INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH …ijprbs.com/issuedocs/2015/2/IJPRBS 949.pdf · 2020. 5. 1. · 2 H 2 OO 6, is 184º C. It is soluble in ethanol and acetone, but

Research Article CODEN: IJPRNK ISSN: 2277-8713 M Ramar, IJPRBS, 2015; Volume 4(1): 151-164 IJPRBS

Available Online at www.ijprbs.com 151

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM ACALYPHA INDICA (KUPPAIMENI) AND CURCUMA LONGA (TURMERIC) ON

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES P. MANONMANI1 , M. RAMAR2, N. GEETHA1, M. VALAN ARASU4 , R. RASKIN ERUSAN3, R.

MARISELVAM5 , J. JERLIN SOWMIYA1 1. Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal-624101, India 2. Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600034, Tamil Nadu, India. 3. Department of Genetics, Dr. A. L. M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical, Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai-600113, India 4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. 5. Department of Chemistry, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India

Accepted Date: 01/01/2015; Published Date: 27/02/2015

Abstract: In the present study, a total of four extracts of two species namely Acalypha indica, Curcuma longa and combination of both

species in two solvents (aqueous and methanol extract) were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial was measured by agar

disc diffusion method. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity all the test bacterial isolates. Aqueous extracts of A. indica did not exhibit

antibacterial activity against Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococus sp., but it showed a very good inhibitory effect for

Bacillus sp., and E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 1.8 cm and 1.5 cm respectively. The methonolic extract of A. indica showed very good

activity for all the tested organisms with maximum zone of inhibition i.e 2.5 cm dia for Bacillus sp., and minimum in Pseudomonas sp., of 1.8

cm dia. Curcuma longa (Turmeric) showed a very good inhibitory activity against Staphylococus aureus with zone of inhibition 1.7 and 1.3 cm

for methanolic and aqueous extract respectively. For other species the methanolic extract of turmeric showed the zone inhibition 2.2, 2.1,

2.0, 1.7 and 1.6 cm dia for E.coli, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococus sp., and Salmonella sp. respectively. The synergistic effect of

methanolic extract of both species (Acalypha indica and turmeric) also showed very good inhibitory effect. From the above results it was

inferred that among the two plant species methanolic extract of turmeric was found to be more effective (i.e showed maximum zone of

inhibition against all the bacterial species tested. The methanolic extract of turmeric was compared with the synthesized turmeric silver

nanoparticles. Among these, the silver nano particles showed better results when compared to the methanolic extract of turmeric and

antibiotic. In E. coli the zone of inhibition was maximum i.e 2.5 and 2.2 cm dia for silver nano particles and methanolic extract of turmeric

respectively. Silver nanoparticles of turmeric showed a inhibition zone of 2.3, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.4 cm dia for Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp.,

Bacillus sp., and Staphylococus sp., respectively. Findings of the present investigation supports the use of Acalypha indica and turmeric in

traditional medicine for the treatment of various bacterial infections.

.Keywords: Antibacterial, Antibiotics, Silver nanoparticles, Acalypha indica. Curcuma longa, Aqueous, Methanol

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF

PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIO-SCIENCE

PAPER-QR CODE

Corresponding Author: DR. MARIMUTHU RAMAR

Access Online On:

www.ijprbs.com

How to Cite This Article:

M Ramar, IJPRBS, 2015; Volume 4(1): 151-164



INTRODUCTION

Plants produce hundreds to thousands of diverse chemical compounds with different biological

activities (Hoareau and DaSilva, 1999). Thus, they have been used in the treatment of various

human diseases for thousands of years all over the world. Herbal medicine has been practicing

in rural areas for different diseases. Implication of the knowledge of those indigenous people

into practice helped the researchers to develop the present formulation into a better approach

with more therapeutic effect. Development of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics

and increasing popularity of traditional medicine has led the researchers to investigate the

antibacterial compounds in plants.

Acalypha indica Linn. is commonly known as copper leaf (Indian Nettle) belongs to the family

Euphorbiaceae and is seen in many parts of Asia including India, Pakistan, Yemen, Sri Lanka and

throughout Tropical Africa and South America (Ramachandran, 2008). It is an annual herb,

about 80 cm high and commonly found in waste places or fields (Burkill, 1985). It is locally

known as “kucing galak” or “rumput lis-lis”, “kuppaimeni” in India. The plant grows widely on

the backyards of houses and through out the plains of India. It is a small erect herb grows up to

60 cms. Tribes of Kerala, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh use fruits: in asthma, cough, bronchitis

and ear ache; plant and fruit: as an expectorant, laxative, pneumonia and rheumatism; leaf: in

skin diseases like scabies. This plant is used as diuretic, antihelmintic and for respiratory

problems such as bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia (Varier, 1996). The roots of A. indica is

used as laxative and leaves for scabies and other cutaneous diseases (Perry, 1980). Major

phytochemicals identified from A. indica are acalyphine, cyanogenic glycoside, inositol, resin,

triacetomamine and volatile oils (Winter and Griffith, 1998). This plant has been used

extensively in herbal medicine in many tropical and sub tropical countries (Kirtikar and Basu,

1975; Ramachandran, 2008). Rahman et al. (2010) has reported that A. indica having analgesic

and anti-inflammatory effects. In Malaysia, A. indica is used for generations for the treatment

of superficial fungal and several other bacterial infections (Abdul Rahman, 1996). Previous

studies on A. indica revealed that this plant has antibacterial activity against several gram

positive bacteria (Govindarajan et al., 2008; Krishnaraj et al., 2010).

Curcuma longa is a medicinal plant that is related to Zingiberaceae family (Chattopadhyay et al.,

2004). C. longa, commonly known as ‘turmeric’, is widely used as a spice and colouring agent,

and is well known for its medicinal properties (Luthra et al., 2001). Components of turmeric are

named curcuminoids, which include mainly curcumin (diferuloyl methane),

demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin (Chainani-Wu, 2003). Curcumin is the most

important fraction which is responsible for the biological activities of turmeric. The melting



point of curcumin, C2H2OO6, is 184º C. It is soluble in ethanol and acetone, but insoluble in

water (Joe et al., 2004). Curcumin is a potent antioxidant is believed to be the most bioactive

compound, and soothing portion of the herb turmeric and posses the properties like

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet activity, lowering of cholesterol etc. Keeping this in

view the important role of A. indica and turmeric in inhibition of different cultures of bacteria

and its role as antioxidant and antibacterial, the present study was conducted to compare the

antibacterial activity extracts of A. indica, C. longa and synthesized turmeric silver nanoparticles

on some bacteria. This study also supports the use of turmeric in traditional medicines for the

treatment of bacterial infections.

Microbes are unlikely to develop resistance against silver as they do against for conventional

target antibiotics, because the metal attacks a broad range of targets in the organisms, which

means that they need to develop a range of mutations simultaneously to protect themselves

(Pal et al., 2007). As a result, Ag-NPs have been applied to a wide range of products, the most

important current use is as antimicrobial agents to prevent infection, such as in burn and

traumatic wound dressings, diabetic ulcers, coating of catheters, dental works, scaffold, and

medical devices (Kim and Kim, 2006; Silver et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2007; Thomas et al., 2007;

Law et al., 2008 and Rai et al., 2009). Ag-NPs are also used in hygienic products including water

purification systems, linings of washing machine, dishwashers, refrigerators, and toilet seats

(Silver et al., 2006 and Rai et al., 2009).

Thus, the objective of this present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of aqueous,

methanol extracts of A. indica and Curcuma longa (turmeric) and to compare it with a standard

antibiotic and synthesized turmeric silver nano particles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of plant parts

Leaves of mature A. indica plants (1 kg wet weight) were collected from Madurai, Tamil Nadu,

India and identified. Like wise, dried plant parts (Rhizome) of turmeric (Curcuma longa) were

purchased in local supermarket from Madurai and evaluated for their antibacterial activity

against six bacteria.



Fig.1. Showing the leaves and powder form of A. indica

Fig.2. Showing the dried rhizome and powder form of Curcuma longa

Protocol for phytochemical extraction

Leaves of A. indica were washed, oven dried at 45°C overnight, then grounded into powder

form and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with either Aqueous (distilled water) or methanol

as solvent for 12 h. The solvent was concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator. The

yields were, 3.8 and 7.9 % respectively. The solid residues were stored at -20°C prior to use. The

dried rhizomes of turmeric were grated in a blender and ground into fine powder. It was

extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with either Aqueous (distilled water) or methanol as solvent

for 12 h. The solvent was concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator. The yields

were 4.2 and 8.6 % respectively. The solid residues were stored at -20°C prior to use.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles



The fresh turmeric were purchased, dried at C in hot air oven and powdered and then used

for extraction. About 2 grams of dried powder were ground to fine paste with 20 ml of

distilled water using mortar and pestle. It was centrifuged at 10,000 RPM for 10 minutes and

supernatant was taken for further processing. Ten ml of the extract was added to 90 ml of

aqueous solution of 5 mM Silver nitrate solution (AgNO3 for reduc on of silver nitrate into g

ions and maintained at room temperature C) in the incubator in static condition and the

completion of the reaction was carried out for a period of 2 h. The colourless silver nitrate

solution is changed from pale yellow to ruby red and finally dark brown colour which indicates

the formation of silver nanoparticles.

UV-visible spectroscopy analysis

The colour change in reaction mixture (Silver nitrate solution + leaf extract) was recorded

through visual observation. The bio reduced silver nanoparticle solution was filtered through

Whatmann No.1 filter paper and the filtrate was measured using UV-Visible absorbance. The

bioreduction of silver ions in aqueous solution was monitored by periodic sampling of aliquots

(1 ml) and subsequently measuring UV-vis spectra of the solution using Double beam UV-vis

spectrophotometer (model 2201) operated at a resolution of 1 nm.

Evaluation of plants for their antibacteral activity

Agar disc diffusion method

The antibacterial activity of 6 crude extracts (aqueous, methanolic and combined effect of two

plant parts (Acalypha indica and turmeric, combination of two) and synthesised silver nano

particles of turmeric) against six bacterial isolates was evaluated by using the agar disc diffusion

method (Ahmad and Beg, 2001; Srinivasan et al., 2001 and Somchit et al., 2004) and

experiments were conducted three separate times. Sterilised Muller Hinton agar petriplates

were inoculated with 1 μl 1x1 5 CFU/ml) of each bacterium (in triplicates) and spread with

sterile cotton swabs. Bacteria (Salmonella sp, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp.,

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) used in this study were from clinical isolates and

identified at the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Mission Hospital

Research Centre, Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Commercial antibiotics disc which consists of amphicilin

(10 mg/ml) were used as reference.

Sterile 10.0 mm diameter blank discs (Himedia, India) were used to impregnate two different

dilutions of the extracts. 1 μl volume of the plant extract was poured into a sterile disc and

evaporated. Discs were stored at –5° C prior to use. These discs were placed on the agar plates.

The plates thus prepared were left at room temperature for ten minutes allowing the diffusion

of the extract into the agar (Rios et al., 1988). After incubation for 24 h at 37oC, the plates were



observed. If antibacterial activity was present on the plates, it was indicated by an inhibition

zone surrounding the disc containing the plant extract. The zone of inhibition was measured

and expressed in centimeters. Antibacterial activity was recorded if the zone of inhibition was

greater than 8 mm (Hammer et al., 1999). The antibacterial activity results were expressed in

term of the diameter of zone of inhibition and < 9 mm zone was considered as inactive; 9 – 12

mm as partially active; while 13 -18 mm as active and >18mm as very active (Junior and Zanil,

2000). The mean and standard deviation of the diameter of inhibition zones were calculated.

RESULTS

The results of antibacterial activity of both aqueous and methanolic extract of A. indica,

Curcuma longa and combined effect is presented in the Table 1 and represented in fig.2 , 3 & 4.

In the present study, the aqueous extracts of A. indica did not exhibit antibacterial activity

against Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococus sp., but it showed a very

good inhibitory effect for Bacillus sp. and E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 1.8 cm and 1.5 cm

respectively. Turmeric showed a very good inhibitory activity against Staphylococus aureus with

zone of inhibition 1.7 and 1.3 cm for methanolic and aqueous extract respectively. For other

species the methanolic extract of turmeric showed the zone inhibition 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.7 and 1.6

cm dia for E.coli, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococus sp., and Salmonella sp.

respectively. The synergistic effect of methanolic extract of both species (Acalypha indica and

turmeric) also showed very good inhibitory effect. These results are on par with methanolic

extract of Turmeric. There were no much variations in the zone of inhibition and is shown in

Table 1.

The methanolic extract of turmeric was also compared with the synthesized turmeric silver

nanoparticles (Laboratory preparation) and represented in Table 2 and represented in fig.5.

Among these, the silver nano particles showed better results when compared to the methanolic

extract of turmeric and antibiotic. In E. coli the zone of inhibition was maximum i.e 2.5 and 2.2

cm dia for silver nano particles and methanolic extract of turmeric respectively. Silver

nanoparticles of turmeric showed a inhibition zone of 2.3, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.4 cm dia for Salmonella

sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Staphylococus sp., respectively.

DISCUSSION

Although, the primary purpose of herbs and spices is to impart flavour and piquancy to food.

Medicinal, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of spices have also been exploited ((Uraih,

2004 and Souza et al., 2005). Naturally occurring water-soluble components in most plant

materials include various anionic components such as thiocynate, nitrate, chlorides and

sulphates, starches and tannins, saponins, terpenoids, polypeptides and lectins (Darout et al.,

2000). In the present study, the Acalypha indica, and turmeric extracts exhibited antibacterial



activity in methanolic extracts. Phytochemicals having solubility in ethanol and methanol

include tannins, polyphenols, polyacetylenes, flavonol, sterols and alkaloids (Ivanovska et al.,

1996). Cowan (1999) examined a variety of extracts for their ability to solubilise antibacterial

from plants as well as other factors such as their relative ranking as biohazards and the ease of

removal of solvent from the fraction and ranked them in the order: methylene dichloride >

methanol > ethanol > water. Accordingly, in the present study, two solvents namely water and

methanol was selected for the plant extraction.

In the methanolic extract of A. indica showed very good activity for all the tested organisms

with maximum zone of inhibition i.e 2.5 cm dia for Bacillus sp., and minimum in Pseudomonas

sp., of 1.8 cm dia. There are many reports of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae possessing

anti-microbial activity (Perez et al., 1997; Awoyinka et al., 2007; Falodun et al., 2008). From the

analysis it was concluded that the preliminary phytochemical analysis that phenols and tannins

detected in the extracts may contribute to the antimicrobial effect. This may be the reason why

A. indica also showed similar anti-microbial activity. Indeed, previous study on A. indica

revealed this plant has antibacterial property against other bacteria (Govindarajan et al., 2008).

From the above results it was inferred that among the two plant species methanolic extract of

turmeric was found to be more effective (i.e showed maximum zone of inhibition against all the

bacterial species tested. The methanolic extract of turmeric being strongly active against E. coli

(2.4 cm) and Bacillus (2.6 cm) isolates while aqueous extracts strongly active against S. aureus

isolates (1.2 cm). Chandrana et al. (2005) who studied antimicrobial activity of turmeric

reported that it was effective against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus and suggested that the

activity is due to the presence of curcuminoid, a phenolic compound. Gur et al. (2006) who

reported that the methanolic extract of turmeric was effective in extraction of antimicrobially

active substances as compared to water and hexane. Negi et al. (1999) demonstrated that

turmerone and curlone components of turmeric possess excellent antibacterial action against a

wide range of microbes such as B. cereus, B. coagulans, B. subtilis, S. aureus. E. coli and P.

aeruginosa. The antimicrobial property of turmeric has been attributed to the presence of

essential oil, an alkaloid, curcumins and other curcuminoids, turmeric oil, turmerol and veleric

acid (Cikrikci et al., 2008). The methanolic extract of turmeric was also compared with the

synthesized turmeric silver nanoparticles and among these, the silver nano particles showed

better results when compared to the methanolic extract of turmeric and antibiotic. In E. coli

the zone of inhibition was maximum i.e 2.5 and 2.2 cm dia for silver nano particles and

methanolic extract of turmeric respectively. Silver nanoparticles of turmeric showed a inhibition

zone of 2.3, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.4 cm dia for Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and

Staphylococus sp., respectively.



Table 1. Antibacterial activity of Methanolic and aqueous extracts of selected plants (zone of

inhibition in cm)

Values are mean ± SD (cm) of 3 separate experiments.

S.No Name of Organisms Acalypha indica Curcuma longa

(Turmeric)

Combined effect

M

cm in dia

A

cm in

dia

M

cm in dia

A

cm in

dia

M

cm in dia

A

1. Salmonella sp., 2.1 ± 0.46 .

.

- 1.8 ± 0.34 - 1.9 ± 0.64 -

2. Klebsiella sp., 1.8 ± 0.36 - - - - -

3. Pseudomonas sp., 1.4 ± 0.54 - 2.2 ± 0.26 - 2.3 ± 0.38 -

4. Bacillus sp., 2.5 ± 0.65 1.8 ± 2.6 ± 0.52 - 2.1 ± 0.26 -

5. E.coli 2.1 ± 0.34 1.5 ± 2.4 ± 0.28 - 1.8 ± 0.47 -

6. Staphylococcus sp., - - 1.6 ± 0.48 1.2 2.0 ± 0.65 1.8 ± 0.53

Table 2. Antibacterial activity of Methanolic extract of Curcuma longa and Turmeric nano

particles (zone of inhibition in cm)

S.No Name of Organisms Antibiotics

Control

Turmeric methanol extract

(TM)

Turmeric Nano particle

(TNP)

cm in dia cm in dia Cm in dia

1. Salmonella sp., 0.7 ± 0.32 1.6 ± 0.35 2.3 ± 0.46

2. Pseudomonas sp., 1.0 ± 0.23 2.0 ± 0.54 2.2 ± 0.64

3. Bacillus sp., 0.9 ± 0.27 2.2 ± 0.37 2.3 ± 0.54

4. E. coli 1.2 ± 0.63 2.6 ± 0.54 2.1 ± 0.32

5. Staphylococcus sp., 0.8 ± 0.53 2.4 ± 0.26 1.8 ± 0.54

Values are mean ± SD (cm) of 3 separate experiments.



Fig.3. Photograph of Antibacterial activity of Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Acalypha

indica

Fig.4. Photograph of Antibacterial activity of Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Curcuma

longa (Turmeric)



Fig. 5. Photograph of Antibacterial activity of Methanolic and aqueous extracts of

combination Acalypha indica and Curcuma longa

Fig. 6. Photograph of Antibacterial activity of Methanolic extracts Curcuma longa and

synthesised silver nano particles



Findings of the present investigation supports the use of Acalypha indica and Curcuma longa

(turmeric) in traditional medicine for the treatment of various bacterial infections.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded from the present studies that both plant species of the methanolic extracts

can be used as a potential source of natural antimicrobial compound. Further research is

required for the identification of bioactive molecule present in the two extracts. Hence, they

can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by tested strains and potential

antimicrobial agents may be developed. However, further studies have to be done to identify

the specific principles responsible for the antimicrobial activity of A. indica and Curcuma longa.

Silver nanoparticles of turmeric was found to be more effective and the zone of inhibiton found

to be higher when to compared to methanolic extract of turmeric,.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We the authors acknowledge the Mother Teresa Women;s University for providing necessary

facilities. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to DST-CURIE for funding to carry out this project

successfully.

REFERENCES

1. Ahmed, V., Baqai, F. T. and R. Ahmed. 1993. A tigogenin pentasaccharide from Cestrum

diurnum. Phytochem.,34 511-515.

2. Burkill, H.M. 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

UK. 2: 246.

3. Chainani-Wu, N. 2003. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of

turmeric (Curcuma longa). J. Altern. Complement Med., 9: 161-8.

4. Chandrana, H., Baluja, S. and S. V. Chanda. 2005. Comparison of antibacterial activities of

selected species of Zingiberaceae family and some synthetic compounds. Turk. J. Biol.,.29: 83 -

97.

5. Chattopadhyay, I., K. Biswas, U. Bandyopadhyay and R.K. Banerjee. 2004.Turmeric and

curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications. Curr. Sci., 87: 44 - 53.

6. Chattopadhyay, I., Biswas, K., Bandyopadhyay, U. and R.K. Banerjee. 2004.Turmeric and

curcumin. Biological Actions And Medicinal Applications. Curr. Sci., 87: 44-53.



7. Cikricki, S., Mozioglu, E. and H. Yylmaz. 2008. Biological activity of curcuminoids isolated

from Curcuma longa. Rec. Nat. Prod: 2: 19-24.

8. Cowan, M. M. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 12: 564-582.

9. Darout, I., Cristy, A., Skaug, N and P. Egeberg. 2000. Identification and quantification of some

potential antimicrobial anionic components in miswak extract. Ind. J. Phar:, 32: 11-14.

10. Govindarajan, M., Jebanesan, A., Reetha, D., Amsath, R., Pushpanathan, T., and K.

Samidurai. 2008. Antibacterial activity of Acalypha indica L. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.,

12(5): 299-302.

11. Gur, S. Balik, D. T. and N. Gur. 2006. Antimicrobial activity and some fatty acids of turmeric,

ginger root and linseed used in the treatment infectious disease. World J. Agri. Sci.,2: 439-442.

12. Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F. and T. V. Riley. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and

other plant extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol., 86: 985-990.

13. Ivanovska, N., Philipov, S., Istatkova, R. and P. Georgieve. 1996. Antimicrobial and

immunological activity of ethanol extracts and fractions Isopyrum thalictroides. J.

Ethnopharmacol, 54 : 143-151.

14. Joe, B., M. Vijaykumar and B.R. Lokesh. 2004. Biological properties of curcumin-cellular and

molecular mechanisms of action. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44: 97-111.

15. Jones, R.N., Barry, A.L., Gavan, T.L. and J.A. ll. Washington. 1985. Microdilution and

macrodilution broth procedures. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 2: 972-977.

16. Junior, A. and C. Zanil. 2000. Biological screening of Brazilian meditational plants. Braz. J.

Sci., 95: 367-373.

17. Karaman, I., F. Sahin, M. Gulluce, H. Qgutcu, M. Sengul and A. Adiguzel. 2003. Antimicrobial

activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus L. J. Ethnopharmacol, 85: 231-

235.

18. Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D.1975. Indian Medical Plants. Volume II. Second Edition. Jayyed Press,

New Delhi, pp. 30-45.

19. Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E.G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P.T., Mohan N.

2010). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial

activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76(1): 50-56.



20. Luthra, P. M., Singh, R. and R. Chandra. 2001. Therapeutic uses of Curcuma longa

(Turmeric). Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 16: 153-160.

21. Negi, P. S., G.K. Jayaprakasha, L. Jaganmohan and K.K. RaoSakariah. 1999. Antibacterial

activity of turmeric oil: a byproduct from curcumin manufacture. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 4297-

4300

22. Perry, L.M. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia: attributed properties and

uses. MIT Press, Cambridge. Mass. U.S.A., p. 109.

23. Rahman, M.A., Bachar, S.C. and M. Rahmatullah. 2010. Analgesic and antiinflammatory

activity of methanolic extract of Acalypha indica Linn. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 23(3): 256-258.

24. Rai D., Singh, J. K., Roy, N. and D. Panda. 2008. Curcumin inhibits FtsZ assembly: an

attractive mechanism for its antibacterial activity, Biochem. J., 410: 147-155.

25. Ramachandran, J. 2008. Herbs of Siddha Medicine/The First 3D Book On Herbs. Murugan

PPatthipagam, Chennai, India, p. 156.

26. Ram Kumar Pundir and Pranay Jain. 2010. Comparative studies on the antimicrobial activity

of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts. International Journal of

Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 1 (2).492 -509.

27. Rios, J. L., Recio, M. C. and A. Villar. 1988. Screening methods for natural products with

antimicrobial activity: a review of the literature. J. Ethnopharmacol., 23: 127-149.

28. Somchit N, Reezal I, Elysha Nur I, Mutalib AR (2003). In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol

and water extract of Cassia alata. J. Ethnopharmacol., 84: 1-4.

29. Somchit, M. N., Mutalib, A. R., Ahmad, Z., Sulaiman, M.R., Norli, S. 2004. InVitro Antifungal

Activity of Cassia tora L. J. Trop. Med. Plants, 5(1): 15-20.

30. Souza, E. L., Stamford, T. L. M., Lima, E. O., Trajano, V. N. and J. B. Filho. 2005. Antimicrobial

effectiveness of spices: an approach for use in food conservation systems. Braz. Arch. Biol.

Technol., 48: 549-558.

31. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. 2001. Microbiology: An introduction. 7th edition.

Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco, USA, pp. 88-89.

32. Uraih, 2004. Food Microbiology. Bobpeco Publishers, Benin City, Nigeria, pp. 92-130.

33. Varier, V.P.S. 1996. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species Orient Longman

Publication, Madras, India, p. 134.



34. Winter, H., Griffith, M. D.1998. Vitamins, Herbs, Minerals, and Supplements: The Complete

Guide. Fisher Books. USA, p. 217.

Documents

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH …ijprbs.com/issuedocs/2015/2/IJPRBS 949.pdf · 2020. 5. 1. · 2 H 2 OO 6, is 184º C. It is soluble in ethanol and acetone, but