International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering ...iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/UploadFolder/20120130406030-2/20120130406030-2.pdfto collapse of buildings constructed in traditional

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –

6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME

288

A STUDY OF SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF A GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL IN

GANAIHAMAM, BARAMULLAH IN J&K

Mohammad Adil Dar1, Prof (Dr) A.R. Dar

2 , Asim Qureshi

3, Jayalakshmi Raju

4

1PG Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurukshetra University, India

2Professor & Head Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India

3PG Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, India 4UG student, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore, India

ABSTRACT

Earthquakes are one of the nature’s greatest hazards on our planet which have taken heavy

toll on human life and property since ancient times. The sudden and unexpected nature of the

earthquake event makes it even worse on psychological level and shakes the moral of the people.

Man looks upon the mother earth for safety and stability under his feet and when it itself trembles,

the shock he receives is indeed unnerving. Mitigation of the devastating damage caused by

earthquakes is of prime requirements in many parts of the world. Since earthquakes are so far

unpreventable and unpredictable, the only option with us is to design and build the structures which

are earthquake resistant. Accordingly attempts have been made in this direction all over the world.

Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but miserably poor in

developing countries including our country India. This is proved by minimal damage generally

without any loss of life when moderate to severe earthquake strikes developed countries, where as

even a moderate earthquake cause’s wide spread devastation in developing countries as has been

observed in recent earthquakes. It is not the earthquake which kills the people but it is the unsafe

buildings which is responsible for the wide spread devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss of life

and property in recent earthquakes, it has become a hot topic worldwide and lot of research is going

on to understand the reasons of such failures and learning useful lessons to mitigate the repetition of

such devastation. If buildings are built earthquake resistant at its first place (as is being done in

developed countries like USA, Japan etc) the devastation caused by earthquakes will be mitigated

most effectively. The professionals involved in the design/construction of such structures are

structural/civil engineers, who are responsible for building earthquake resistant structures and keep

the society at large in a safe environment.

Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of practice, there

are some other old traditional earthquake resistant techniques which have proved to be effective for

resisting earthquake loading and are also cost effective with easy constructability.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)

ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October 2013, pp. 288-298 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJARET

© I A E M E



289

In India there are about 80-90% of buildings which are non-engineered and are much

vulnerable to damage due to earthquakes. In the state J&K presently the earthquake problem is the

most important issue to be given serious consideration as it devastates societies. The Kashmir region

has witnessed frequent earthquakes in the past. But the recent earthquakes demonstrated how

extremely vulnerable the buildings in this region are. These earthquakes shook the confidence of

many Kashmiri in local building materials and even in the techniques they had been using for

centuries.

During our project survey we analyzed that the immediate reaction of the people towards

frequent earthquakes in the state has been a strong desire to abandon traditional architecture and

building systems and adopt cement and steel based construction, but still there are large number of

people whose spine has not shaken yet and while construction they do not seem to be aware of

threats posed by earthquake. During our interactions with the people we concluded that the main

reasons behind their negligence is lack of proper seismic knowledge among skilled workers like

masons, carpenters, bar binders and lack of attention shown by government officials. At times even

the practicing engineers are not adequately familiar with details of seismic resistant construction.

Key Words: Catastrophic Damage, Non-Engineered Buildings, Traditional Architecture, Lack of

Proper Seismic Knowledge, Details of Seismic Resistant Construction.

INTRODUCTION

The 8th October 2005 earthquake in Jammu and Kashmir clearly demonstrated the

earthquake vulnerability profile of the state. Most of the losses in this earthquake have occurred due

to collapse of buildings constructed in traditional materials like stone brick and wood, which were

not engineered to be earthquake resistant.

Construction of earthquake resistant new buildings alone is not the desired solution of the

problem but there are as many as 90% of structures in J&K that need to be reviewed and retrofitted ,

especially those structures which have higher importance factor viz. hospitals, schools etc. As we

know that just after the earthquake the first requirement to the injured people is to provide them

medical facility and if hospitals collapse, how can we avoid the further loss of the life? It is not the

earthquake that kills the people but the buildings that are meant for shelter becomes the trap and

weapon for killing the people during earthquake. It is also evident that life becomes more miserable

when people become homeless especially in cold climate regions. Thus, the need of the hour is not

only to design earthquake resistant structures but also retrofitting of seismically unsafe existing

building in highly earthquake prone areas

Table 1. District Wise Deaths, Houses Damaged Partially as well as Fully in Kashmir Valley



290

BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS TO GROUND MOTION

Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause inertia forces at locations of mass in the

building. These forces travel through the roof and walls to the foundation. The main emphasis is on

ensuring that these forces reach the ground without causing major damage or collapse. Of the three

components of a masonry building (roof, wall and foundation) (Figure (a), the walls are most

vulnerable to damage caused by horizontal forces due to earthquake. A wall topples down easily if

pushed horizontally at the top in a direction perpendicular to its plane (termed weak direction), but

offers much greater resistance if pushed along its length (termed strong direction) [Figure (b)].

FIG. (a) Flexural wall FIG. (b) Shear wall

CATAGORISATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE STAGES IN LOAD BEARING

MASONRY WALLS

Stage I of Earthquake. damage

Stage I of Earthquake. Damage

1- Earthquake force

2- Overturning

3- Sliding



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Stage II of Earthquake. Damage

Stage II of Earthquake. Damage

Stage III of Earthquake. Damage

Stage III of Earthquake. Damage

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976

6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September

Stage IV of Earthquake. Damage

CASE STUDY

Case studies are the best way to learn the practical aspects of the real life problems from the

experience of others. They eliminate the need for reinvention, and a further benefit is that they can

help build confidence in prevailing building systems. The purpose of presenting case studies in our

project is to share the learning from cases that are relevant to

seismic risk in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.This chapter includes field survey of a government

public building (GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL in GANAIHAMAM, BARAMULLAH )in the area of

J&K.

GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL GANAIHAMAM

The building is a typical double story load bearing masonry structure constructed in mud mortar. The

building is situated at old town

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976

6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September – October (2013), © IAEME

292

Stage IV of Earthquake. Damage


of others. They eliminate the need for reinvention, and a further benefit is that they can


project is to share the learning from cases that are relevant to the present day scenario of high level



GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL GANAIHAMAM

Front view of school


building is situated at old town Baramulla.


October (2013), © IAEME


of others. They eliminate the need for reinvention, and a further benefit is that they can


the present day scenario of high level






293

SALIENT FEATURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH CODES

(IS 4326-1993, IS 13828-1993)

1. LIGHTNESS

The building is light in weight, typically constructed in brick masonry. The building is

constructed using kacha bricks as building material. Further the presence of timber roof truss

also results in decrease in weight of the structure.

2. PROJECTION AND SUSPENDED PARTS

Structural projecting parts are absent.

3. BUILDING CONFIGURATION

The building is symmetrical in plan which somewhat improves the seismic

performance of structure, even if other salient features are lacking.

4. CONTINUITY OF CONSTRUCTION

The parts of the building were not integrally tied together. The connection between

the walls in strong and weak direction is completely absent and also the presence of large

openings leads to the lack of box action in the structure. Although, the presence of continuous

wooden lintel band improves the continuity between the parts of building to some extent.

5. OPENING IN BEARING WALLS

Window openings are large in size which weakens walls from carrying inertial force

in their own plane. Furthermore the total area of opening exceeds 40% of area of wall which

is not in accordance with code.



294

Opening in bearing walls

6. HORIZONTAL BANDS

A wooden lintel band is provided over all the openings and is continuous.

Seismic band

Roof band is not provided but is necessary in building with CGI sheet roof, pitched or

sloping roof.



295

7. WORKMANSHIP

The quality of workmanship in brickwork is not so good, the structure being un-

engineered and also lack of proper planning has resulted in settlement of the building during

2005 earthquake which led to formation of cracks as shown in figure below.

Lack of proper workmanship

8. QUALITY OF MATERIAL

Good quality material was not used during construction of building. Kacha bricks

were used as basic structural unit which have compressive strength less than 3.5Mpa which is

not permitted by present day codes. Furthermore, mud mortar has been used as principal

binding material which decreases the strength of building during earthquake.

9. BRICK NOGGED TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION

The wall construction consists of timber studs and corner posts framed into sills, top

plates and wall plates. Horizontal struts and diagonal braces are used to stiffen the frame

against lateral loads. The building in our assessment has diagonal braces but these are not

rigidly connected and properly placed which reduce the strength of the frame. Furthermore,

the dhajji walls have been constructed only on two sides of the building which resulted in the

tilting of building after the 2005 Eqk. as we observed during our site visit.

Brick nogged timber frame



296

Building tilted

SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL GANAIHAMAM BARAMULLAH

AS PER IS CODES IN TUBULAR FORM

SNO. PARTICULARS OF

BUILDING

CODAL

REQUIREMENTS

COMPATIBLI-TY

WITH CODE

(YES/NO)

REFRENCES

1. Building configuration:

rectangular with l<3b

L ≤ 3B YES Cl. 4.4.2

IS 4326:1993

2. Building category: E

(seismic zone v and

importance factor 1.5)

Cl.7,Table1 IS

13828:1993

Cl.7.1.1 Table

2 IS

4326:1993

(i). No. of stories = 2 ≤ 3 YES Table 7

IS 4326:1993

(ii). Mud mortar H2 or richer NO Table 3

IS 4326:1993

(iii). Opening in bearing

wall (see fig. 4.2)

Table 4 FIG.7

IS 4326:1993

A. b5 = 608mm b5 ≥ 450mm YES --------------do-------------

B. (b1+ b2+ b3)/l = 0.56 (b1+ b2+ b3)/l ≤ 0.42 NO --------------do-------------

C. b4 = 456mm b4 ≥ 560mm NO --------------do-------------

3. Building uit: unbaked (kacha)

brick Compressive strength <

3.5 Mpa

Compressive strength ≥

3.5 Mpa

NO Cl. 8.2.1

IS 13828:1993

Cl. 8.1.1.1

IS 4326:1993

4. Thickness of load bearing

walls

Cl. 8.2.3 IS 13828:1993 Ground floor

Internal = 340mm

external = 225mm

≥ 1 ½ brick thick or

l/16

YES

First floor

Internal = 125mm

external = 125mm

≥ 1 brick thick or

l/16

NO

5. Typical story height = 2.3m ≤ 3m YES Cl. 8.2.4 IS 13828:1993

6. Seismic bands

(i). Lintel band: provided

(wooden)

Required YES Cl. 8.4.2 IS 4326:1993

(ii) Roof band :not provided Required NO Cl. 8.4.3 IS 4326:1993

(iii) Plinth band: not

provided

Required NO Cl. 8.4.6 IS 4326:1993

(iv) At sill level : not provided Required NO Cl. 8.4.1 IS 4326:1993



297

7. Vertical reinforcement

(i). At corners : not provided

Required

NO

Cl. 8.4.8 IS 4326:1993

(ii). At jambs of door and

windows: not provided

Required NO Cl. 8.4.8.1 IS 4326:1993

8. Dhajji wall

(i). connection with infill wall. Tight fitting brick

masonry in stretcher bond

YES Cl.10.8.1 IS 4326:1993

(ii). Connection with cross

walls.

Steel strips (hold fast)

150x35x1.5 (mm)

YES Cl.10.9.1 IS 4326:1993

(iii) Connection with roof and

floor.

Steel strips or notch

required

NO Cl.10.9.2 IS 4326:1993

CONCLUSION

It is quite pondering that even for a rider riding motorcycle; it has been put mandatory on his

part to wear a helmet just for his safety or even for buildings certain building bylaws have been

provisioned which need to be abided. These objectives are solely attributed for the safety and well

being of the public on the whole and refraining them from landing into any inconvenience. Thus in

this regard our domain i.e. the analysis made by us in regard of the earth quake too need to be given

a broader dimension like this. Its importance should be given a due domain in familiarizing the

message about the very same. Also certain measures should be taken by the Structural Designers on

the mandatory lines which would take into account not only raising the structures but raising them

with strength to mobilize the ill effects of the earthquake so that even if a structure fails at least it

should be in a position to alarm the people so that in the elapsed time they could make a safe

passage. The need of an hour is to produce low cost but earthquake resistant structures in severe and

severe most seismic zones and J&K being the most earthquake prone area, we and all other engineers

of the valley should understand that it is the masonry that would prove to be economical construction

on one hand and earthquake resistant on the other hand, provided an engineering approach to the said

material is adopted

REFERENCES

1. IS 4326:1993 “Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Code of Practice?”

2. IS 13828:1993 “Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings -

Guidelines.”

3. IS 1893(PART-I):1993 “Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1 General

provisions and Buildings”.

4. Earthquake Resistant Design, by S.K. Duggal.

5. IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips.

6. A manual of Earthquake Resistant Non- Engineered Construction. Indian Society of Earthquake

Technology, Roorkee 2001.

7. Manual for Restoration and Retrofitting of Rural Structures in Kashmir 2007.

8. Report on the 8th October 2005, Kashmir Earthquake, Amita sinvhal, Ashok D. Pandey & Sachin

M. Pore. IIT ROORKEE.

9. “Masonry Codes and specifications, “International Conference on Building Officials,

10. “Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures,” ACI 530/ASCE 5? TMS 402 ACI.

Detroit; ASCE New York, Boulder,1992.

11. Mohammed S. Al-Ansari, “Building Response to Blast and Earthquake Loading”, International

Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 327 - 346,

ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.



298

12. Mohammad Adil Dar, Prof(Dr) A.R. Dar, Saqib Fayaz and Jayalakshmi Raju, “A Study of

Seismic Safety of District Hospital in Baramullah in J&K”, International Journal of Civil

Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 88 - 98, ISSN Print:

0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

13. Web sites.

a. www.sciencedirect.com,

b. www.nicee.org,

c. www.bmtpc.org,

d. www.geocites.com.

AUTHOR’S DETAILS

M Adil Dar

The Author has received his B.E(Hons) in Civil Engineering from M.S.R.I.T

Bangalore. He is Presently pursuing his M-Tech in Structural Engineering in under

Kurukshetra University. The Author has published papers in numerous High Quality

Peer Reviewed International Journals and International Conferences. His research

interests include Earthquake Engineering, Bridge Engineering & Steel Structures. He

is the Life Member of ISE,ISET,ICI,ISCE,SEFI & IAEME & Member of

IASE,ACCE,ISSE,ASCE,ACI & IRC.

Prof(Dr) A.R.Dar

The Author has received his B.E in Civil Engineering from R.E.C Srinagar (Presently

N.I.T Srinagar) , M.E(Hons) in Structural Engineering from I.I.T Roorkee & Ph.d in

Earthquake Engineering from University of Bristol U.K under prestigious

Commonwealth Scholarship Award. He is presently working as a Distinguished

Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Department in N.I.T Srinagar. . The Author has

published papers in several International journals & Conferences..His research areas

include Earthquake Resistant Design, Tall Structures, Structural Dynamics, RCC

design, Steel Design & Prestressed Design. He is the life member of several

professional bodies in structural engineering. He is presently the senior most professor

& holds many administrative responsibilities in the same institution.

Asim Qureshi

The Author has received his B.Tech(Hons) in Civil Engineering from N.I.T Srinagar.

He is Presently pursuing his M-Tech in Structural Engineering from I.I.T. Bombay.

The Author has published papers in many lnternational journals. His research interests

include Earthquake Engineering, Bridge Engineering & Prestressed Structures.

Jayalakshmi Raju

The Author is pursuing her B.E (Final Year) in Civil Engineering in M.S.Ramaiah

Institute of Technology Bangalore. She has published many papers in numerous peer

reviewed journals and International Conferences. She has presented technical papers in

many State & National Level Technical Events. She has also participated in many

technical events like cube casting & technical debates. Her research interests include

Steel Design, RCC Design & Bridge Engineering. She is the student member of

ASCE,ACI,SEFI,IAEME & ISCE.

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