TheInternationalForestry Review

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EDITORS: JOHN A. PARROTTA and MARY A. CARR

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The Congress logo symbolizes the Earth composed of trees, forests, mountains,and waters in harmony, representing the Congress title “Forests for the Future:Sustaining Society and the Environment.” In Oriental philosophy, the universeconsists of heaven being made of yin and yang; and earth is composed of the fiveelements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) in a state of flux and constantinteraction. The logo illustrates the philosophy of conservation and sustainablemanagement of the world’s forests following natural law.

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International Forestry Review Vol. 12 (5), 2010

Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the EnvironmentXXIII IUFRO World Congress, 23-28 August 2010, Seoul, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACTS

The International Forestry Review

Editor Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board

Alan PottingerThe Crib, Dinchope, Craven Arms, Shropshire SY7 9JJ, UKEmail: alan.pottinger@cfa-international.org

Jim Ball11 Mansion House Mews, Corsham, Wilts SN13 9BBEmail: jbball1@yahoo.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Board

Jim BallIndependent, Italy/UK

Timothy BoyleIndependent, Canada

Eberhard BruenigUniversity of Hamburg, Germany

Neil ByronAustralian Productivity Commission Melbourne, Australia

Jim CarleFAO, Rome, Italy

Ebby ChagalaKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Nairobi, Kenya

Mafa ChipetaFAO, Rome, Italy

Jonathan CorneliusJames Cook University, Australia

John InnesUniversity of British Colombia, Canada

Peter KanowskiAustralian National University, Canberra, Australia

Jean-Paul LanlyConseil Général du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts, Paris, France

Bill MasonForestry Research, Edinburgh, UK

Cesar SabogalCentre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Brazil

Naresh SaxenaIndependent, New Delhi, India

Jeff SayerScience Adviser: International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland

Lee Su SeeForestry Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia

Josef TurokInternational Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy

Peter WoodIndependent, Oxford, UK

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The Editor, International Forestry Review,The Crib, Dinchope, Shropshire SY7 9JJ, UKTelephone: +44 (0)1588 672868Email: cfa@cfa-international.org, Web: www.cfa-international.org

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The InternationalForestry Review

Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

XXIII IUFRO World Congress, 23–28 August 2010, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstracts

EDITORS

JOHN A. PARROTTA and MARY A. CARR

ii XXIII IUFRO World Congress Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

Preface

On behalf of the Congress Scientifi c Committee for the XXIII World Congress of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), it is my pleasure to present this collection of abstracts of plenary, sub-plenary, technical, and poster presenta-tions that constitute the Congress scientifi c program. These 2,165 abstracts represent the latest research of forest scientists and students from nearly 100 countries, as well as the signifi cant contributions of the approximately 200 session organizers, the Congress Organizing Committee at the Korea Forest Research Institute in Seoul, and colleagues from IUFRO Headquarters in Vienna since the Congress Scientifi c Committee began its work in 2006.

The Congress title, Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment, refl ects both the long-standing ethos of our profession and the aims of IUFRO. In its 2006-2010 Strategy, IUFRO committed itself to strengthen forest research for the benefi t of forests and people in part by addressing the changing needs and priorities of forest science and IUFRO’s members. The strategy also aims to expand IUFRO’s strategic partnerships and cooperation by promoting interdisciplinary scientifi c cooperation; increasing involvement of students (our future) in IUFRO’s activities; expanding partner-ships with international organizations, governments and stakeholders; and strengthening communication and linkages with the broader scientifi c community, policy-makers, and society at large.

The themes around which the Congress scientifi c program is structured, cover the full range of IUFRO’s traditional and emerging scientifi c priorities, and highlight issues of paramount importance for the future of forests and the broad spectrum of environmen-tal, social, cultural, and economic benefi ts that forests provide to people in both rural and urban societies worldwide. Three of these themes—Forests and Climate Change, Biodi-versity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Resources, and Frontiers in Forest and Tree Health—underscore the contributions that forest science has and will continue to make towards enhancing understanding of, and developing strategies to help address, the deepening global environmental challenges that we face in this increasingly unsustainable era. The Congress themes on Forest Environmental Services, Forest Products and Production Processes for a Greener Future, and Emerging Technologies in the Forest Sector cover a range of socioeconomic, policy, and technological issues and topics related to the evaluation and sustainable utilization of forest ecosystems and forest products. Under the theme Asia’s Forests for the Future, the Congress will showcase advancements in forest science across all disciplines with a focus on issues of particular relevance for Asia, including the host country for the Congress, the Republic of Korea. Finally, the Congress themes, Forests, Communities and Cultures, and Forests, Human Health and Environmental Security, highlight IUFRO’s commitment to strengthen the role of forest research and interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand the social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions of the complex relationships that exist between people and forests worldwide.

Regardless of your particular areas of interest and scientifi c expertise, we hope that this volume of abstracts—organized by Congress program structure with its menu of 5 plenary, 15 sub-plenary, and 150 technical and poster sessions—will encourage, perhaps inspire, you to explore and expand your interests in a broad array of contemporary topics in forest science.

Dr. John A. ParrottaU.S. Forest Service, Research & Development

Chair, Congress Scientifi c Committee

The International Forestry Review Vol.12(5), 2010 iii

Preface

iv XXIII IUFRO World Congress Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

Preface

The International Forestry Review Vol.12(5), 2010 v

Contents

PLENARY SESSIONS ………………………………………………………………………………… 1

SUB-PLENARY SESSIONS ………………………………………………………………………… 3

SP-2 Can forestry and forest sector activities contribute to mitigating climate change? ……………………… 3SP-3 Conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources …………………………………………… 4SP-4 Forest biodiversity – the key to healthy and resilient forests …………………………………………… 6SP-6 New frontiers of forest economics ……………………………………………………………………… 7SP-7 Agroforestry: the way forward …………………………………………………………………………… 8SP-8 Keep Asia Green: rehabilitating and restoring forest ecosystems in Asia ……………………………… 8SP-9 Enhancement of service life of wood in an environmentally conscious global society ………………… 10SP-11 Forest biomass utilization for bio-energy: technology, economics and environment …………………… 11SP-12 Forest health in a changing environment ………………………………………………………………… 13SP-13 Promoting urban forest services in partnership between scientists and communities ………………… 14SP-14 An honest conversation about decentralization and forest livelihoods in a globalized world ………… 15SP-15 IUFRO award winners – the next generation …………………………………………………………… 16

TECHNICAL SESSIONS ……………………………………………………………………………… 20

Theme A: Forests and Climate Change …………………………………………………………………………… 20A-01 Climate change in the boreal forest zone: impacts and interactions …………………………………… 20A-02 Biodiversity and climate change: direct and indirect linkages in adaptation and mitigation …………… 22A-03 Can forestry and forest sector activities contribute to mitigating climate change? ……………………… 27A-04 Competing roles of forests in climate change mitigation ………………………………………………… 33A-05 Plantation forestry under marginal conditions: water use and water use effi ciency in a changing climate …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35A-06 Assessment of forest management strategies for facilitating adaptation and mitigation in rapidly changing forest systems …………………………………………………………………………………… 39A-07 Is climate change leading to global increases in drought-induced forest die-off? ……………………… 42A-08 Silviculture and global change: managing forests for ecosystem resiliency and carbon storage ……… 47A-09 Dendrochronology – a useful tool in climate change research …………………………………………… 52A-10 Adapting to future wildland fi re regimes ………………………………………………………………… 55A-11 Fire and sustainable management of future forests ……………………………………………………… 56A-12 Adaptation of temperate and boreal forests to climate change – what experimental trial system is needed? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62A-13 Climatic gradients in mountains: opportunities for studying forests facing climate change …………… 65A-14 Impacts of climate change on forest ecology, ecosystem processes, and management ………………… 67A-15 Strategies for linking climate change mitigation and adaptation: securing livelihood options in tropical forestry …………………………………………………………………………………………… 73General Posters: Forests and Climate Change …………………………………………………………………… 77

Theme B: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Resources ……………………………… 80B-01 New perspectives in landscape patterns – changes in edges, connectors, and landscape matrix ……… 80B-02 Aquatic biodiversity conservation in forests ……………………………………………………………… 83B-03 Improving livelihoods through research and action in biodiversity-rich tropical forest landscapes …… 84B-04 Uneven-aged silviculture in temperate and tropical forests: towards paradigm expansion ……………… 86B-05 Bushmeat in Central Africa: beyond the ecological crisis ……………………………………………… 89B-06 Reporting on sustainability of temperate and boreal forests using criteria and indicators: 1 …………… 90B-07 Reporting on sustainability of temperate and boreal forests using criteria and indicators: 2 …………… 92B-08 Conservation of arthropods on forested landscapes ……………………………………………………… 94B-09 Scientifi c theory and practical realities in sustainable forestry …………………………………………… 96B-10 Advances in the conservation and management of forest genetic resources …………………………… 99B-11 The contribution of science to the fi ght against illegal logging ………………………………………… 107B-12 Sustaining tropical timber species: is science making a difference? …………………………………… 109B-13 Speaking with one voice – scientists and stakeholders in forestry ……………………………………… 112

vi XXIII IUFRO World Congress Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

Contents

B-14 Multiple-use management and sustained use of tropical production forests …………………………… 114B-15 Silvicultural systems for tropical forests: challenges and progress ……………………………………… 115B-16 Sustainable forest recreation management: a discussion on social criteria and indicators ……………… 118B-17 Evaluating management effectiveness of protected areas ………………………………………………… 120B-18 Identifying and monitoring old growth forests in boreal, temperate and Mediterranean environments … 122B-19 Statistical methods in biodiversity assessment and biodiversity responses to silviculture ……………… 125B-20 Analysing the “translation” of global discourses on forest governance to regional, national and local levels ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127B-21 Assessing the effects of forest management on biodiversity over large landscapes: tools, trends and implications for conservation ……………………………………………………………………………… 129B-22 Forest biodiversity – the key to healthy and resilient forests …………………………………………… 132B-23 Long-term forest monitoring and its importance for decision-makers …………………………………… 133B-24 Ecology and management of mixed species stands under changing climatic conditions and environmental uncertainty ………………………………………………………………………………… 134B-25 Frontiers in wildlife ecology and management …………………………………………………………… 138B-26 Sustainable management and use of non-wood forest products ………………………………………… 140B-27 Innovative approaches to forest ecosystem restoration …………………………………………………… 146B-28 Contemporary challenges in forest ecosystem management and silviculture …………………………… 148General Posters: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Resources ………………………… 151

Theme C: Forest Environmental Services ………………………………………………………………………… 159C-01 Stand structure: a key issue in managing forests for timber, wildlife, water, and NTFP resources …… 159C-02 Integrating forest products with environmental services ………………………………………………… 164C-03 The use of quantitative forest sector modeling in environmental policy analysis ……………………… 167C-04 The role of institutions and institutional economics in sustainable forest management ………………… 169C-05 Short rotation forestry for livelihood security, energy and carbon sequestration ………………………… 171C-06 Forest carbon credit markets and the forest sector ……………………………………………………… 175C-07 To what extent can payments for forest environmental services be pro-poor? ………………………… 177C-08 Culture, Economics, and Sustainable Forest Management ……………………………………………… 178C-09 Economic valuation of forest ecosystem services ………………………………………………………… 179C-10 Impact of global environmental change on forest ecosystem services …………………………………… 186C-11 New developments in forest management accounting and reporting to ensure sustainability …………… 188C-12 Energy forests - social impacts and environmental services ……………………………………………… 190C-13 Agroforestry for climate change adaptation ……………………………………………………………… 192C-14 Management impacts on forest hydrology, biogeochemistry and water quality ………………………… 196General Posters: Forest Environmental Services ………………………………………………………………… 199

Theme D: Asia’s Forests for the Future …………………………………………………………………………… 202D-01 Recreation management in protected areas: Asian perspectives ………………………………………… 202D-02 Biology, ecology and management of Pinus koraiensis in East Asia …………………………………… 204D-03 Rehabilitating forest ecosystems in Asia under extreme environmental conditions ……………………… 209D-04 Advances in plantation forest management in Asia ……………………………………………………… 216D-05 Managing Asian bamboo forest in a changing world …………………………………………………… 220D-06 Challenges and issues of forest management and utilization in Asian countries ………………………… 223D-07 The future of forest plantation health in Asia …………………………………………………………… 229D-08 Role of trees outside forests in Asia’s changing forestry environment ………………………………… 231D-09 Changes in climate and air pollution – new directions in forest monitoring, research and modeling … 233D-10 Mountain forestry in a changing world – challenges for research and education in continental Asia … 235D-11 Trends in Asian forest fi re: effects on carbon, nutrient cycling and regeneration ……………………… 237D-12 Forest restoration and economic valuation for poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Southeast Asia ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 240D-13 Biology and ecological functions of forested peatlands ………………………………………………… 244D-14 A comparative analysis of forest sustainability transitions in developed and developing countries …… 246General Posters: Asia’s Forests for the Future …………………………………………………………………… 247

Theme E: Forest Products and Production Processes for a Greener Future ………………………………… 257E-01 Green forest products marketing and business management ……………………………………………… 257E-02 Value chain optimization in the forestry industry context ……………………………………………… 263E-03 Utilization of forest biomass as raw materials for green biofuels and chemicals ……………………… 265

The International Forestry Review Vol.12(5), 2010 vii

Contents

E-04 Integrating engineered biocomposites from wood and other bio-based materials to promote sustainability ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 274E-05 Sustainability impact assessment of the forest-based sector ……………………………………………… 285E-06 Properties and utilization of plantation timbers …………………………………………………………… 290E-07 Sensing wood properties and allocation of round wood with respect to product requirements ………… 295E-08 Surface processing and treatment technologies for wood and wood based materials to enhance durability and performance ………………………………………………………………………………… 297E-09 Enhancement of service life of wood in an environmentally conscious global society ………………… 301General Posters: Forest Products and Production Processes for a Greener Future …………………………… 302

Theme F: Emerging Technologies in the Forest Sector ………………………………………………………… 312F-01 Detecting, monitoring and modelling forest fi re and carbon emission using remote sensing and GIS … 312F-02 Contemporary frontiers in forest inventory and assessment using successive remotely sensed data …… 313F-03 Biotechnology applications in forest breeding and plantation management ……………………………… 317F-04 Achievements in seed orchards, somatic embryogenesis and seed science for forest productivity and conservation ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 321F-05 Advances in handling missing data in sustainable forest management ………………………………… 326F-06 Remote sensing in carbon balance evaluation and monitoring …………………………………………… 329F-07 Forest monitoring and inventories by means of LIDAR, photogrammetry and HR satellite data ……… 331F-08 Innovation in the forest sector – maximizing the sector’s competitiveness ……………………………… 336F-09 Forest biomass utilization for bio-energy: technology, economics and environment …………………… 340F-10 Managing the data deluge: the challenge of emerging technologies …………………………………… 344General Posters: Emerging Technologies in the Forest Sector ………………………………………………… 346

Theme G: Frontiers in Forest and Tree Health ………………………………………………………………… 351G-01 Forest health in a changing environment ………………………………………………………………… 351G-02 New insights into roles of ophiostomatoid fungi in bark beetle-fungus symbioses ……………………… 354G-03 Effect of multiple ecosystem stressors on tree and forest ecosystem health …………………………… 355G-04 The growing threat of Australian insect pests to world eucalyptus plantation forestry ………………… 359G-05 Synergy in forest threats: symbiotic interactions and invasives ………………………………………… 360G-06 Alien invasive pathogens: threats to forest ecosystem integrity and services …………………………… 362G-07 Impacts of interacting disturbances on forest health in the boreal zone ………………………………… 364G-08 Invasive alien species: economic and environmental impacts on forest ecosystems …………………… 365G-09 Advances in forest pest surveillance and monitoring …………………………………………………… 367G-10 Trends in wood and bark borer invasions and effects of policy ………………………………………… 369G-11 Molecular ecological and evolutionary perspectives on changing populations of forest insects and their symbionts …………………………………………………………………………………………… 372G-12 Oak decline in the world ………………………………………………………………………………… 373G-13 Atmospheric deposition and climate change impacts on forests ………………………………………… 376G-14 Ecology and management of pine wood nematode in the face of climate change ……………………… 377G-15 Cork Oak forest degradation causes and sustainable development in western Mediterranean countries .. 385G-16 Climate factors and tree susceptibility/resistance to insects and pathogens ……………………………… 388G-17 Managing cone and seed insects to preserve the regeneration of future forests ………………………… 390G-18 Diseases and insects in pines threatening global forest health in the 21st century ……………………… 392G-19 Forest dieback caused by novel ambrosia beetle/Raffaelea pest complexes …………………………… 395G-20 Frontiers in forest microbiology …………………………………………………………………………… 399General Posters: Frontiers in Forest and Tree Health …………………………………………………………… 402

Theme H: Forests, Communities and Cultures ………………………………………………………………… 412H-01 Income from smallholder forestry – can it be a driver of poverty alleviation? ………………………… 412H-02 Urban forestry: assessing and developing ecosystems services ………………………………………… 415H-03 Global comparative analysis of local incomes from the forests ………………………………………… 418H-04 Linking forest based enterprises, collective action, and livelihoods in the African dry forests ………… 420H-05 Can forest tenure reforms help achieve sustainable forest management and poverty alleviation? ……… 421H-06 Human dimension solutions to diffi cult forest problems ………………………………………………… 426H-07 International developments in the administration of publicly-funded forest research: challenges and opportunities ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 430H-08 Contribution of political theory to policies for sustainable use of forest resources …………………… 432H-09 Future of forests – responding to global changes ………………………………………………………… 435H-10 Wood and forest culture: yesterday’s lessons and today’s impact ……………………………………… 437

viii XXIII IUFRO World Congress Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

Contents

H-11 Improving forestry education: innovative views of students and teaching staff ………………………… 441H-12 Cultural values and sustainable forest management: strategies and actions …………………………… 447H-13 An honest conversation about decentralization and forest livelihoods in a globalized world …………… 452H-14 Forest ethics and confl ict ………………………………………………………………………………… 452H-15 Sustainable forest management through innovative forest laws and environmental legislation ………… 454H-16 Towards sustainable forest management and rural development in Latin America through appropriate forest policy instruments ……………………………………………………………………… 457H-17 Globalization and its impacts on the forest sector ……………………………………………………… 459General Posters: Communities and Cultures …………………………………………………………………… 460

Theme I: Forests, Human Health and Environmental Security ………………………………………………… 462I-01 Healthy urban forests: healthy people …………………………………………………………………… 462I-02 Health benefi ts of forests ………………………………………………………………………………… 464I-03 Urban forestry combating poverty — building a collaborative stakeholders dialogue ………………… 471I-04 Knowledge systems, societal participation and sustainable forestry for human wellbeing ……………… 473I-05 Non-timber forest resources and human welfare ………………………………………………………… 477I-06 Healthy forests, healthy people – gender perspectives on climate change ……………………………… 480General Posters: Forests, Human Health and Environmental Security ………………………………………… 481

158 XXIII IUFRO World Congress Forests for the Future: Sustaining Society and the Environment

Theme B: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

Adaptation tests of exotic species have been carried out for 415 tree species from 38 countries during the 1958 to 1995 in Korea. Because of the absence of advance information on exotic species and hasty introduction, 300 species were rejected at nursery stages because of differences of environments and climatic conditions. Ninety-two species were rejected for bad adaptation and poor growth compared to native species at young ages. Several species—Populus euramericana (I-214 and I-476 from Italy, V-211 from Belgium); Alnus inokumai (form Japan); Pinus species (P. taeda, P. virginiana, and P. strobus from USA)—were selected as economic tree species and have been planted on about 787,000 hectares in Korea. Recently, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus palustris, Q. rubra, and Betula pendula proved to have good adaptation and were expected to be promising in Korean environments; and 12 species have been tested continuously (Picea abies, Prunus serotina, etc.). Future plans for exotic species breeding in Korea are to select the superior provenances by species and to make and expand seed production stands of economic species. Introduction of new species and adaptation tests will be carried out for securing species resources and responding to climatic changes.

Effective clone number and cone production in a clonal seed orchard of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) in Kastamonu, Turkey. Sivacio§lu, A. (Kastamonu University, Turkey; ahmets1973@gmail.com), Öner, N. (Çankırı Karatekin University, Turkey; nurioner@gmail.com), Şevik, H. (Kastamonu University, Turkey; hakansevik@yahoo.com).

In this study the effective number of clones (Nc) was estimated for an Anatolian black pine clonal seed orchard in Turkey, for 2008, based on the variation of the ramet numbers among the clones. Also, the cone numbers of the all ramets were investigated. The orchard was established at Hanönü (Kastamonu) Turkey in 1993 by using 2,039 grafts of 30 clones. The effective number of clones (Nc) in the seed orchard was estimated using the coeffi cient of variation (CV %) for the number of ramets representing all clones in the orchard. The Nc value is calculated as Nc = N/(CV2+1).To compare the census number (N) and the effective number (Nc) of clones in the seed orchards, their relationship, Nr = Nc/N was used. The mean effective clone number was 27.9. Thus, the census number of clones in a seed orchard is generally rather informative, but the effective clone number is more informative. The use of effective clone number may be more important in future seed orchards and genetically thinned seed orchards. In 2008, 170,000 cones were produced in total in the orchard. The contribution of the clones to cone production varied 0.83–5.46%.

Wanagama forest’s biodiversity: plant species in the uncultivated area. Syahbudin, A. (Ehime University, Japan; syahbudin_atus@yahoo.com), Adriyanti, D.T. (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia; dwityaningsih@yahoo.com), Wiyono (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia; wiyono@ugm.ac.id), Osozawa, K., Ninomiya, I. (Ehime University, Japan; ososago5503@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp; mack@dpc.ehime-u.ac.jp).

Wanagama Forest, located in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, was cleared in 1926. It was then rehabilitated with teak (Tectona grandis) in 1927 and 1948, but these trees have not been successful yet. In 1960 and 1964, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) started to cultivate mulberry (Morus alba) in 10 hectares, as well as fast-growing and fast-harvesting species. Terracing was used and season also calculated. In 1967, rehabilitation continued with tree species within 79.9 hectares and became 599.9 hectares in 1983. Recently, uncultivated areas of Wanagama forest still exist and are interesting for exploring because of limited data. A study was conducted between June and November 2008 to investigate the plant composition in this uncultivated area. Nine plots of 5 m × 40 m were randomly made. All vegetation in the plots was counted, sampled, documented, and then identifi ed in UGM. There were 83 species and 35 families recorded. Cyperus rotundus is the most dominant species. Cyperaceae is the most dominant family, followed respectively by Fabaceae and Poaceae. Fabaceae has big potential for rehabilitation to hasten succession in Wanagama forest.

Production of F1 interspecifi c hybrids of eucalypts: paving the way for sustainable yield. Velmi, P. (Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India; parveen_velmi@yahoo.co.in).

At 7 years age, superiority of F1 hybrids of E. torelliana × E. citriodora was estimated over the parents [E. citriodora (178.15%) and E. torelliana (65.88%)] and mid-parent (106.24%) for productivity. Keeping this in view, a breeding arboretum of eucalypts was established in open-pollinated mating design for production of inter and intra-specifi c hybrids. The species of same sub-genus were planted side by side at 3-m × 3-m spacing to create more chances of natural crossing and to make it easy for controlled crossing. E. pellita is frost resistant and moderately resistant to stem cankers Cryphonectria cubensis and has fast growth. E. urophylla has higher productivity and adaptability but is susceptible to C. cubensis. Both the species are used for pulp and paper, and infestation of gall insect has not been reported so far. The reproductive biology of these species has been studied for controlled hybridization. F1 hybrids of E. pellita x E. urophylla have been produced and planted in the fi eld. A high degree of heterosis is reported from the nursery stage itself for height and collar diameter. Success also was achieved for macro-propagation through rooting of cuttings for mass clonal multiplication.

Development of the containerized seedlings planting machine. Yamada, T., Endo, T., Sasaki, S. (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Hokkaido Research Center, Japan; kenchan@ffpri.affrc.go.jp; shozos@affrc.go.jp).

Recently non-forested lands after logging have increased in Japan because of economic factors, such that sustainable forest management will be prevented. It is expected that reduction of early silvicultural costs leads to an increase of reforestation area. We tried to mechanize plantation as a method to improve silvicultural operations. We developed a prototype for a containerized seedlings planting machine as the attachment for a mini-excavator. It consists of two hydraulic augers, a hydraulic planting tube, and a pneumatic seedlings supply system. Scarifi cation by augers is expected to reduce weeding operation after planting by prevention of reproduction of weeds. All planting processes are automated by the programmable logic controller. All the operator has to do is boom operation, seedlings supply, and turning on the start switch. However, although planting was done successfully and weeds have not been able to reproduce around planted seedlings, examination of the planting machine showed need for some improvement. Thus we developed a new planting machine, which cancels the defects of the prototype machine. While the improved machine has the same fundamental construction as the prototype machine, a larger excavator was selected as the prime mover and a turret container was mounted for the seedlings supply system.