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New York, 28 June 2016
Session 3: Care work
HETUS – ICATUS Comparison
&
A case study:
The gender gap in childcare among
dual earner couples in Italy and EU
Tania CappadozziNational Institute of Statistics
Italy
United Nations
Statistics Division
4th Expert Group Meeting on the revision and finalization of the International Classification of Activities for Time Use Statistics (ICATUS)
Perfect compatibility between Italian HETUS
implementation and ICATUS2016 for major division 4
HETUS08 ICATUS 201638 CHILDCARE
4 UNPAID CAREGIVING SERVICES FOR HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
39 HELP TO AN ADULT FAMILY MEMBER
938 TRAVEL RELATED TO CHILDCARE
IT-939 TRAVEL RELATED TO ADULT CARE*
*Travel related to adult care is not comparable with HETUS08 code 939, including both: “Travel related to household care” and “Transporting an adult family member”, WHILE IN ITALY we have subdivided those codes.
Major division
DivisionsHETUS08 ICATUS 2016
38 CHILDCARE 41 Babycare, childcare and instruction
442 Waiting for/accompanying own children
39 HELP TO AN ADULT HOUSEHOLD MEMBER
42 Care for dependent adults
43 Help to other adult household members (non-dependent)
443 Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or children
444 Waiting for/accompanying other household adults
938 Travel related to childcare 44
(-442,443,444)
Travelling, waiting time or accompanying goods or personsrelated to unpaid caregiving services for household members (Excluding waiting for/accompanying time) IT-939 Travel related to adult care
Part1
HETUS
ICATUS
Comparison
Comparability between the two classification systems decreases considering lower levels (divisions and groups)
Comparison between HETUS and ICATUS for Group:
Childcare
411Caring for babies and children including feeding, cleaning, physical care
412 Providing medical care to children
IT-3812 Supervision 416 Minding children (passive care)
382 413 Instructing, teaching, training, helping children
IT-3831 Talk ing with and reading to child 414 Talking with and reading to babies and children
IT-3832 Playing with child 415 Playing and sports with children
417Meetings and arrangements with schools and
child care service providers
442 Waiting for/accompanying own children
389 Other or unspecified childcare419
Other activities related to babycare, childcare
and instruction (n.e.c.)
383
384 Accompanying child
HETUS08 ICATUS 2016
381
Physical care and supervision
IT-3811 Physical care
Teaching the child
Reading, playing and talking with child
Part1
HETUS
ICATUS
Comparison
HETUS08 The upper age limit of a child is 17 years
ITALYUse EU limit, but in childcare studies the upper age limit generally used is 13 years
421
Assisting dependent adults with tasks of daily
living (feeding, cleaning, getting dressed, and
physical care for dependent adults)
425 Passive careIT392 Medical care of a dependent adult
household member 422 Assisting dependent adults with medical care
424Affective/emotional support for dependent
adults
426Meetings and arrangements with adult care
service providers
443Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or
children
423Assisting dependent adults with forms,
administration, accounts
429Other activities related to caring for dependent
adults (n.e.c.)
IT391 Physical care to other adult household member 431
Feeding, cleaning, physical care for other adult
household members including for temporary
illness
432Affective support for other adult household
members
444Waiting for/accompanying other household
adults
IT399 Other help to a other adult household member
439 Other activities related to care for other adult
IT3911
ICATUS 2016
Keep company/Accompanying dependent adult household member
IT3931
Other help to a dependent adult household member (voluntary)
399
392
Physical care and supervision of a dependent adult (voluntary)
HETUS08
391
Physical care and supervision of a dependent adult household member
IT393Keep company/Accompanying other adult household member
Help to a non dependent adult household member (voluntary)
Part1
HETUS
ICATUS
Comparison
Comparison between HETUS and ICATUS for Group:
Adult care
HETUS08:Codes to distinguish dependent adult careby other adult care are voluntary
ITALY:has further detailed the EU codes on adult care
The Time Use data in Italy and in EU
● The four editions of the Italian Time Use Survey− 1988-1989 (National survey)− 2002-2003, 2008-2009 (HETUS harmonized) − 2013-2014 (HETUS harmonized) - dissemination
scheduled for October 2016
● The HETUS 1 wave database (Years 2000-2005) https://www.h5.scb.se/tus/tus/ allows an international comparison, up to date only for the Italian second edition data (2002-2003).
● The dissemination of HETUS 2 wave (Years 2008-2015) is scheduled for December 2016
Part2
Case study
Ranking of European countries
by childcare time
01:10
01:0000:58
00:56 00:55 00:5400:51 00:50
00:48
00:4300:41
00:37
00:2600:24 00:23
00:00
00:20
00:40
01:00
01:20
Sweden United
Kingdom
Spain Italy Norway Slovenia Poland Germany Finland Belgium France Estonia Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria
Ho
urs
an
d m
inu
tes
Among Europe, Italy is one of the countries in which employed parents spend more time caring for children
Part2
Case study
Time devoted to childcare by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries
Part2
Case study
Italy is the European country with the highest gender gap in time devoted to childcare (+0:46)
0:400:43
0:32
0:44
0:26
0:54
0:29
0:38 0:40
0:12
0:27
0:46
0:19
0:42
0:18
1:26 1:28
1:171:22
1:04
1:26
1:01
1:09 1:08
0:39
0:50
1:07
0:35
0:55
0:29
0:00
0:20
0:40
1:00
1:20
1:40
Ho
urs
an
d m
inu
tes
Men Women
+0:46 +0:45+0:38
+0:38
+0:32
+0:32
+0:31 +0:28
+0:27
+0:23
+0:21
+0:11+0:16
+0:45
+0:13
Gender gap in childcare in EU
Time devoted to childcare by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries by gender
0:23
0:12 0:13 0:12
0:28
0:14
0:20
0:130:15 0:14
0:04
0:29
0:07
0:03
0:22
0:59
0:450:43
0:39
0:52
0:37
0:42
0:32 0:330:30
0:20
0:42
0:19
0:13
0:31
0:00
0:20
0:40
1:00
1:20
Spain Slovenia Italy France Sweden Belgium UnitedKingdom
Poland Germany Estonia Latvia Norway Lithuania Bulgaria Finland
Ho
urs
an
d m
inu
tes
Men Women
+0:36
+0:33
+0:27
+0:24
+0:23+0:22
+0:19+0:18
+0:16
+0:16
+0:09
+0:13
+0:30
+0:12
Most of gender gap in EU is in
Physical care
Part2
Case study
Time devoted to Physical care and Supervision by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries
A focus on Childcare in Italy
gender gap for type of activities
Italian mothers respond to the differentneeds of children and most of their childcare time is devoted to physical care and supervision (60.5%)
While Italian fathers spend most of their childcare time to play with children (41.8%).
Part2
Case study
31.8%
55.3%
36.0%
60.5%
41.5%
16.2%41.8%
17.1%5.4% 7.9%
6.7% 10.4%21.1% 20.6% 15.5% 12.1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Men Women Men Women
2002-2003 2008-2009
Physical care and supervision Playing with childTeaching the child Other childcare
The “Childcare budget time” for partners living in dual earner couples with children* in Italy
Part2
Case study
A focus on Childcare in Italy
gender gap for type of activities
68.4
79.8
42.1
71.266.166.8
78.0
38.9
72.6
65.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Total childcare Physical care andsupervision
Playing with child Teaching the child Other childcare
%Asymmetry index* in childcare
by type of activity
2002-20032008-2009
gender equality line
more workload
on women
more workload
on men
The gender gap in childcare is slowly decreasing: from 68.4% in 2002-2003 to 66.8% in 2008-09 (-1.6 percentage points), mainly due to the increasing contribution of fathers to children's play time.
Some final remarks
Regarding ADULT CARE activities, is the European classification system (HETUS) to be adapted possibly by increasing the types of activities and absolutely removing the voluntary on this topic.
Warning!
The code 443 Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or children: it’s ambiguous and problematic to assign to Childcare or to Adult care.
Thanks for your attention!
It is very important to detail the different types of CHILDCARE activities to conduct appropriate studies on this issue and the ICATUS seems to be very suitablefor this group of activities.