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Internal Carotid Artery and Jugular Foramen
Carotid Canal
Jugular Foramen
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Coronal Image – Meninges • Supratentorium
– Cerebral hemispheres • Frontal Lobes • Parietal Lobes • Occipital Lobes • Temporal Lobes
• Infratentorium – Cerebellum – Brain Stem
Tentorium
Falx
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Lateral view – Dural Sinuses
Digital subtraction angiography
Lateral view – Straight Sinus
MR angiography
Frontal view – Dural Sinuses
Digital subtraction angiography
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
Cervical (C1)
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Petrous segment ICA
Lacerum
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Lacerum (C3)
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
Cavernous segment ICA
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
Cavernous segment ICA
Anatomy at a Glance Faiz & Moffat
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Frontal View - Internal carotid artery
MR angiography
Posterior communicating artery
MR angiography – axial view
Anterior communicating artery
MR angiography – axial view
Terminal Branches Internal Carotid Artery
MR angiography – axial view
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior Circulation – Lateral view
Digital subtraction angiography
Frontal view of vertebral artery injection Posterior Circulation – Frontal view
Digital subtraction angiography
Coronal View - Posterior Circulation
Basilar Artery
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Left Vertebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Arteries
CN III – not seen, but this is where it travels
Right Vertebral Artery
Foramen of Monro = interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct = aqueduct of midbrain
Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text ©2015
Ventricular System
Ventricular System Lateral Ventricles
Ventricular System Interventricular Foramen
Foramen of Monro
Ventricular System 3rd Ventricle
Lateral Ventricles
Ventricular System Aqueduct of midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct
Ventricular System
Aqueduct of midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Ventricular System
Aqueduct of midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Ventricular System 4th Ventricle
Anterior Cranial Fossa • Anterior/Inferior: Frontal bone • Medial: Ethmoid bone • Posterior: Body and lesser wings of the sphenoid
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Olfactory Nerve/ Cribriform Plate
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
Nerve fibers located on the nasal septum extend through the cribiform plate and form the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
Olfactory Bulb Cribriform Plate
Crista Galli
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Middle Cranial Fossa • Central: Sella turcica • Anterior: Greater wings of the sphenoid • Lateral: Squamous portion of the temporal bones and parietal bones • Posterior: Petrous parts of the temporal bones
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Foramina and Apertures Foramina/Aperture Contents
Optic canals Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
Superior orbital fissure Ophthalmic veins; CN III, IV, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and VI
Foramen rotundum Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Foramen ovale Mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
Foramen lacerum Internal carotid artery passes over foramen, but does not go through it
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Normal Pituitary and Cavernous Sinus
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve
Origin: Globe
Course: Orbit, Optic Canal, Optic Chiasm, Tract, Thalamus
Not a true Cranial Nerve: Extension of the diencephalon
Optic Canal
Optic Nerve
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Optic Canal Optic Canal Anterior
Clinoid
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
Cerebral Peduncle CN III
Origin: Midbrain Course: •Cistern (passes between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery)
•Cavernous sinus
•Superior Orbital Fissure
•Orbit
Exit Skull base: Superior Orbital Fissure
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
CN III
Cavernous Sinus
Origin: Midbrain Course: •Cistern (passes between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery)
•Cavernous sinus
•Superior Orbital Fissure
•Orbit
Exit Skull base: Superior Orbital Fissure
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Anterior Clinoid Process Optic Canal
SOF
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve Origin: Posterior Midbrain Course: •Posterior origin •Travels anteriorly through cistern •Cavernous sinus •Superior orbital fissure •Orbit Innervation: Superior Oblique Muscle
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Origin: Pons
Course: •Cistern •Trigeminal ganglion
Divides into (3) branches: V1 Ophthalmic , V2 Maxillary , V3 Mandibular
V1 and V2 pass through the cavernous sinus before exiting the skull. V3 does not pass through the cavernous sinus
CN V
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Optic Canal
Superior Orbital Fissure Anterior Clinoid
Process
Anterior Clinoid Process Optic Canal
SOF
V1:Superior Orbital Fissure
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
V2: Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Rotundum
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
V2: Inferior Orbital Fissure
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
V2: Infraorbital Canal/Foramen
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
V3: Foramen Ovale
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
V3: Foramen Ovale
Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Nerve Origin: pontomedullary junction Course: •Cistern •Cavernous sinus •Superior orbital fissure •Orbit Innervation: Lateral rectus muscle
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Posterior Cranial Fossa • Anterior central: dorsum sellae of the sphenoid • Anterolateral: petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal
bones • Posterior: occipital bone
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Foramina and Apertures Foramina/Aperture Contents
Foramen magnum Medulla, vertebral arteries, CN XI
Jugular foramen CN IX, X, and XI; internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Internal acoustic meatus Facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
Groove for sigmoid sinus Sigmoid sinus
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cranial Nerves VII: Facial Nerve Origin: Pontomedullary junction
Course: 6 Segments
Cisternal Intracanalicular Labyrinthine Tympanic Mastoid Extracranial
Branches: GPN, Chorda Tympani, Stapedius, Muscles of facial expression
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Internal Auditory Canal (IAC)
Internal Auditory Canal Internal Auditory Canal
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Cisternal and Intracanalicular Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sup Vestib Nerve
Inf Vestib Nerve
Facial Nerve
Cochlear Nerve
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Geniculate Ganglion
Geniculate Ganglion Greater Petrosal Nerve
Tympanic Segment Facial Nerve
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Tympanic Segment Facial Nerve
Tympanic Segment
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Mastoid Segment Facial Nerve
Mastoid Segment
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Mastoid Segment Facial Nerve
Stylomastoid Foramen
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Sensory Nerve
Cochlea: Cochlear division (hearing)
Vestibular division (balance): Semicircular canals Course: •Internal Auditory Canal •Cistern •Pontomedullary junction
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Intracanalicular Facial Nerve Porus Acusticus
Anterior Posterior
Facial Nerve
Cochlear Nerve
Superior Vestibular Nerve
Inferior Vestibular Nerve
IAC
7-up, Coke down
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
Jugular Foramen
Two different appearances of the jugular foramen.
Groove for the sigmoid sinus
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve • Branchial arch 3 • Exits through jugular
foramen • Innervation
– Stylopharyngeus mm – Posterior 1/3 tongue
taste – Gag reflex
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
CN X: Vagus Nerve Exits through jugular foramen Innervation: All muscles of larynx, pharynx and soft palate • Except stylopharyngues (IX) and
tensor veli palatini (V3)
Sensory - Larynx and small portion of pharynx, external ear, posterior cranial fossa meninges Taste buds on epiglottis Viscerosensory thoracic / abdominal organs
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
CN XI: Spinal Accessory Nerve Exits through jugular foramen Innervation: Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
Origin: Medulla
Course: Cistern
Exits skull base through hypoglossal canal
Innervation: Muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal Canal
Image courtesy of Tabby Kennedy, MD