INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS DEPARTMENT OF ... · system, oxygen sensitivity of Nitrogenase enzyme, Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic and free living systems, Nitrate assimilation,

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

B.Sc (APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY)

SYLLABUS

2008-11

SEMESTER SCHEME

I SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2008

II SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2009

III SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2009

IV SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2010

V SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2010

VI SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2011


2

SEMESTER-I

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

AMB 101 Biochemistry Contact Hrs: 45

Credits: 03

Objectives: This paper will enable students to understand -

• The nature of biological material and hierarchy of molecular organization of cells

• The thermodynamic principles underlying biochemical reactions

• The function of macromolecules

• The reaction mechanism and regulation of enzyme activity

UNIT I Introduction 06hrs

Nature of biological material- the chemical components of a cell. Hydrophilic and

Hydrophobic groups.

Hierarchy of the molecular organization of cells.

Role of non-covalent interactions in molecular and supramolecular complexes.

UNIT II Thermodynamics 08hrs

Laws of thermodynamics and principles of bioenergetics.

Nature of biochemical reactions and ∆G values. Reversible and Irreversible reactions

Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.

UNIT III Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions 11hrs

Structure of nucleic acid and proteins

Helicity, bending, looping of nucleic acid and proteins

The basis for intermolecular interaction e.g. enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody.

Structure of carbohydrate (glycogen, starch, cellulose and peptidoglycan) and lipids

(phosphholipids, sphingolipids and sterols).

UNIT IV Structural and functional complexity 12 hrs

Suitability of the following for the role of bioprocesses:

Molecules involved in generation of mechanical stability- polysaccharide,

peptidoglycans and membrane lipids. Molecules involved in information storage and

retrieval – the nucleic acid. Molecules executing mediator and catalytic functions-

the proteins. Water and the aqueous environment for living organisms.

UNIT V Enzymology 10hrs

Classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action.

Michaelis- Menton kinetics. Coenzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Allosteric enzymes.

Regulation of enzyme activity.


3

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Biochemistry, 2nd

edition, D Voet and J G Voet, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

2. Lehninger, 3rd

edition, Principles of Biochemistry, Nelson and Cox, 1999.

3. Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th

edition,

Edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd

Edition, W H Elliot and Daphne C

Elliot, Oxford University Press, 2005.

5. Biochemistry, J David Rawn, Panima Publishing Corporation, 1st Indian Reprint,

2004.

References:

1. Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th

Reprint,

1999.

2. Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, Universities Press, Hyderabad 1999.

3. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K

Wilson & K H Goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.

4. Essentials of Molecular Biology, David Friefelder, Jones and Barllett

Publications, 7th Reprint, 2001.

5. Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, J Kendrew, Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Oxford.

6. Instant Notes- Biochemistry, B D Hames and N.M. Hooper, Viva Books Pvt, Ltd.,

1st Indian Edition, 2001.


4

SEMESTER-I


AMB 102 Analytical Techniques Contact Hrs: 45

Credits: 03

Objective: This paper will enable students to-

• learn various techniques used in Biotechnology

• understand general concepts of Mathematics as applied to Biology

UNIT I Microscopy 09 hrs

Light microscopy (bright field, dark field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence

microscopy), electron microscopy (TEM and SEM)

UNIT II Chromatography 09 hrs

Principle and general methods of Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography,

Column Chromatography (GC, HPLC), Affinity chromatography, Ion-exchange

chromatography, Gel filtration Chromatography or Exclusion Chromatography

UNIT III Centrifugation 08 hrs

Centrifugation: principle, differential and density gradient centrifugation,

ultracentrifugation (Preparative and analytical centrifuges) sedimentation analysis &

RCF.

UNIT IV Electrophoretic techniques 10 hrs

Principle, factors affecting electrophoresis- pH, voltage, supporting medium (agar,

polyacrylamide, dextran).

Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE. Zone electrophoresis, Isoelectric

focusing, Immuno-electrophoresis.

UNIT V Spectroscopy 09 hrs

Spectrophotometry (UV-visible, infra red, AAS),

Fluorimetry, NMR, Mass spectroscopy


5

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

New York, 2003

2. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th

edition,

K Wilson and J Walker (ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2007

References:

1. Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004

2. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000

3. Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G.G Hames, John Wiley & Sons

Inc. 2005


6

SEMESTER I


AMB 103 LABORATORY –I

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Verification of Beer’s law.

2. Quantitation of proteins by Lowry’s method.

3. Quantitation of proteins by Biuret assay.

4. Quantitation of carbohydrates by DNS method.

5. Quantitation of cholesterol.

6. Quantitation of lipids.

7. Separation of given amino acid mixture by paper chromatography.

8. Separation of sugars by thin layer chromatography.

9. Separation of the components of the given sample by gel filtration

chromatography.

10. Determination of saponification value of fat.

11. To assay the activity of alkaline phosphatase


7

SEMESTER II


AMB 201 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 03

Objectives: This paper will enable students to: • have an insight in to history of microbiology

• understand classification and characters of microorganisms.

• learn the techniques used for isolation and staining of microbes.

• have an insight in growth and preservation of microorganisms.

UNIT-I History of Microbiology 08 hrs Introduction, discovery of microbial world, experiments of Pasteur, the era of discovery

of antibiotics, discovery of anaerobic life, physiological significance of fermentation.

Isolation methods for microorganisms. Culture collections.

UNIT-II Microbial Diversity-I 08 hrs

Concept of culturable and non culturable microorganisms.

Anaerobic ecosystem- rumen microbiology

Characteristics, ultra structure and classification of bacteria (morphological, nutritional

and biochemical).

UNIT-III Microbial Diversity-II 09 hrs

Classification, characteristics and structure of: Viruses, Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes,

Fungi and Algae.

UNIT-IV Structural Components and Staining Techniques 11 hrs

Structure of flagella, capsule, slime layer, inclusion bodies like glycogen granules,

volutin granules etc., endospores and plasmids.

Stains and staining techniques: Principles of staining, Types of stains – simple stains and

differential stains.

UNIT-V Growth and preservation of microbes 09 hrs

A brief idea of microbial growth (different phases of growth).

Factors affecting growth. Preservation of microbes by serial subculture, mineral oil and

lyophilization. Other methods for storage of fungi.


8

Books Recommended :

Essential Readings:

1. General Microbiology, 7th

edition, H S Schlegel, Cambridge University Press,

1995

2. General Microbiology, CB Powar, H F Daginawala, Himalayan Publication

House, 1996

3. Microbiology ,5th

edition M J Pelczar, E C S Chan, N R Kreig, Tata Mc Graw

Publication, 2006

4. Microbiology-a Laboratory Manual, 6th

edition, J G Cappuccino and N Sherman,

Addison Wesley, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006

References:

1. Biology of Microorganisms, 10th

edition, T D Brock, M T Madigan, Pearson

Education, Inc., 2003

2. General Microbiology, R Y Stanier, J L Ingharam, M L Wheelies, P R Painter,

Mac Millan Education Ltd, 1999

3. Laboratory fundamentals of microbiology, I E Alcamo, Jones and Barlett

Publishers, 2001

4. Microbiology , 6th

edition, Prescott, Harley, Klein, Mc Graw Hill Companies,

2005

5. Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications ,2nd

edition, R M Atlas, Maxwell

Macmillan International Edition, 1989


9

SEMESTER II


AMB 202 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY

Contact Hours:45

Credits:03

Objectives: This paper will enable students to:

• Study different types of transport mechanisms.

• Study photosynthesis and energy generating pathways.

• Learn about nitrogen fixation process.

• Understand chemolithotrophy.

UNIT-I Nutrient uptake 09 hrs

Biochemical properties of membrane, biochemical factors regulating the permeability,

Nerst equation. Osmosis, Plasmolysis, passive & facilitated diffusion, active transport,

secondary active transport, group translocation across membrane, role of ionophores.

UNIT-II Photosynthesis 09 hrs

Photosynthetic microbes, oxygenic & anoxygenic photosynthesis, photophosphorylation,

Calvin cycle, photorespiration.

UNIT-III Respiratory Pathways 11 hrs

Glycolysis, Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway, Entner- Doudoroff pathway,

fermentative pathways, Yeast fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation, Acetic acid

fermentation, Krebs cycle, oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation,

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis and its regulation.

UNIT-IV Nitrogen Metabolism 09 Hrs

Biological nitrogen fixation, The Nitrogen fixation process, components of Nitrogenase

system, oxygen sensitivity of Nitrogenase enzyme, Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic and

free living systems, Nitrate assimilation, transamination and deamination reactions.

UNIT-V Chemolithotrophs 07 Hrs

Hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, sulfur bacteria, Iron bacteria, Methanogens and

Methylotrophs.


10

Books Recommended

Essential Readings:

1. Biochemistry, 5th

edition L Stryer, W H Freeman and Co., New York, 2001

2. General Microbiology, R Y Stanier, J L Ingharam, M L Wheelies, P R Painter,

Mac Millan Education Ltd, 1999

3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd

edition, D L Nelson and M M Cox

Worth Publications Inc. CBS Publication New Delhi, 2000

References:

1. An Introduction to Nitrogen fixation, J R Gallon and A E Chaplin, Cassell

Education Ltd, 1987

2. Biochemistry, 23rd

edition, Harper, Appleton and Lange Prentice Hall, 1993

3. Biology of Microorganisms, 10th

edition, T D Brock, M T Madigan, Pearson

Education, Inc., 2003

4. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, D R Caldwell, Brown Publishers, 1995

5. Microbial Physiology, 4th

edition, A G Moat and J W Foster, John Wiley and

Sons, Inc., 2002

6. Microbiology-a Laboratory Manual, 6th

edition, J G Cappuccino and N Sherman,

Addison Wesley, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006


11

SEMESTER II


AMB 203 LABORATORY –II

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Introduction to Microbiology laboratory, safety measures and aseptic techniques.

2. Introduction to microscope and occulometer.

3. Staining Techniques: Simple and Differential staining, Negative staining.

4. Identification of Fungi and Cyanobacteria.

5. Media preparation: Simple and Complex.

6. Pure culture techniques.

7. Enumeration of microorganisms – haemocytometer and spread plate count.

8. Demonstration of osmosis

9. Demonstration of plasmolysis

10. Demonstration for utilization of sugars by oxidation and fermentation by

microbes.

11. Reduction of nitrate by microorganisms.


12

SEMESTER III


AMB 301 MICROBIAL GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 02 Objectives: This paper will enable students to:

• Understand the basic mechanism involved in the flow of genetic information.

• Understand molecular mechanism of mutations and DNA repair.

• Understand recombination in bacteria.

• Have an idea of genetic engineering.

UNIT I: Replication 10 hrs

DNA as a genetic material, structure of DNA and RNA. DNA replication (conservative

and semi conservative replication, conformational flexibility of DNA), Replication in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

UNIT II: Transcription 08 hrs

Mechanism of Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Enzymes and transcription

factors, Posttranscriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA.

UNIT III: Translation and Regulation of Gene Expression 10 hrs The genetic code, central dogma. Translational machinery in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination. Inhibitors of protein synthesis.

Regulation of Gene expression in prokaryotes-operon concept, positive and negative

regulation of Lac operon. Genetic systems of Neurospora and Saccharomyces.

UNIT IV: Mutant Selection and Mutations 10 hrs Molecular mechanism of mutation, forward and reverse mutation, transition,

transversion, Spontaneous and induced mutations, mutation frequency, applications of

mutation.

Methods for mutant selection- direct selection, antibiotic selection, replica plating,

conditional lethality and its use in mutant selection.

Mechanism of DNA repair-photo reactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair, SOS

repair.

UNIT V: Recombination in Bacteria 07 hrs

Transformation, Transduction and conjugation. Use of transformation, transduction and

conjugation in genetic mapping. A brief idea of cloning vectors (plasmids, cosmids, bacteriophages).


13

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Principles of Genetics, 8th

edition,Gardener E J, John Wiley and Sons Publications, 2005.

2. Gene VI, Lewin, B, New York, Oxford University Press, 2000.

3. Cell and Molecular Biology, 4th

edition, Gerald Karp, John Wiley and Sons. 2005.

References:

1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd

edition, Elliott W H and Elliot D C, Oxford

University Press, 2005.

2. Essentials of Molecular Biology, 3rd

edition, Malacinski G M and Freifelder D Jones and

Bartlett Publishers, 1998.

3. Instant Notes, Molecular Biology. Turner P.G., Mc Lennan, Bates A D, and White M R

H, 2nd

edition. Bios Scientific Publishers. 2002.

4. Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd

edition, Philip Scheeler and Donald E Bianchi, John

Wiley and Sons. 1987.

5. Microbial Genetics, 2nd

edition, Stanley R Maloy, John E Cronan, David Freifelder. Jones

and Barlett Publishers, 1994.


14

SEMESTER III


AMB 302 – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY

Contact Hours:45

Credits:03


• Understand and know various aspects of food quality in terms of microbes.

• Understand the significance of microbes in food and human health.

• Have an insight of sanitation and hygiene and its role in food production and

storage.

• Study effects of microorganisms in development of various diseases.

• Understand food safety and associated hazards

UNIT I: Introduction to food and soil microbiology 08hrs.

Historical background of microorganisms in food, Role and significance of microbes in

food, common genera of bacteria and fungi commonly found in foods. Intrinsic and

Extrinsic factor affecting growth of microbes in food. Concept of rhizosphere and

rhizoplane.

UNIT II: Food Spoilage and Food Borne Diseases - 09hrs.

Spoilage of different groups of food : Cereal and Cereal products, vegetables and fruits,

meat and meat products, eggs and poultry, milk and milk products, canned foods. Food

born infections and intoxications, general methods of diagnosis, Indicator organisms-

their role and significance.

UNIT III: Food Preservation 10hrs.

Asepsis, physical and chemical methods of food preservation- Heat, low temperature,

drying, irradiation, antibiotics, chemical preservatives, salt and sugar.

Fermented foods - bread, cheese, vinegar, alcoholic beverages, fermented Dairy products

and oriental fermented foods. Single cell protein, and Mushrooms cultivation


15

UNIT IV: Microbial Diseases of Crops and Biopesticides 09 hrs

Symptoms of plant diseases, Mechanism of microbial pathogenicty, Transmission of

plant pathogens, Bacterial, Fungal, Viral and Viroid diseases of plants.

UNIT V: Biofertilizers 09 hrs

Definition and types of biofertilizers, Mass cultivation and methods of inoculation of

microbial inoculants – (Rhizobium, Azatobacter, & Asospirillium.)Cyanobacteria – Azolla

– Anabaena association and its role in rice cultivationVAM mycorrhizal association,

Types of mycorrhizal association, Isolation, stock plants and inoculum production of

VAM .


16

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Food Microbiology, Frazier and Westhoff. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New

York,1988

2. Basic food Microbiology, VI edition, James Jay. Aspen Publishers,

Inc.,Maryland.2000

3. Food Science, 5th

edition, N. Potter.1996, CBS publications, New Delhi.

References:

1. Microbiology, Pelczar and Reid. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New York. 2006

2. Food Microbiology, Adam and Moss, New Age International (P) Ltd 1995

3. Principles of Microbiology, Mosby – Year Book, Inc., USA 1995


17

SEMESTER III


AMB 303 LABORATORY –III

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Isolation of Actinomycetes from soil.

2. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous plants.

3. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from spoiled food

samples.

4. Isolation and identification of fungi from spoiled food samples.

5. Enumeration of coliform count from food samples

6. Inhibitory effect of low temperature on microbial growth.

7. Methylene blue reductase time test for checking microbial quality of

milk.

8. Isolation of milk fermenting organisms from milk.

9. Production of fermented food using microbial culture.

10. To study the effect of mutation on microbial growth.

11. Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

12. isolation of genomic DNA

13. Isolation of plasmid DNA

14. Isolation and purification of RNA


18

SEMESTER IV

APPLIEDMICROBIOLOGY

AMB 401 IMMUNOLOGY

Contact Hours:45

Credits:03


• learn the fundamentals of immune system

• study the various cellular and molecular aspects of immune system

• understand the regulation of immune response

• learn various immunological diagnostic techniques

UNIT I Basic Immunology 08 hrs

Introduction to immune system- Phylogeny of immune system, Innate and acquired

immunity

Cells of the Immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation, B-lymphocytes, T-

lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, NK cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and

Mast Cells

Organization and structure of lymphoid organs

UNIT II Cellular and molecular aspects 11 hrs

Nature and biology of antigens and super antigens

Immunoglobulin: structure, types and their function

MHC, B and T-Cell Receptor

Complement system

UNIT III Regulation of immune response 10 hrs

Generation of Humoral and Cell mediated immune responses

B- and T- cell maturation, activation and differentiation

Cytokines and their role in immune regulation

T-cell regulation, MHC restriction

Immunological tolerance

UNIT IV Antigen- antibody interactions 07 hrs

Antigen processing and presentation

Precipitation, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Agglutination, RIA, ELISA,

Immunofluorescence

UNIT V Selected concepts in Immunology 09 hrs

Hypersenstivity

Autoimmunity

Tumor Immunology

AIDS and other immunodeficiencies


19

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Kuby Immunology, 4th

edition- R.A. Goldsby and others, Freeman & Co., New

York, 2001

2. Roitt’s, Essential Immunology, 10th

edition, Ivan M Roitt and Peter J Delves,

Blackwell Science, 2001

3. Instant Notes on Immunology, 2nd

edition, Lydyard, Wheran and Fanger, Viva

Books Pvt. Ltd., 2003

References:

1. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 3rd

edition, Abbas, Litchman and Pober,

Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998

2. Immunology: A Comprehensive Review, Darla J. Wise and Gordon R. Carter,

Iowa State University Press, 2001

3. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Examination and Board Review, 7th

edition,Warren Levinson and Ernst Jawetz, Mc Graw Hill, 2002


20

SEMESTER IV


AMB 402 TISSUE CULTURE

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 03


• learn the fundamental of Plant Tissue Culture

• get acquainted with various techniques in Plant Tissue Culture

• analyze the genetic manipulations in Plant Tissue Culture

• study the industrial application of Plant Tissue Culture

• understand the basics of Animal Cell Sciences

• learn the basic requirements for Animal Cell Culture

UNIT I Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture 12hrs

History Laboratory Requirements and General Techniques: Introduction, Techniques and

Requirements.Tissue Culture Media: Introduction, medium constituents, media Selection,

Media preparation.Cell Culture: Introduction, isolation of single cells, suspension

cultures, Culture of single cells, plant cell reactors, application of cell culture

Cellular Totipotency: Cytodifferentiation, Organogenesis Differentiation. Application of

cellular totipotency.

UNIT II Embryogenesis 08hrs

Somatic Embryogenesis: Introduction, Induction, development and maturation of

Somatic Embryos Large Scale production of Somatic Embryos. Somatic Embryo versus

Zygotic Embryos. Synthetic seeds. Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis

In – vitro Pollination and fertilization: Introduction, terminology, In vitro pollination,

In vitro fertilization, applications.

UNIT III Genetic Engineering in Plants 10hrs

Genetic transformation of plants: Introduction, methods of Gene transfer, selection and

identification of transformed cells, Applications of genetic transformation.

Germplasm Storage: Introduction, Long – term storage, Short term or medium – term

storage.Production of Secondary Metabolites: Strategies to optimize product yield,

commercial aspects.

UNIT IV: Introduction and Growth Requirements for Animal Cell Culture 07hrs

General concepts of animal cell culture, Serum free media and role of serum in serum

media, Growth Kinetics


21

UNIT V: Culture of Animal Cells 08hrs

Primary and established cell line cultures, Concept of differentiation and dedifferentiation

Transfection methods, Scaling up of animal cells.


22

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Advanced Methods in Plant Biotechnology, David R Murray, Panima Publishing

Corporation. 1996

2. Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology, 2nd

Edition, Marten J Chrispeels & David

E Sadava, Jones and Barlett Publishers. 1999.

3. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement, H S Chawla, International Book

Distributing Company, 1998.

4. Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology, R J Henry, Chapman and

Hall,1997.

5. Laboratory Manual for Plant Biotechnology, H S Chawla Oxford & IBH

publishing Co. Pvt Ltd. 2003

6. Plant Biotechnology – The Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Adrian Slater, Nigel

Scott & Mark Fowler, Oxford University Press. 2003

7. Plant Tissue Culture – Techniques & Experiments, 2nd

edition, Roberta, H Smith,

Elsevier, 2000

8. Culture of Animal Cells, 4th

edition, R Ian Freshney, Wiley-Liss, 2000

9. Animal Cell Culture-Practical Approach, 3rd

edition, John R.W. Masters, Oxford,

2000

References:

1. Molecular Plant Biology- Volume 1 & 2. Philip M Gilmartin and Chris Bowler:

Oxford University Press. 2005

2. Plant Tissue Culture, S S Bhojwani and M.K Razdan, Elsevier, 2004

3. Plant Biotechnology, J Hammond, P Mc Garvey & V Yusibov, Springer (India)

Pvt Ltd. 2000

4. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food ingredients, J Fu, G

Singh, and W R Curtis (Eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 1999.

5. Biotechnology – Secondary Metabolites. K G Ramawat, J M Merllon, Oxford &

IBH publishing house Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2000

6. Plant Molecular Biology – A Practical Approach, C H Shaw, IRL Press Ltd.

1988.

7. Basic Cell Culture by J M Davis, Oxford , 2000


23

SEMESTER IV


AMB 403 LABORATORY IV

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Blood Grouping and Rh typing

2. Blood film preparation and identification of cells

3. Histological examination of lymphoid tissues

4. Hemocytometry

5. Cell Viability

6. Double diffusion

7. Radial Immuno diffusion

8. DOT- ELISA

9. Agglutination

10. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

11. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture and lay out of Plant tissue culture Laboratory

12. Aseptic manipulation techniques

13. Preparation of MS medium

14. Callus Initiation from Arachis hypogea

15. Multiple shoot proliferation in Citrus nodal segment

16. Callus differentiation and organogenesis

17. Introduction to Animal Cell Culture and lay out of Animal Cell Culture

Laboratory


24

SEMESTER V


AMB 501 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 03


• Learn the industrial aspects of microbiology and the basic approach towards

fermentation. • Understand downstream processing and product recovery

• Understand the role of microorganisms in industrial production of different

products.

• Have a basic idea of nanotechnology.

UNIT-I Bioreactors 08 hrs

The fermentation industry, screening of industrially important microorganisms.

Factors involved in Bioreactor design, design of a bioreactor, Types of Bioreactors.

UNIT-II Fermentation Process 08 hrs

Types of fermentation- batch, continuous, fed batch, surface, and submerged and solid

state fermentation.

Inoculum development, media formulation, scale-up. Process control.

UNIT-III Down Stream Processing and Product Recovery 09 hrs

Filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption, solvent extraction, precipitation,

chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange, affinity) membrane processes (ultra

filtration) and spray drying.

UNIT-IV Industrial Products Derived from Microorganisms 11 hrs

Antibiotic- Penicillin. Steroids, Vaccines. Production of organic acid- Acetic acid, Citric

acid, Production of amino acids- Glutamic acid, Industrial alcohol and SCP and

Mushroom cultivation

UNIT-V Enzymes 09 hrs

Production of enzymes- Protease, amylase, lipase.

Methods of immobilization of enzymes and applications of enzyme immobilization.

Biosensors. Nanotechnology.


25

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Industrial Microbiology, E Casida, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers.

2005

2. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, A L Demain and J E

Davies, ASM Press, 1999

3. Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd

edition, P F Stanbory, Whitaker and

Hall, Elsevier India, 2005

References:

1. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd

edition, W Crueger and A Crueger,

Panima Publication Corporation, 2000

2. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mansi and Bryce, Taylor &

Francis group, 2002

3. Industrial Microbiology, 4th

edition, S C Prescott and D C Dunn, CBS Publishers

and Distributors, 1987

4. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications & Perspectives, C N Niemeyer and

C A Mirkin, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2004

5. Process Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2nd

edition, S N Mukhopadhyaay, Viva

books Pvt. Ltd., 2004


26

SEMESTER V


AMB 502 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATIONS

Contact Hours :45

Credits :03


• Understand and know various aspects of biotechnology based product

development including food science & technology, marketing and consumer

research, finance and communication.

• Develop products which meet consumer needs, and are nutritionally and

commercially viable.

• Recognize the potential for entrepreneurship through marketing.

Unit I: Process and products of animal and plant cell culture. 09 Hrs

Nature of cell culture, Cell growth system, Products from cell culture

Genetically engineered animal cells, plant cells and microorganisms.

Metabolites from genetically modified organisms.

Unit II: Entrepreneurship 09Hrs

Objectives: Nature and scope of product development, market analysis and consumer

study, demand analysis (Laws of demand, feasibility of production), Resource

management (Raw material, human resource, and energy), raising finance

Management (planning , establishment, coordination and control), Excise regulations

Unit III: Product Development 09Hrs

Idea generation, screening (feasibility, consumer study and financial review),

Development of product (selection of raw materials, standardization of technique and

conditions required. Scale up

Unit IV: Biotechnology Programmes: 09Hrs

Role of international organizations in biotechnology, government programmes for

development of biotechnology based products, National strategies and programmes for

growth of biotechniques. Patenting

UnitV: Laws and Regulations 09Hrs

International and national government regulations for recombinant DNA technology

based research (GMO s)

Health concerns (Carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic hazards associated with

microbes)

Regulations for disposal of biohazardous materials

Ethical, legal and social issues.


27

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Marketting Management, Phillip Kotlar.

2. Culture of Animal Cells, 4th

edition, R Ian Freshney, Wiley-Liss,

2000

3. Advanced Methods in Plant Biotechnology, David R Murray, Panima

Publishing Corporation. 1996

4. Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology, 2nd

Edition, Marten J Chrispeels

& David E Sadava, Jones and Barlett Publishers. 1999.

5. Animal Cell Culture-Practical Approach, 3rd

edition, John R.W.

Masters, Oxford, 2000

6. Biotechnology in Crop improvement, H S Chawla, International Book

Distributing Company, 1998

Reference Books:

1. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food ingredients, J

Fu, G Singh, and W R Curtis (Eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press,

1999.

2. Biotechnology – Secondary Metabolites. K G Ramawat, J M Merllon,

Oxford & IBH publishing house Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2000

3. Plant Molecular Biology – A Practical Approach, C H Shaw, IRL

Press Ltd. 1988.

4. Basic Cell Culture by J M Davis, Oxford,2000

5. Innovation Management and New Product Development,

3rd Edition , Paul Trott,Dec Paperback Publications, 2004

6. Essentail Guide to marketing Planning/ The Smarter Student: Study

skills and staregies for success at university, Marian Wood, Kathleen

McMillan, Jonathan Weyers, Pearsons Books Publications, Jul 2007

7. Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations.

International Edition, 2nd Edition, Jakki Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta,

Stanley Slater, Pearsons Books Publications, 2007


28

SEMESTER V


AMB 503 Laboratory V

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Isolation of industrially important microorganisms

i. amylase producing microorganism

ii. protease producing microorganism

iii. lipase producing microorganism

2. Production of citric acid by microorganisms.

3. Quantitation of alcohol.

4. Estimation of lactic acid in curd.

5. Estimation of ascorbic acid.

6. MPN test for determining potability of water.


29

SEMESTER VI


AMB 601 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 03


• Understand and know various aspects of environment, its composition and

properties.

• Understand the significance of various components of environment.

• Have an insight of microbiology of various environments.

• To be aware of various types of biogeochemical cycles.

• To know the concepts of biodegradation, biodetorioration, and bioleaching.

UNIT- I: Microbiology of Air ,Water and Soil 09Hrs Air ,water and soil environment.

Microbial population of air, water and soil.

UNIT-II: Biogeochemical Cycles 09Hrs Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Sulphur Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Iron, Si, Mn, heavy

metals cycles. Hydrogen and Oxygen Cycle. Iron Siderophores

UNIT-III: Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal 09Hrs Sanitary Landfills Composting, Treatment of liquid waste, sewage treatment.

Primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment. Treatment and safety of

water supplies. Disinfection of potable water supplies. Indicators of water potability and

safety.

UNIT IV: Biodegradation 09Hrs

Biodegradation of natural compounds (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, starch, chitin,

methanogenesis and acetogenesis), Biodegradation of environmenta

(pollutants.pesticides, synthetic polymers, detergents and hydrocarbons)

Xenobiotics, bioaccumulation, biomagnifications. GMOs and their impact.

Unit V: Biodeterioration and Bioleaching 09Hrs Definition, biodetorioration of paper and paper pulp, wood, paint, textiles, leather, metals

(corrosion). Control of biodetorioration., Bioleaching of metals, Microbial enhanced oil

recovery.


30

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Plant, Gene and Crop Biotechnology, M J Chrispeel and D E Sadava ASPB

2003.

2. Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology, P K Mohapatra, I K International

Publications, Mumbai, 2006.

3. Environmental Chemistry, A K De, Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Advances in Industrial Waste water treatment, First Edition, Technosound

Publications. 1999.

5. Microbial Ecology- Fundamentals & Applications, 4th

Edition, Ronald . M. Atlas,

Richard Bartha, Pearsrson Publication. 2005.

References:

1. Wastewater Engineering- Treatment, Disposal and Resuse, Metcall and Eddy,

Inc., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi., 1999

2. Comprehensive Biotechnology, Vol.4, M. Moo- Young (Ed-in-chief), Pergamon

Press, Oxford.

3. Introduction to Biodeterioration. D Allsopp and K J Seal, ELBS/Edward Arnold.

4. Bioremediation Engineering: design and Application, Cookson, J T McGraw-

Hill, Inc.1995

5. Environmental Biotechnology – Basic concepts and applications, Indu Shekhar

Thakur, I K International publications. 2006


31

Semester-VI


AMB 602 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

Contact Hours: 45

Credits: 03


• Understand the importance of statistical analysis of biological data

• Learn various methods of statistical analysis

• Get aquatinted to the computational aspect of Biotechnology

UNIT I Basics of Biostatistics 08 hrs

Sampling - Sampling procedure, types of sampling, Classification and tabulation of data,

frequency distribution, probability, addition and multiplication theorem of probability.

UNIT II Measure of central tendency and dispersion 09 hrs

Mean, median and mode, Measures of dispersion - range, mean deviation, standard

deviation, coefficient of variation.

UNIT III Test of significance 10 hrs

Hypothesis testing, Nulls hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, Chi-square test, F-test,

ANOVA-A one way and two way classification.

UNIT IV Computer in Bioinformatics 09 hrs

Computer Basics, Operating Systems (UNIX), Hardware, Software, DOS, Multimedia

network concepts. Internet, LAN, WAN, Web servers. Role of computers in

bioinformatics.

UNIT V Bioinformatics 09 hrs

Overview of bioinformatics - Database types, primary and secondary databases, sequence

databases - nucleotide sequence databases (NCBI, EMBL) and protein sequence database

(PDB), Genbank.


32

Books Recommended:

Essential Readings:

1. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan, Publishing Corporation, 1999

2. Statistical Methods in Biology, 3rd

edition, N T J Bailey, Cambridge University

Press, 1995

3. Statistics for Biologist, R C Campbell, Cambridge University Press, 1989

References:

1. Bioinformatics, Higgins & Taylor, OUP, 2000

2. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, 6th

edition, W W

Daniel, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995

3. Introduction to Bioinformatics, A Teresa and D P Smith, Prentice Hall Publisher,

1999

4. Molecular databases for Protein Sequence and Structure Studies, J A Sillince and

M Sillince, Springer Verlag, 1991

5. Practical statistics for Experimental Biologists, A C Swardlaw, John Wiley and

sons Inc., 1985

6. Sequence analysis primer, Gribskov and Devereux, Stockton Press, 1989


33

SEMESTER VI


AMB 603 LABORATORY VI

Contact Hours: 60

Credits: 02

1. Measurement of soil pH, temperature, moisture, and electrical conductivity; and

their correlation with the microbes

2. Measurement of total phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in soil.

3. Measurement of organic matter in soil.

4. Isolation of thermophilic microorganisms from soil.

5. Isolation of cellulose degrading fungi from soil.

6. Determination of TDS of water sample.

7. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen concentration of water sample.

8. Determination if Biological Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.

9. Determination Chemical Oxygen Demand of sewage sample. 10. Testing potability of water.

11. Simple Problems on biostatistics


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Documents

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS DEPARTMENT OF ... · system, oxygen sensitivity of Nitrogenase enzyme, Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic and free living systems, Nitrate assimilation,