other to join their kingdoms.

o Many rulers created large armies and invaded other

nations.

How did Italy inspire art in Northern Europe? • Armies from Northern Europe brought back Italian artwork.

• Many monarchs became patrons of the art. • The King of France even started a university to

study humanist ideas. How is the Renaissance Art from Italy different from the Renaissance Art from Northern Europe?

Italy o Emphasized beauty in the human form. o Created ideal, perfect figures o Used freshly spread plaster

Northern Europe

o Great attention to detail o Made real images that showed the real person

(warts and other imperfections) o Oil paints were used

Who were the major artists of the Northern Renaissance?

Van Eyck Dürer Holbein

Who was JanVan Eyck and what did he accomplish?

1st to paint on wood panels with oil paints Famous for Giovanni and His Bride page 98 of text

He paints himself in the mirror in the background Was true to life; real, imperfect people

Who was Albrecht Dürer and what did he accomplish?

Born in Nuremberg Inspired by Italy Did many self-portraits Known for his engravings, which were used by printers Very curious and energetic- known as the “Leonardo of

the North” His self-portrait:

Who was Hans Holbein and what did he accomplish?

German Called the “Younger” because his father had the same

name Studied in Italy Known for very accurate portraits Commissioned by royal families

What is Christian Humanism? Humanism- belief in the ability of humans to reason and improve themselves.

Applying humanism to the church

Northern Europe People studied the early Christian writings along with the

ancient Greek and Roman texts.

Mastered Greek and Hebrew languages to study the bible Humanists who worried about the church with its poor

training and poor leadership

Who was Thomas Moore? Christian Humanist (England’s Greatest) Had his portrait painted by his friend Holbein (page 103) Believed the church leaders were greedy and power

hungry Wrote the book Utopia about a perfect island that was

governed by reason Utopia was a word he made up from the Greek word ou

topos, meaning “no place” Who was Erasmus? Dutch monk

Traveled and observed the flaws in the Catholic Church Wrote The Praise of Folly A book where Folly is a foolish character. The book

criticizes the Church the most and is based on Erasmus’s observations of failing human conduct.

Summary: As the Renaissance ideas spread throughout Europe, humanism started to spread into the church. Humanist started to question the Christian church and its practices.

World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Textbook pages: 107-119 Lesson 3: The Reformation Splits Christendom What was the Reformation? Started by critics of the Catholic Church- mainly Martin

Luther They wanted to improve the church, to “clean it up” Led to a split of the Catholic church into the Protestant

and Roman Catholic religions

Explain the relationship between the Renaissance interest in ancient texts and the demand for church reform.

As people were studying ancient cultures, they learned the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew languages.

These languages allowed them to read the original text of the bible.

They soon learned that what the church did and what the bible said didn’t match up.

What is purgatory? From the Latin word meaning to “purge” or burn out

impurity. Christians believed that purgatory was a place where

sinners were punished for their sins. What are indulgences? The privilege of shortened time in purgatory.

One way to receive an indulgence was through good acts. Ex: Acts of charity

Who was Leo X and why was he the “indulgent” pope?

In Rome Pope Leo X needed money to finish St. Peter’s Basilica.

He wanted the city to look better than any other city. Had bishops allow for more indulgences to make money Indulgence- by giving money, a person could shorten their

time in purgatory (place of pain in the afterlife) for their sins.

The Pope encouraged officials to grant more indulgences than ever before.

Johann Tetzel was a preacher who traveled around the German states granting indulgences.

Who was Martin Luther? What did he argue with the church about?

Started the Reformation Was a monk who felt weighed down with his sins Saw the wrong doing of the church in Rome with the

indulgences. Wrote 95 Theses- arguments explaining why the policies

of the church (Indulgences) were wrong Believed that only God could erase sin Nailed his papers to the church door in Wittenberg He claimed that all of his writings were based on the Bible

and would not take back what he said. He said that the Pope had gone against the Bible.

What was the significance of Luther translating the Bible into German?

Before this time, the bible was in Latin. Only the well-educated or rich could read it. Luther translated the bible into German. This, plus the invention of the printing press, allowed

more people than ever (even the poor) to be able to read the bible themselves.

The people didn’t have to just take the word of the church. They started to challenge the church practices even more.

Where did the terms "Protestant" and "Catholic" come from?

Protestant: Comes from “protest” Followers protested the practices of the Catholic church

Catholic: Means universal Followers believed that the church had a message for

everyone

Who was John Calvin? He preached the Protestant faith in France. In Geneva he turned the city in a center for the Protestant

faith. He banished those who didn’t believe and supervised

executions for others. His teachings spread to the Netherlands, Scotland, and

central Europe. He believed the church should be run by a board of

“elders” instead of a priest. In Scotland, his followers were called “Presbyterians”. In France, they were “Huguenots” In England, they were “Puritans”

Who was Henry VIII? Supported the Pope and denounced Martin Luther

Later he wanted to no longer be married to his wife Catherine. The pope denied him this.

England’s Parliament declared the King the head of the Church of England. Anyone who disagreed was executed.

Thomas More disagreed with the split from the church and was beheaded by the king.

Summary: With the interest in the Ancient languages, the Bible was translated so that more could read it. As more people started to read the Bible, they began to question the teachings and actions of the church. When Martin Luther publicly denounced the church, he caused a split in the church into the Catholic and Protestant churches.

World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Textbook pages 121-135 Lesson 5: The Counter-Reformation and Beyond What was the Counter-Reformation? The “Catholic Reformation”

An attempt by Catholic leaders to correct bad practices, clarify the church’s teachings, and stop the spread of Protestant ideas

Identify at least three steps taken by the Council of Trent to correct the course of the Catholic Church.

Council of bishops formed by Pope Paul III to accomplish the counter reformation

The Council… 1. Determined that the pope was the leader of the church 2. Commissioned a new catechism or statement of

beliefs 3. Moved bishops closer to their churches 4. Set guidelines for schools to educate priests

How did the Catholic church try to stop the spread of Protestantism?

The church reformed and expanded o Jesuits- ran schools to educate the young o Preached to the public o Provided charity for the poor o Missionaries traveled around the world

Stopped the Spread: To stop the spread of ideas, the church banned books

that contained protestant ideas. Created the Index of Forbidden Books.

Arrested people and brought them before the Inquisition (Catholic court)

Asked them to confess their wrong doing against the church. If they did, they were imprisoned. If not, they were tortured or burned at the stake.

Who was Teresa of Avila? Promoted service and self- denial among nuns Led the nuns in a life of prayer Declared a Saint in 1622

How did the Catholic/Protestant split led to political rivalries and wars in Europe?

Rulers took sides The church owned a lot of land. To leave the church

would mean that they would gain land. Examples: War between the peasants in the German lands of the

Holy Roman Empire and the Emperor Civil War in France between Catholics and Huguenots

(followers of Calvin) 1562-1598

Summary: • The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the split in the church in the Counter-Reformation. • They reformed their ideas and teachings at the Council of Trent. • When this didn’t work, the church burned books and used the Inquisition to weed out followers of

Protestantism. • The split in the church caused political problems across Europe.

Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas

Assessment Study Guide

This guide will allow you to test your knowledge as you are studying for the Unit 3 Assessment. Quiz yourself or have someone else quiz you to test your knowledge before you take the test. If

you can’t answer a question, go back to your textbook or notes to look up the information

1. Identify Castiglione and his view of the ideal Renaissance courtier.

A courtier

Gifted with the arts and was very good with people

Courtier to the Gonzagas family that ruled Mantua

Also served the Duke of Urbino

Wrote the Book of the Courtier

A courtier should…

Have the qualities of a chivalrous knight

Know how to wrestle, jump, swim, and run

Be well-educated

Know Greek and Latin

Well-versed in poetry

Be able to write, dance, draw, paint, and play musical instruments

Have good character

The quality of sprezzatura (show little effort)

2. Explain why Leonardo da Vinci is considered a Renaissance man and give examples of his interests and accomplishments.

3. Summarize the main ideas of The Prince and describe the influence it had on European rulers.

4. Identify Isabella d'Este as a "Renaissance woman" who ruled a city-state and made it a center of learning and art.

5. Identify Machiavelli as the Italian author of The Prince.

6. Define courtier.

Advisors to the ruler

Were well-educated

They were most of the time artists or nobles.

7. Recognize how Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy.

8. Identify means by which European monarchs solidified their power.

9. Describe the differences between Renaissance art from Italy and from northern Europe.

10. Identify on a map countries that had strong monarchs by the 1500s and areas that were not nation-states.

11. Identify Erasmus.

12. Describe Christian humanism.

13. Identify major artists of the Northern Renaissance (including Van Eyck, Dürer, and Holbein) and their accomplishments.

14. Identify Thomas More.

15. Define the Reformation.

16. Explain the origins of the terms "Protestant" and "Catholic".

17. Identify John Calvin.

18. Identify Henry VIII.

19. Explain the relationship between the Renaissance interest in ancient texts and the demand for church reform.

20. Identify Martin Luther.

21. Describe the belief in purgatory and indulgences and how indulgences came to be given in exchange for money.

22. Recognize the significance of Luther's translation of the Bible into German.

23. Summarize Luther's arguments with the Church.

24. Describe the Counter-Reformation.

25. Identify the Reformation.

26. Identify at least three steps taken by the Council of Trent to correct the course of the Catholic Church.

27. Identify Ignatius of Loyola.

28. Describe methods the Catholic Church used to try to contain the spread of Protestantism, including the banning of books, and the Inquisition.

29. Give examples of how the Catholic/Protestant split led to political rivalries and wars in Europe.

30. Identify Teresa of Avila.

31. Demonstrate mastery of important knowledge and skills in this unit.

32. Recognize how Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy and what kinds of influence they had outside Italy.

33. Identify major issues and individuals of the Reformation.

34. Identify major Renaissance figures and what they are known for.

35. Identify major artists of the Northern Renaissance and the characteristics of their work.

36. Describe the response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation.

37. Explain how the Reformation led to political conflict and warfare during the 1500s.

38. Summarize the main ideas of The Prince.

39. Locate on a map the major nations of Europe in the 1500s.

Intermediate World History B

Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas

Review videos from Unit 2 (if needed)

Introduction to the Renaissance: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/introduction-to-the-

renaissance

More about the Renaissance: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/renaissance

Renaissance Art and Artists: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/renaissance-art-and-artists

Martin Luther and the Reformation: http://www.history.com/topics/martin-luther-and-the-

95-theses/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution (excellent video! Only 3 minutes long)

The Protestant Reformation (A more detailed account): http://youtu.be/O71P8U3xbGs