-W:-i.This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the author

International Council for theExploration of the Sea

JC.N. 1976/ E: 11

Fisheries Improvement Cttee....

Replacement of fish meal in trout feeds *)========================================

.by

J. Gropp,2) H. Koops 3), K. Tiews 3) and H. Beck1 )

1) Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie undErnährungsphysiologie im Fachbereich Tiermedizin derUniversität MünchenVeterinärstraße 13, D-8000 München 22

2) SANDOZ- Forschungsinstitut GmbH,Brunnerstraße 59, A-1235 Wien

3) Institut für Küsten- und Binnenfischerei derBundesforschungsanstalt für FischereiPalmaille 9, D- 2000 Hamburg 50

----------*) This paper has been submitted also to the FAO Technical

Conference on Aquaculture in Kyoto, 26.5. - 2.6.1976

iudThünen

2.

..

1 'INTRODUCTION... ' .

In 1970 .~ coopcrative :resenrch program was startcd,by th~,Institut für Kilstcn- und- Binnenfischerei and the Institut fürPhysiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Ernilllrungsphysiologieof the LJniversity of ~funich in order to dcyelop oPtim~ll pelleted

(,ü,ö, Tf-Ib,~, t, Cf,,'feed for intensive farmingof rainbow trout in cages. One of thcmain objectives has" oeen to li"evef9P ufec'd of high ancJ constantquality (standard diet) as weIl as to evaluate different proteinsources. Desideseconomicnl aspects have not heen neglected.

In the following the latest re~ults of these studies are given.

2 HETlIODOLOGY ..T\\'o expcrimcnta 1 s ta t ions ,...ere ava i lable, one in Hamburg-;nahrcnfeld and one in Eckernfördc on the"coast of the ,...esternBaltic .. In l~~burg-nahrenfeld up to l~ net cages mcasuring2x2x2 m could bc placed in a concrete:ponl} of .theGerman Electron. .... . 2·Synchrot~on (DESY) which covers abo~i 1000 m and is 5 m deep.The pond is fed at n rate of ca. 12 I/sec ,.,rith heated coolingwater, temperatures of whic]1 fluctuate·between 8 °c in winterand some 20 oe during summer relatively littlc. The ~ater isotaken from the ground water.

In Rckernfönle at the end of the Bight of Eckernförde up to16 cages were available having a size of 4 x 1.8 x 3.5 m(1 m above, 2.5 m below su~face), so that each cage has a volumeof ahout 14 m3 . Thc cages are installed under a navy hrillge andare well protected against stormy weather. 'The depdlof thewater at the pi ace of locating the net cages is 6 - l~. Thesilinity ranges betwecn 13 and 20 %~ and the water temperaturebetween + 4 und +24 °c from April toOctober. In the fable Annex

...

- 3 -

thc letters J) and J: in the nOlilellcla turc of thc. l~xpcriJ;'lcnt$ n.-fcr

the locH tions Oes)' ant.! Eck~ rnH3rde ",hyTe thc experiments \,"c1'e c::! 1'1' ll"'liout.

" POl' ~ach experiment::!l run u$t1al1~ 150 - 200 fi5h ,o/ere uscd ineach cagc.jlainho\~ trout (S. ga1'idileri)' uS

4-

3 SUnSTITUTES OF fISH MEAL

A sori.es of experiments llsing '(1 protein-equivalent mixture of pOlll-'

t ry by- prolIuc t mca 1 and hyu 1'0 li zcu [ca ther moa 1 i 11S teaJ 0 f Ei sh

lllC'al was ci.lrriccl out.

At thc heginning of these experiments the crude protein 'level

of 'poul try by-procluc t mea 1 anu fea thcr moal h'as detcrmined ,d th

50 ami r,3 ~, respectively, so tIlat a mixture of these compollents \dth

ratio of 5.7 : 4.l gave the same protein conccntration as fishineal (64 ~). J>uring the course of thc experiments, the protein

level of poultry by-product meal \'::1$ il~crc'

..- 5 -

Thi5 re5ul t lcj.cl to '1 further expcriTi"cnt. I t is \v-c] 1 kno\m that

in c~se of n protcin having an amino ncid dcricien~y th~ amino acidrcqu i rC'llll~n t can h

_ 6_'"

The experimental data sho~ a good utillzation of alkane yeast,(Toprina, product of BP) by trout within the tcsted range. Theslight improvement (with '25 %dietary, protein from yeast) l~okssimilar to the effect obscrved at"ter replacing 25 %, fish meal,protein by poultry by.;.products. Tho,arginine,supplementation,ofthEi 50 '~~" yeast protein diet, does, not soom to give differ~nt: ';,results (ta1?les VII 'and VIII). Ho\·/Cver, arginine 18, an essentialamino acid for salmon {Hertz (1972».

',. '.

In compariaon to the st~ndo.rd 'diet:, the c~mplete"replacenierit offiah meal by an isonitregcneous'mixture cf GOY bennoil meal' ..and,iaolated soy:protei~, (Purina RP 100).. gave unsatisfactoryresulto (Koops, et 0.1 (1975». "G~o\'/th ~ate, in -the ,o'oy ßroup ~as

'depressedby,68 %, lfoed effi~i~ncy by 231..%.' Even: a supplementation,ofthe soy diotby the amino acids methionine"lysine and,glycine

. '. , " ..dld not influence these unfavoura:trle,'results. , ,

Nevertheleos HAYPRO, a ooy protej.~ ?oncentrate with ca. 60 % crudeprotein,was tested. HAYPRO iouoed,in:milk replacer foramlas forcalves Withgood~success {Gropp (1972»,: where aoy bean",oilme,alalso gives ,unsatisfa6tory·data.'f~' "

The resulto of'the experimentn DVIII/74 and DX/7~ a~e in good,agreement. Independen{; from,: the main ,(75 %) proteinsour~e"HAYPROcan be incorporated in trout feed at a level of',25 %' ' '..

, , .. , /

of the diotary'protein.' In 'both experiments, ~~ere was ,no differenceto' tho' c'orrcsponding' controi 'groups. That means,' that fiah mealcan' be 'compietoly 'replaced 'on apr'oteln,.basis; by 75 %. poultry',::by-products and'25 ~ HAYFRO (tabl~s IX and X).' , .

Howevor ~. slight' tendcn~y f'or ~ d~c;cas'edgr~wth'rate and'-:re's'def.ficion~y could be ,S~o.~,"if 50"i:' ~f the d1e'tary:protein were,replaced bY HAYFRO.' 75 %repi~ce'm~~t by HAYPRO l'ea'd 1;0 a significantdepression~of the overall pcrrorrnancc (tablcs IX and X).'·

•

- 7 -

• These data were encouragingenough, despite of our first results, "':'1 th ~oybean oil' meal andisolated 'soy protein (Purina') (Koopset al. (1975) to compare HAYPRO'with soy bean'oilmeal'on a 50 %replacement level. In the HAYFRO group .229 'g.'gain and 1.65' g feed/ggain were measured. Only'215 g gain.and 1.72 g feed/g gain wereobtained in the soy.bean oil m~al group. Consequently there must.be abasie difference:in the feeding value of the soy protein -concentrate HAYPRO and normal soy bean li1 meal.

3.4g2E~_g!~~~~_~~~!

Corn° gluten meal is a high protein feedstuff (ca•. 60 % crudeprotein) ofinferior protein"quality (low lysine and tryptophane

elevel) •

Rainbow trout tolerate and weIl utilize corn gluten meal amountingto 25 %o~ the.dietary protein ,(table XI). It isworth mentioningthat in comparison to the control group equalor even slightly,'better results ,were ,0btained witl?- ~ diet containing 50 %'. each of, .it's protein as vegetable protein and aS,poultry ,by~product.,protein respectively.' :, ' , '

"

4 Discussion, ,

Poul~ry by-product meal, and hydrolized feather meal are suitablefeedstuffs.in.rep~acingmore or.less all the fish ~eal (70 %)of a trout standard diet.:

eFi'sh ~eal'free' trout diets can contain as' much as 30 % feather meal, . .

as protein scurce. This is a surprising finding since as far 'as .known not more than 5-10 %feather.meal can be included in a

'. complete feed'for:other ~on6gastric' animals (pig, po~lt~yj unless'harmful effects (e.'g. g~owth d~pr~s'sion) occur~ ..

The high'prot~in requirement of trout(ca.: 45 %of the ration)·, .' ~ , . ' • • 8

is not connected with equally high amino acid.requirementsas;cou'ld be' expected accordi:ng to' the amin~ ,acid pattern" of ' fishbody protei.ri.~, Tr~ut 'prot~in contains ca~ '8 % lYSine(Tiew~ et 0.1.,

; . ,

'," , :' '

8 -

(11)73)). The lysine antI tryptophnnc' rcquit;ement data ~~ivt'n b)' Her.tz(1972)' are 5:0'nnd, O. S' ~ cf Jietar!,pl..otein,~·cspcctively.. l~ : •

• f,. ...

Our~diet'with'SO 'dietarySprotein'~~~ing from'fish rne~l"ari~ ,.

50 ~,from poul ti'y hr-pröduc t mea1 and fea ther' meal' con tains S. (f ~lys~ne and 0.8' tryptoph~ne(calculatej levels). Another r6a~on

favouring the poultry by-proJucts-mixtur'e' ,i5 its arginine

level (6.7 ~ of protein). Thc-arginine requirenent of -trollt 'i5 sug~

gested with 6.0 , of dietary protein (~ertz, 1972). Fish' mea~ ~roteincontains only 5.9 0& arginine amI 7.S - 8.0,\ lysine.· ..· -

Th~s"mny also explnin,why good resillts were'oht~inedwith alkane"

yeast (4. 8 ~ a!ginine) in comhina 1'.iol1 ""i th poul try by-products i.independent from an arginine supp~ementation.

On 'the 7 5 ,~ rep lacelllcnt love 1 (0 f- fi sh meal-prote in by .pou I try "

by-products) there is a shortagc of' lysine (4.3 , of prot'ein) in'"cOlllpa r i son to thc rcqui rement da ta: IIoh'cver, p,ood resul ts wi th'

the pou]trr by-products, IIAYPRO and cörn glutenmealdiet

(3.8 ~ lysine) in experiment D XI/75 (table XI),'may support the

suggestion that the lysine reqlliremcnt of trout is'possibly lo\\er

than estimated so far.

On a 46 - 50 \ dietary,protein basis the origi.nal amino ac'idlevcl

(lnainly lysine and 'methionine) 6f- pOllltry by-products iso not

sufficicnt to replace fi5h mcal successfully. As could be demon-

stra teel, these di f ferences can be cOlupcnsa teu by add ing the

lacking amino a~ids.

;.The uiet cönsistin~ onlyof poultry h)'-prodnet meal and fcather ,.

meal(anu fat~ vit~mins; sec .table IV) provides a higher amino

acid suppl}" than the ration wj~ll 75 \dietary protein coming frompoultry·by-productsdoes~"All amino a~ius of tllis diet, which·are not

used to cover·t~c essentia 1 amino ac id requi rcment of trout~' serve

as energy, source. 'The encrgetic ValtlO of a"highly Jigestihl~

proi~in"-not ~orrcl~tcd with the protein'value - is ~l~ays highci"

than the corrcsponuin'g data'of carhn!lyllratc.'s. Conseqt~ently it tle-

peJlus on])' Oil thC' :lcttlnl pricc sitlwtion, ":hcther protein (of

pOOl' quallt)') i5 used ns Cln energy sourcc instead cf carbohydrates

01' not.

r

I

..- 9 -

COIl~idering tlac soy-expcrilllents one Jaust tlifferentiatc bet,,'een

the so)' protein per se and the soy pro tein source. There is noscrious dOllbt that soy protein is a valuabIc protein solirce also

for trout l hut soy bean oil mcal doC's not secm to bc - at le,lst. .not at thc SO ~ rcplaCCliIl'llt lcvcl. \'o'hi1c IIAYl'iW i s \\'('] 1 lItil i zeJ

bythc ~rout up.to 50 , of dictary protein, the poorer rcsults

obtained with soy hcan oil moal are probably cor~elatcli to its

carhohydratc fr

- 10 - .

6 References

•

H. ,

E.T.,

..'

Mertz,1972

(6)

(8)

(2) Gropp,1974

(3) Koops,1970.

(4) Koops,1974

(5) Koops,

(1) Gropp,. J., Auf dem Weg zum IJIilchproteinersatz.,.:,1972 . 'Kraftfutter, 55: 294- 500

J.~ Tiews, K~, Koops, H. and Tie~s, J.::. .Zur Proteinversorgung'in der Forellenzucht.Z. Tierphysiol., Tierern•. , Fut.termittelkd.33 (4): 224-283Fütterungsversuche mit Trockenfuttermitteln

. bei Forellen. .Fischwirt, 20 (12): 284-286

H., Tiews, K., Tiews, J. and Gropp, J.,Stärke- und Futterverwertung netzkäfig-gehaltener Regenbogenforellen (S. gairdneri).Aquaculture, 4 (3): 277- 286 ,'.'

H., T;;.ews, K., Beck, H. and Gropp, J.:. •Die Verwertun~'vonSojaprotein.durch.die Regen-bogenforelle lS. gairdneri).· '.'Arch. Fischwiss. 26 (2/3): 151-153, 1976The protein and amino acid needs, in:Fish nutrition, edited by Halver, J.E.Academic Press, New York and London: 106-143

," . .

Tiews, J., Gropp, J., Koops, H. and Tiews, K.,Über die Gestaltung von Mischfutterrationenfür Forellen in der Netzkäfighaltung.Z. Tierphysiol., Tierern., Fu.ttermittelkde,29 (6) : 267-273

Tiews, K., ,Koops, H., Gropp, J. and Tie\'ls, J.; " .1973 Über die Körperzusammensetzung netzkäfig-ge-

haItener Forellen (S. 'gairdneri) in Abhängig-keit von Fütterung und Wachstum. .Arch. Fischwiss., 24 (1-3): 261-269

Tiews, K., Gropp, J. and Koops, H.,1975 On the development of optimal rainbow trout

pellet feeds.lCES,. Fisherieslmprov'ement Committee, C.M.1975 E 5, 1-30

:

-.- 11 -

7.. TABLE ANNEX

Table I Composition or the standard diet in ~

e"

Fish meal

Fish oil

Sodium-propionate

Vitamin-premix1 )

Wheat meal (gelatinized)

70.0

8.0

0.3

2.0

19.7

100.02).

1)

2)

Vitamin-premix contains in 20 g:

40.000 I.U. vitamin A, 1.000 I.U. vitamin D3 ,100 mgd-tocopherol-acetate, 5"mg menadione

-bisulfite, 500 mg ascorbic acid, 15 mg thia-

mine, 30 mg riboflavine, 15 mg pyridoxine,

10 mcg cobalamine, 2 mg folie acid, 1.5 mg

biotine, 1 g choline, 50 mg Ca-pantothenate,

150 mg nicotinic acid; trace elements (as

sulfat~s): 40 mg Mn, 10 mg Zn, 5 mg Cu,

50 mcg J (as KJ).

.Typical crude nutrient analysis:

46 % crude protein, 13 % ether ext~act, 13 %ash, 3 % Caand 1.6 % P.

Table II Replacecent cf fish IDeal by pcultry by-products

Composition of diets and crude nutrient analysis in %(Experiment _. ~")X/.7 ~J_

Poultry by:p~odt!~"t .. p"rotein i!L~. pf the :t'i~h. m~al__}lro:tei:n.- "f

0 25 50 75 100 100 + AAl)".

Sodium-propionate 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Redfish oil 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0Vitamin"'7"preraix2 ) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0Wheat (gelat inized) 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 "19.7 17.376Fish meal 70.0 52.5 35.0 .17.5Poultry by-product meal 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0' 40.0 ~f\)Feather meal(hydrolized) 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0 30.0 I

Amino acids1 ) 2.324

Crude protein 46.1 47.2 50.2 52.6 48.1 48.9

Ether extract 12.2 13.3 11.5 11.5 12.3 12.8

Water .. 9.6 8.8 8.3 7.3 6.9 6.8Ash 12.7 10.8 8.9 6.7 4.7 4.8

Calcium 3.02 2.52 2.15 1.67 1.25 1.34Phcsphorus 1.55 1.38 1.23 0.98 0.80 0.84

1) Amino acids: 1.7 % I-lysine HCl , 0.48 % dl-me1;:hionine, 0.14~ %dl-tryptophane

2) see table I- ,- ~

• .e " .. "

•,., 13 '"

.~! !;'I';"'llHmt: ()f fi!';L meal hy pouJtr.y h'i'-J\.·,,"IlH~',:~

r;,. j II und .ieed ef.f icioncy; 3 eXperiDl(;nt~:

~ V..O,/'73 (125 expcrimerltnl days 1 96 icndi Hl;' d.aY:J 0'o .

x;:: 11.1 C \!all'r temperatllre)

i:: .rX/7-1 ( 88 experimental" days, 68 feedi ng dayn!- 0 'x::.: 13.8 C water tempcrature)

.0 ~/74 (102 experlt!lcntnl days, 69 feeding. days I- 0x= 11.5 C water t8mperature)

"

.Poultry by-product protein in %of the dietary f1sh meal- PEot~_~!:.

;_::..p"~ri·. Standard dietI,. ,?1:._ ... ....• ~.70 %'f ish meal)

100 +25 50 75 100 AA 1),._._----------

. '~!1~l: ">:i'>! :},':1 J~.~: H .'. l·~.~~}

201

·1:13

1'72

214 215

142 127 124 117 126

lB9._- _.'. ...... . . ..- -- -"'~ _.. '- -- --(J 0'7 ) (102) ( 1~12)

~ ......""..... -, -_.•.. ' .. __'._.~ .••_._ ••.~ _.·· __ ,._~••~"_,,, ••• r .• ~ _ "_~'._.__ " •.••. ".".~",~. _, _'_',_•. ,

o. ~)nL 3'J

J,40

O.!H

1.41 1.40

.1..36

"-'- ._---------._-_..,.- ~_ _ _.--.. _..--. --_.- .(lOO) (91) ( 101) (101.)

.1)IÜ:t!n~" :;q:id supplement: 1.7 "" l··lysine Hel, O~,ltl % dl-.lI\nlhiol11t:,,: 0.141 % dl-tl'yplophane

J

..

- 14 -

Tab1c IV R~J)laccment of fish 111cn1 anel carbohy

-.•

Table V

15 -

Table VI

- 16-

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal

(Experiments DI/ 74, EIX/74)

•

•

-.

.$ replacement of fish meal protein

Poultry by_products 75 75 50Maat and bone meal , 25 -Meat and bone meal,

75 25blood meal

Experiment D X/74 E IX/74

egain (g) 189 157 1~3 108 130 .(relative

(100)· (83) (100) (81) (98). figures)

g feed/g gain 1.36 1.64 1.33 1.59 1.34(relative

(100) (121) (100) (120) (101)figures)

•

I•!. l

!

.:

- 17 -•

'R~placement of fish meal by alkane yeast'Composit1.on of diets and crude nutrientanalysis in '% (~eri~~nt E XII/75)

-, ": ~ ...- .', .-j. t ~;..... ,~.. - .•.... . .-. ~ I. '"

. ' ..;."...~.: >"

'Poultry bY-!,:i:'oducts 50 50 50 50A1kano 6ro~m yca.otr:i 25 50 50+Al1 ).- ....Oalc1tm-px.·opionate :0.30 O~3

,." "0.3 . 0.;'\0, '.,

7 ~'o _: ..Rcdfish oil. .. "-~" -- .... ,.~-, 7.0· 7.0 7.0'Vita~in-prcmix2) 0.6 0.60 0.60 0.6\~rnoa.t (gclatiuizad) .22.1 . 20.74 .19.38 .18.0)

_"1oh monl '. '3~.O 17.50 -Poultry bY-l'z'oduot aeal. 20.0 20.00 20.00 20.0.

' .Fct.l.thor IJeal (hYd.~o11ried) 15.0 15.00 15.00 .15.0 ..AlJ:nne yoaot3>.. ',: ... - 10.70 37.40 - :;7.40k.'lino ucidc Ci) 0.324) 0,8'71 )- o 16·. ,

-~- r •• •• ... ........- . ......... d --Crudc 'protcin 51.5 49.0 50.6 51.4Ether ox-trt:'.ct '14,.5 13.7 11.9 13.1\i'atcr 7.5· 7.2 7.2 G.6Aoh 9.5 7.5 5.3 5.9CulciUtl 2.35 2.20 0.99 1.11l'hoo phorno 1.51 1.34 1.09 1.h1...~.-.......~....---. - -~) 0.32 ~;. dl-f'(j\?tl1j oninu, o. S5 ~2) nr:o tal)lc IV

3)p~ouuct of BP, t.nitod Kingdom

4)0,32 ~ dl-mcthionino

5)0.16 ~ dl-mcthionina

•

Table VIII

- 18-

Replacement of fish meal by alkane', yeast

Gain and f'eed efficieney, 1 experiment:

E ,XII/75 (104 experimental days,83 fecding days,

x = 17.4°0 water temperature)

•

t '

.' %replacement of fish meal'protein

Poultry by products 50 50 50 50•. Alkane yeast 25 50 50+AA

. gain (g) 210 218 216 221

(relative figures) (100) (104) (103) (105)

g feed/g gain ' 1.38 1.34 1.36 1.,32

(relative figures) (100) (97) (98) (95)

.. , ." ~l'

...

1) sec table land tahle IV

2) sl:pplemented \~i th dl-methionine (1.2 " of so)' protein)3) lysine equiva1ent to fish mealn.d. = not dctcrmincd

Table X Replacement of fleh meal by HAYPRO

Gain and feed efficiency, 3 experiments:

DVIII/74:(' 90 experimental days, 68 feeding dars,- ' . ° '.' :X = 15.8 Cwatertemperature)

D I/74 (102 experimental days, 69 feeding dars,- 1 °x = 1.5 0 water temperature)

D XI/75 (140 experimental days, 91 feeding days,i = 18.0°0 water temperature)

.' ,.% replacement of diefary--flsh" meal .protein

25

D VIII/74

HAYPRO

Poultry by-products

Experiment

gain (g) .

(relative figures)

g feed/g gain(relative figures)

, .177

(100)

..1.43

(100)

180

. (101)

1.38, (97)

25 50 75.:75 50 50

D X/74 D XI/75 l\)o·I

172 174 236 229 205

(100) (102) (100) , '(97) (87)•

1.40 1.41 1.59 1.65 1.82

(100) (100) (100) (104) (115)

·1 • • • •...'

.•• •

Table 11

- 21-

Replacement of fieh meal by corn gluten meal

Experiment D XI/75 (140 experimental days,91 feeding days,

i = 18.0°0 water temperature)

$replacement of dietaryfish meal ··protein

...

..

Corn gluten mealPoultry by-productsHAYPRO

galn (g)(relative figures)

g feed/g gain(relative figures)

.-,

50

236

(100)

1.59

(100)

r-

25

50

249

(106)

1.51(95)

25

5025

',.

246

(104)

1.55(97)