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Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.762
International Journal of App
Suitability of locally available substrates for cultivation of pink oyster mushroom
(Pleurotus eou
Arathy R.H
1Department of Botany ,Christian College
2Department of Plant Pathology, Kerala Agricultural University
Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.
The selected species for the present study,
mushroom can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.
The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available substances
as substrates for the cultivation of
they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost,
sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven
also analysed. Pinheads were first produced by the coir pith
for saw dust. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the
substrate. Total yield was highest for the substrate b
coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelia
formation was absent. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for banana pseudostem (105.8),
followed by paddy straw (92.6). In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.
Keywords- Pleurotus eous, sporocarps, biological efficiency, substrates, pinheads
Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in
America and Asia. Their increased nutritional importance is due to the nutritive value of high grade
mushrooms, which almost equals that of milk. Mushrooms have been evaluated for their nutritional
status on the basis of their chemical composition.
amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres and vitamins. Furthermore mushrooms are low in
calories, sodium, fats and cholesterol. Edible mushrooms have long been considered to have medicinal
value and to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen
mushrooms as a source of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Also the ethno
many edible mushrooms have been reported by many researchers. Mu
significant importance due to their nutritional and medicinal value and today their cultivation is being
done in more than 100 countries. At present world mushroom production is around 7 million tonnes
and is ever increasing. Globally China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.
India has got 16th
rank as per 2013 reports.
Oyster mushroom is the fourth important cultivated mushroom in the world and contribute about
2.7% of the total production of fresh
oyster mushrooms [1]. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of
easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generall
mushroom [2]. Pleurotus species has
P.florida possess antioxidant, immunostimulant
Oyster mushroom is bigger and brighter with large shelf life,
countries. Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of
their nutrient content mushrooms have co
Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.762
International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and
Agriculture www.ijapsa.com
e- ISSN: 2394
p- ISSN: 2394
Suitability of locally available substrates for cultivation of pink oyster mushroom
Pleurotus eous (Berk.) Sacc.)
Arathy R.H1, and Lulu Das
2
Department of Botany ,Christian College Kattakada
Department of Plant Pathology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani.
Abstract
is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.
The selected species for the present study, Pleurotus eous ,commonly known as pink oyster
can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.
The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available substances
ltivation of Pleurotus eous. Seven different substances were selected and
they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost,
sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven
also analysed. Pinheads were first produced by the coir pith compost (12 days), and m
. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the
substrate. Total yield was highest for the substrate banana pseudostem followed by paddy straw
coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelial growth was observed, but fruiting body
formation was absent. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for banana pseudostem (105.8),
In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.
Pleurotus eous, sporocarps, biological efficiency, substrates, pinheads
I. Introduction
Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in
America and Asia. Their increased nutritional importance is due to the nutritive value of high grade
mushrooms, which almost equals that of milk. Mushrooms have been evaluated for their nutritional
status on the basis of their chemical composition. Cultivated and wild mushrooms contain ample
amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres and vitamins. Furthermore mushrooms are low in
calories, sodium, fats and cholesterol. Edible mushrooms have long been considered to have medicinal
to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen
mushrooms as a source of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Also the ethno – medicinal value of
many edible mushrooms have been reported by many researchers. Mushrooms are now getting
significant importance due to their nutritional and medicinal value and today their cultivation is being
done in more than 100 countries. At present world mushroom production is around 7 million tonnes
ly China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.
rank as per 2013 reports.
Oyster mushroom is the fourth important cultivated mushroom in the world and contribute about
2.7% of the total production of fresh mushroom. Most partsof South India are ideal for cultivation of
. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of
easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generall
s been regarded as an edible mushroom for the past
ss antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-tumour and anti- inflammatory activities
Oyster mushroom is bigger and brighter with large shelf life, suited for tropical paddy
Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of
trient content mushrooms have come to occupy an important place in food habits of people in
lied And Pure Science and
ISSN: 2394-5532
ISSN: 2394-823X
Suitability of locally available substrates for cultivation of pink oyster mushroom
, Vellayani.
is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms.
wn as pink oyster
can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.
The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available substances
Seven different substances were selected and
they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost,
sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. The biological efficiency of all the seven substrates were
, and maximum was
. Maximum number of sporocarps were produced when paddy straw was used as the
udostem followed by paddy straw. In
growth was observed, but fruiting body
formation was absent. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for banana pseudostem (105.8),
In terms of yield banana pseudostem is the best substrate.
Cultivation and production of edible mushrooms are on the increase, particularly in Europe,
America and Asia. Their increased nutritional importance is due to the nutritive value of high grade
mushrooms, which almost equals that of milk. Mushrooms have been evaluated for their nutritional
Cultivated and wild mushrooms contain ample
amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres and vitamins. Furthermore mushrooms are low in
calories, sodium, fats and cholesterol. Edible mushrooms have long been considered to have medicinal
to be devoid of undesirable effects. The United States National Cancer Institute has chosen
medicinal value of
shrooms are now getting
significant importance due to their nutritional and medicinal value and today their cultivation is being
done in more than 100 countries. At present world mushroom production is around 7 million tonnes
ly China is the leading producer as well as consumer of mushrooms.
Oyster mushroom is the fourth important cultivated mushroom in the world and contribute about
ideal for cultivation of
. As among the different cultivated edible fungi, species of Pleurotus are the
easiest and cheapest to grow and are better in consumer aspects than the generally grown button
the past many years.
inflammatory activities[3],[4].
suited for tropical paddy growing
Recently on account of development of better cultivation technologies and realization of
me to occupy an important place in food habits of people in
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 206
several parts of the world. The natural advantage of mushroom cultivation in India is due to the
presence of seasonal variation, abundance and availability of variety of agro wastes at low prices.
Species of Pleurotus may be called as oyster, abalone or tree mushroom. It belongs to the Class
Basidiomycetes. The genus has more than 50 species. Some of the members are Pleurotus eryngii,
pleurotus sajor-caju. Pleurotus florida, pleurotus flabellatus, pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eous etc.
Pleurotus eous is selected for the present study, which is commonly known as pink oyster mushroom
and the species can be easily identified by the pinkish tints of the pileus and the small narrow spores.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1 Collection of mushrooms
Fresh specimens of the selected edible oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous were collected from
beds already laid out trials in the department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani.
The facilities available in the AICRP Centre attached to the department of Plant Pathology were
utilized for spawn production and further studies. Isolation and maintenance of the cultures were
carried out by adopting tissue culture method of Klingman (1943)[5].
1.2 Spawn production
Half cooked paddy grains were mixed with calcium carbonate at the rate of 5 per cent (50 g/kg
of seed) and filled in poly propylene bag (300g) and were autoclaved. The sterilized bags were
aseptically inoculated with pure mycelium of P. eous, maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA)
slants and incubated at room temperature (29±2 ℃). The spawn growth was completed in 12 to 14
days
1.3 Cultivation of pink oyster mushroom
2.3.1 Preparation of bed
The study was conducted to evaluate the biological efficiency of the pink oyster mushroom
Pleurotus eous by using different locally available substrates. Beds were raised following the poly bag
method as described by Bhaskaran et al (1978)[6]. Instead of paddy straw bits, straw made into small
twists (modified method) was used for laying beds. The different substrates used for the cultivation of
Pleurotus eous were,paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaf
stalk(petiole), banana pseudostem, saw dust and coir pith compost(Figure 1).
Figure 1: Different substrates used for the study
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 207
2.3.2 Sterilization of the substrates
Sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaf stalk and banana pseudostem were cut into small pieces and
dried under sunlight. Coconut leaf stalk, saw dust, paddy straw and coir pith compost were soaked in
water overnight. In the next day, the substrates were separately immersed in boiling water for 40
minutes. Then the water was decanted and substrates were spread over a clean surface and dried in hot
sun.
For the poly bag method of cultivation polythene bags of size 25X50 were used. For each set of
substrate 5 replications were maintained. In each bag the substrate was placed as a layer and layer
spawning was done along the periphery which was repeated three times. Polythene bags were made
compact and tied at the top. A few holes were made on the bags for proper air circulation. The
spawned bags were then transferred to an incubation chamber for mycelial run. After the completion
of mycelial run, the bags were placed in a cropping room with high relative humidity of 80-85% for
fruiting. The best substrate was noted based on criteria viz time taken for mycelial run, mushroom
production, number of sporophores produced and total yield.
1.4 Calculation of bsiological efficiency
Biological efficiency of each substrate was calculated using the formula
Biological efficicency (%) = Fresh weight of mushroom X 100
Dry weight of substrate
III. Results and discussion
3.1 Cultivation and yield of Pleurotus eous
In the present study seven different locally available substances namely paddy straw, spent
mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir pith compost, sugarcane bagasse and coconut
leaf stalk were used as the substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous. All of the above
substances were checked to evaluate which one served as the best substrate
.
3.1.1 Mycelial growth pattern of Pleurotus eous on different substrates
Morphological characters of mycelium such as colour and growth pattern in present study for
Pleurotus eous on different substrates are listed in the table1.
Table : 1 Mycelial characters of Pleurotus eous on different substrates
Sl no: Substrates Colour of
mycelium
Growth
pattern
1 ps White ++++
2 sms White +++
3 bp White +++
4 Sd White ++++
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 208
5 cpc White ++
6 scb White +++
7 cls White ++++
ps- paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith
compost, scb- sugar cane bagasse, cls- coconut leaf stalk
++++ - thicker and fluffy growth
+++ - thick growth
++ - poor growth
The mycelial growth on paddy straw, saw dust and coconut leaf stalk were thicker and fluffy,
while thick growth was obtained for spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem and sugarcane
bagasse. The least growth was observed for coir pith compost. In coconut leaf stalk dense growth of
mycelia was observed, and it covered the substrate very fast but fruiting body was not formed.
3.1.2 Time taken for pin head emergence on different substrates
Number of days taken for spawn run after inoculation varied from 11 to 30 days. Least time of
11 days was taken for coir pith compost. Saw dust took maximum time of 30 days for pin head
emergence. In the study of Ramanujam (2000)[7] time taken for the completion of mycelial run in
paddy straw for oyster mushroom was 11.2 days and that taken for first harvest was 14.6 days.
Pinhead emergence on different substrates is shown in figure 3 to 7. The graphical representation of
number of days taken for spawn run is shown in figure2.
Figure 2: Number of days taken for complete mycelial run and pinhead emergence
Ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith
compost
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ps sms bp sd cpc
Number of days
Different substratesnumber of days taken for complete …
number of days taken for pinhead …
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 209
One of the studies reports that[8], time taken for mycelial run of paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse
and coir pith compost were 8,8, and 9 respectively. The time taken for the emergence of pin head for
paddy straw, sugar cane bagasse and coir pith were 13- 15 days.
3.1.3 Morphological characters of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eous on different substrates
Morphological characters such as pileus diameter and stipe length of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus
eous grown on different substrates were observed and are listed in table 2.
Table 2; Morphological characters of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eous in laid out beds
Sl. no: Substrates Pileus diameter (cm) Stipe length (cm)
1 ps 7.2 1.57
2 sms 6.7 1.3
3 bp 6.9 1.43
4 Sd 8.46 1.43
5 cpc 2.9 0.87
6 scb No pin head formation -
7 cls No pin head formation -
CD( 0.05 level) 1.46
-
ps- paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith
compost, scb- sugar cane bagasse, cls- coconut leaf stalk
Maximum pileus diameter and stipe length of 8.46cm and 1.43cm respectively were obtained for
those fruiting bodies cultivated on saw dust followed by paddy straw, banana pseudostem and spent
mushroom substrate. The minimum was obtained for those cultivated on coir pith compost with a
pileus diameter of 2.9 cm and stipe length of 0.87cm. In one of the reports, highest stalk diameter,
pileus diameter and pileus thickness of Calocybe was found in paddy straw substrate[9].
3.2 Yield studies
The yield obtained was measured in terms of parameters like number of sporocarps produced
and weight of sporocarps. Good mycelial run was observed when coconut leaf stalk was used as the
substrate, but no pin head formation was noted.
3.2.1 Number of sporocarps harvested
Number of sporocarps produced in three harvests was calculated for different substrates. The
results are shown in table 3.
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [F
Table : 3 Number and weight of sporocarps harvested
ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp
compost
The maximum number of sporocarps was obtained for paddy straw followed by banana
pseudostem and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds
7). The results are in accordance with the study of
pinhead formation was obtained when paddy straw was used as the substr
The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher number of
sporophores in beds produced with paddy straw.
Figure 3: Pinhead formation on
paddy straw
Sl no: Substrates
sporocarps
1
1 Ps 8
2 Sms 7
3 Bp 5
4 Sd 9
5 Cpc 2
CD (0.05 level) 0.76
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p
Number and weight of sporocarps harvested
spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc
The maximum number of sporocarps was obtained for paddy straw followed by banana
and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds
. The results are in accordance with the study of Ramanujam, (2000)[7], where maximum number of
pinhead formation was obtained when paddy straw was used as the substrate.
The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher number of
sporophores in beds produced with paddy straw.
: Pinhead formation on Figure 4: Pinhead formation
spent mushroom substrate
No of
sporocarps
Weight of sporocarps
(g/500g substrate)
Harvest
2 3 Total 1 2
22 5 35 152.5
5 4
16 134.5 39 71.5
3 9 17 125 178.5 225.5
3 12 218 35
3 5 10 12 15 36.5
0.81 0.85 2.05 10.61 12.76 10.73
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
saw dust, cpc- coir pith
The maximum number of sporocarps was obtained for paddy straw followed by banana
and saw dust. The least number was obtained in the coir pith compost beds (figures 3 to
, where maximum number of
The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher number of
: Pinhead formation on
spent mushroom substrate
ht of sporocarps
(g/500g substrate)
3
Total
86 463
71.5 245
225.5 529
51 304
36.5 63.5
10.73 11.47
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [F
Figure 5
Figure 6: Pinhead formation
on coirpith compost
Pin head formation on different substrates
3.2.2 Total weight of sporocarps
The main aim of this study was to check the efficacy of locally available organic substances to
be used as the substrates for the cultivation of
Figure 8: Growth of Pleurotus eous
on paddy straw
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p
Figure 5 : Pinhead formation on saw dust
Pinhead formation Figure 7: Pinhead formation
on coirpith compost on banana pseudostem
Pin head formation on different substrates
The main aim of this study was to check the efficacy of locally available organic substances to
be used as the substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous, the pink oyster mushroom.
: Growth of Pleurotus eous Figure 9: Growth of Pleurotus eous on
on paddy straw spent mushroom substrate
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
: Pinhead formation
on banana pseudostem
The main aim of this study was to check the efficacy of locally available organic substances to
oyster mushroom.
Pleurotus eous on
spent mushroom substrate
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 212
Figure 10: Growth of Pleurotus eous Figure 11 : Growth of Pleurotus eous on
on saw dust Banana Peseudostem
Growth of Pleurotus eous on different substrates
Out of the seven substrates tested for efficacy yield was highest when banana pseudostem was
used as the substrate (529g) followed by paddy straw (463g) and saw dust (304 g). The lowest yield
was obtained in coir pith compost (63.5g). growth of Pleurotus eous on different substrates is shown
in figures 8 to 11.The result is in agreement with the research work of Karuppuraj [8] who
concentrated on yield improvement of P. eous on unexplored locally available lignocellulosic
materials such as paddy straw, reeds, banana stem, sugar cane bagasse, sugar cane leaves, coir pith,
sorghum husk and sunflower stem. Maximum yield was obtained for paddy straw substrate.
Pandey and Tewari (2002)[10] reported that cultivation of Tricholoma giganteum with paddy
straw gave highest yield. In a previous report[11] it was found that fresh paddy straw is a suitable
substrate for the cultivation of Tricholoma lobayense. Chang et al, (1981)[12] reported that paddy
straw served as the best substrate for the production of Pleurotus species.
Saw dust also gave good yield. The study of Kinjo and Miyagi (2006)[13] reported that saw dust
media supplemented with wheat bran and hannoki (Alnus japonica) gave highest yield of Tricholoma
giganteum.
In the present study good mycelial run was observed when coconut leaf stalk was used as the
substrate, but no pinhead formation was noted. In sugarcane bagasse also pinhead formation was
absent even though mycelial run was present. Karnawadi (2006)[14] reported that highest biological
efficiency was recorded in beds prepared with paddy straw and lowest yield was found in beds made
with sugarcane bagasse. The least mycelial growth and yield was observed when coir pith compost
was used as the substrate. In the study of Karuppuraj(2014) [8] out of the eight substrates used for the
cultivation of Pleurotus eous, coir pith compost gave the lowest yield.
The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level revealed that there was significantly higher average
yield in beds produced with banana pseudostem.
3.4 Biological efficiency
The biological efficiency of various substrates was calculated. The results are shown in table 4.
Table 4 : Biological efficiency of various substrates
Sl number Substrate Biological
efficiency(%)
1 ps 92.6
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
Volume 02, Issue 2, [February - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved 213
2 sms 49
3 bp 105.8
4 Sd 50.6
5 cpc 12.7
CD (0.05 level) 2.13
ps –paddy straw, sms- spent mushroom substrate, bp- banana pseudostem, sd- saw dust, cpc- coir pith
compost
The biological efficiency obtained for banana pseudostem was 105.8%, followed by paddy
straw, saw dust and spent mushroom substrate. The least biological efficiency was obtained for coir
pith compost, which was 12.7%. In the study by Karuppuraj et al, (2014) obtained highest biological
efficiency was obtained for paddy straw and least for coir pith compost. Jain and Vyas (2002)
[15]reported utilization of different substrates and their combination to enhance the biological
efficiency of Pleurotus florida.
The statistical analysis conducted at 5% level indicated that banana pseudostem gave a
maximum biological efficiency of 105.8% which was significantly superior from all others.
IV. Conclusion
The main objective of the present study was to find out the suitability of locally available
substances as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous. Seven different such substances were
selected and they were paddy straw, spent mushroom substrate, banana pseudostem, saw dust, coir
pith compost, sugarcane bagasse and coconut leaf stalk. For the sterilization of substrates steam
sterilization was adopted, no chemicals were used. The major observations were listed as number of
sporocarps produced, total weight of sporocarps, and biological efficiency. Maximum number of
sporocarps was produced when paddy straw was used as the substrate and the least number of
sporocarps were produced by the coir pith compost. Total yield was highest for the substrate banana
pseudostem followed by paddy straw, saw dust, and spent mushroom substrate. The lowest yield was
for coir pith compost. In coconut leaf stalk and sugarcane bagasse dense mycelia growth was
observed, but fruiting body formation was absent.. Highest biological efficiency was obtained for
banana pseudostem (105.8), followed by paddy straw (92.6). In terms of yield banana pseudostem is
the best substrate. Hence the present shows that P. eous can be cultivated using alternative substrates by
replacing traditional substrates for better yield.
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