International International Conflicts and Threats Conflicts and Threats to Peace in the 20th to Peace in the 20th CenturyCenturyThe First World War (WWI)The First World War (WWI)

(1914-1918) (1914-1918)

We will take a test on We will take a test on

5th October (MON)5th October (MON)

Please revise: Please revise: The background of the First World The background of the First World

WarWar The four causes of the WarThe four causes of the War

Background of the WarBackground of the War

The war took place during The war took place during

1914-19181914-1918. It was an international . It was an international one since countries from one since countries from Europe, Europe, Asia Asia andand America America fought in this war. fought in this war.

Background of the WarBackground of the War To understand why the war happened, we have to read about the To understand why the war happened, we have to read about the

relations of the Western powers during 1871-1914:relations of the Western powers during 1871-1914:

The Industrial Revolution had started in the West, so the Western states and to compete for colonies in Asia and Africa to find overseas markets for their manufactured goods;

They also competed the land in the Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe.

Background of the WarBackground of the War The spread of The spread of nationalism nationalism had led to the had led to the

rise of rise of Germany Germany and and ItalyItaly, but their relations , but their relations with other great European powers were not with other great European powers were not too friendly in this period. too friendly in this period.

The European situation before the The European situation before the War in the late 19th centuryWar in the late 19th century

Isolated: Britain~Isolated: Britain~1.1. She was the She was the strongest colonial powerstrongest colonial power at at

that time. The colonies included that time. The colonies included India, India, South AfricaSouth Africa, Nigeria,, Nigeria, Egypt Egypt, , Burma Burma andand MalaysiaMalaysia. .

2.2. She was not so interested in European She was not so interested in European affairs. She wanted to affairs. She wanted to maintain trade maintain trade with her colonieswith her colonies. Thus, Britain adopted . Thus, Britain adopted a policy of a policy of splendid isolationsplendid isolation. .

Britain~Britain~

3. However, with 3. However, with rising militaryrising military and and economic threatseconomic threats from from GermanyGermany, Britain , Britain gradually formed alliances with other gradually formed alliances with other countries to countries to maintain (keep) her positionmaintain (keep) her position in Europe, and even in the world. in Europe, and even in the world.

The European situation before the The European situation before the War in the late 19th centuryWar in the late 19th century

Revengeful: FranceRevengeful: France

1.1. She was defeated by She was defeated by PrussiaPrussia in the in the Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War (1870-71) and (1870-71) and had to had to cede landcede land and and pay reparationspay reparations to to Prussia. Later, Germany united Prussia Prussia. Later, Germany united Prussia as the new Germany. as the new Germany.

2.2. France wanted to France wanted to take revengetake revenge on on Germany. Germany.

The European situation before the The European situation before the War in the late 19th centuryWar in the late 19th century

Declining: Austria-Hungary~Declining: Austria-Hungary~

1.1. It was a It was a multi-nationalmulti-national empire. So that it empire. So that it was gradually weakened by the was gradually weakened by the national national groupsgroups fighting for fighting for independenceindependence. .

2. It expanded into the 2. It expanded into the BalkansBalkans after 1870, after 1870, and came into conflicts withand came into conflicts with Serbia Serbia and and RussiaRussia. .

The European situation before the The European situation before the War in the late 19th centuryWar in the late 19th century

Weak: Italy~Weak: Italy~

1.1. Italy was the Italy was the weakestweakest of the European of the European powers. She had powers. She had colonial conflictscolonial conflicts with with FranceFrance in Africa. in Africa.

2. She formed an alliance with 2. She formed an alliance with Germany and Germany and Austria- HungaryAustria- Hungary. .

The European situation before The European situation before the War in the late 19th the War in the late 19th centurycentury

Expanding: Germany~Expanding: Germany~

1.1. She was a new industrial power that She was a new industrial power that actively set up coloniesactively set up colonies and and aimed to aimed to surpass Britainsurpass Britain..

2.2. The The military aggressionmilitary aggression of Germany of Germany threatened other European powers.threatened other European powers.

3.3. Germany wanted to isolate France to Germany wanted to isolate France to prevent France from attackingprevent France from attacking. .

The European situation before The European situation before the War in the late 19th the War in the late 19th centurycentury

Ambitious: Russia~Ambitious: Russia~

1.1. She had the She had the biggest statebiggest state with with the largest the largest armyarmy in Europe, but her in Europe, but her economyeconomy was was weaker than most other powers. weaker than most other powers.

2. She hoped to expand into 2. She hoped to expand into Asia Asia and and the the BalkansBalkans, and this led to conflict with , and this led to conflict with Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary. .

The European situation before The European situation before the War in the late 19th the War in the late 19th centurycentury

Table of relationsTable of relations

Hostile natioHostile nations ns

((敵對的敵對的 ))

ReasonsReasons

BritainBritain GermanyGermany Germany threatened its Germany threatened its military and economic military and economic statusstatus

FranceFrance Austria-Austria-HungaryHungary

Defeated by Germany in Defeated by Germany in warwar

GermanyGermany Britain and Britain and France France

Challenged Britain’s Challenged Britain’s economiceconomic

The main factors that caused the mistrust The main factors that caused the mistrust among the European powers are :among the European powers are :

1) 1) The Alliance SystemThe Alliance System

2) 2) The armaments raceThe armaments race

3) 3) Colonial rivalriesColonial rivalries

4) 4) The rise of extreme nationalismThe rise of extreme nationalism

Causes of the WarCauses of the War

Starting the Alliance System: Starting the Alliance System:

1) In order to isolate France and prevent her 1) In order to isolate France and prevent her from taking revenge, in from taking revenge, in 18731873, German , German Chancellor Chancellor BismarckBismarck formed the formed the Three Three Emperors’ LeagueEmperors’ League with with RussiaRussia and and Austria- Austria- HungaryHungary, which marked , which marked the start of Alliance the start of Alliance SystemSystem. .

Causes of the WarCauses of the War

The Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance

Formed by Formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italyand Italy in 1882. in 1882.

The Triple EntenteThe Triple Entente

Formed by Formed by Britain, Russia and France Britain, Russia and France in 1907in 1907..

Causes of the WarCauses of the War

Effects of the Alliance SystemEffects of the Alliance System

1) 1) These two groups of powers opposed to These two groups of powers opposed to each other. If there was a conflict each other. If there was a conflict

between any of them, no power was left between any of them, no power was left to to bring peace or to stop the war.bring peace or to stop the war.

2) 2) When war broke out between members of When war broke out between members of an opposite camp, other members an opposite camp, other members

would would also join the war.also join the war.

Causes of the WarCauses of the War

Causes of the War—the Causes of the War—the armaments racearmaments race

Armaments were symbols of Armaments were symbols of strength of a strength of a nationnation. The European powers wanted to . The European powers wanted to protect protect their own countriestheir own countries, they also , they also wanted to protect wanted to protect their overseas colonies their overseas colonies and tradeand trade. .

Took place Took place during 1871-1914during 1871-1914 They raced to: They raced to:

Expand their armiesExpand their armies through through conscriptionconscription (called more young men to join the army) and (called more young men to join the army) and modern training methodsmodern training methods

Build dreadnoughtsBuild dreadnoughts: a larger and more : a larger and more powerful type of warshippowerful type of warship

Develop new weaponsDevelop new weapons: cannons, machine : cannons, machine guns. guns.

Causes of the War—the Causes of the War—the armaments racearmaments race

Two disarmament conferences were held in Two disarmament conferences were held in 18991899 and and 19071907 respectively at the respectively at the Hague Hague in in Holland Holland, , but failed in the end. but failed in the end.

Effects of the armaments raceEffects of the armaments race1)1) It increased tensions in EuropeIt increased tensions in Europe. . 2)2) Every power from each camp had to keep up the Every power from each camp had to keep up the

military power with one another, they would military power with one another, they would increase their armaments. increase their armaments.

3)3) Each power had Each power had large stores of weapons for large stores of weapons for preparations of war in the case of a conflictpreparations of war in the case of a conflict . .

Causes of the War—the Causes of the War—the armaments racearmaments race

The European powers fought for colonies for The European powers fought for colonies for economiceconomic and and politicalpolitical reasons reasons

Economic reasons: Economic reasons:

Began setting up colonies to Began setting up colonies to obtain more obtain more raw materials and overseas markets in raw materials and overseas markets in Asia and Africa.Asia and Africa.

Causes of the War—the Causes of the War—the colonial rivalriescolonial rivalries

Political reasons:Political reasons:

BritainBritain— — having many colonies to keep having many colonies to keep her powerful position in European.her powerful position in European.

Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy— — setting up more setting up more colonies to show their status and power.colonies to show their status and power.

FranceFrance— — setting up more colonies to re-setting up more colonies to re-established its power status after having established its power status after having defeated in the Franco- Prussian War.defeated in the Franco- Prussian War.

Causes of the War—the Causes of the War—the colonial rivalriescolonial rivalries

Causes of the War—Causes of the War—the colonial rivalriesthe colonial rivalries

Several incidents occurred due to the colonial Several incidents occurred due to the colonial rivalries during 1871-1914: rivalries during 1871-1914:

Conflict over Conflict over TunisiaTunisia

The Moroccan The Moroccan CrisesCrises

Year took Year took placeplace

18811881 1905-06; 19111905-06; 1911

Powers Powers involvedinvolved

France vs ItalyFrance vs Italy France vs GermanyFrance vs Germany

Places to be Places to be colonized colonized

Tunisia Tunisia (northern (northern

Africa)Africa)

Morocco (northern Morocco (northern Africa)Africa)

Conflicts over TunisiaConflicts over Tunisia The Moroccan The Moroccan CrisesCrises

Develop-Develop-mentsments

Both France and Italy Both France and Italy wanted to invade wanted to invade Tunisia as their colony, Tunisia as their colony, but Italy failed in the but Italy failed in the end. end.

France and France and Germany fought Germany fought for Morocco as for Morocco as their colony, but their colony, but Germany failed Germany failed in the end. in the end.

Results/ Results/ effectseffects

Italy joined the alliance Italy joined the alliance with Germany and with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Austria-Hungary, and turned it into the Triple turned it into the Triple AllianceAlliance

Their relations Their relations became became worsened. worsened.

Causes of the War—the colonial rivalriesCauses of the War—the colonial rivalries

Nationalism– Nationalism–

It is a belief that people within one nation It is a belief that people within one nation and with the same customs, language, and with the same customs, language, religion and history should have the right to religion and history should have the right to self-government.self-government.

Causes of the War—Causes of the War—Extreme NationalismExtreme Nationalism

Before 1871, the nationalism helped many Before 1871, the nationalism helped many European states (such as European states (such as BelgiumBelgium and and GermanyGermany) win ) win independenceindependence or or uniteunite to to form single nationsform single nations. .

It turned extreme after 1871. It turned extreme after 1871.

Causes of the War—Causes of the War—Extreme NationalismExtreme Nationalism

Causes of the War—Causes of the War—Extreme NationalismExtreme Nationalism