INTERNATIONAL LAW REPORTS · 2016. 1. 13. · Volumes published under the title: ANNUAL DIGEST AND REPORTS OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES Volumes published under the title: INTERNATIONAL

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

Volume 161

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Volumes published under the title:

ANNUAL DIGEST AND REPORTSOF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES

Volumes published under the title:

INTERNATIONAL LAW REPORTS

Vol. 1 (1919-22)Vol. 2 (1923-24) g Edited by Sir John Fischer Williams, KC,

and H. Lauterpacht, LLD

Vol. 3 (1925-26)Vol. 4 (1927-28) g Edited by Arnold D. McNair, CBE, LLD,

and H. Lauterpacht, LLD

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Lauterpacht Centre for International LawUniversity of Cambridge

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

VOLUME161

Edited by

SIR ELIHU LAUTERPACHT, cbe, qc, lldHonorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge

Bencher of Gray’s Inn

SIR CHRISTOPHER GREENWOOD, cmg, qcJudge of the International Court of Justice

Bencher of Middle Temple

and

KAREN LEEFellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge

Vice-Mistress and Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge

G R O T I U S P U B L I C A T I O N S






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CONTENTS

Preface vii

Page

Editorial Note ix

Table of Cases (alphabetical) xiii

Table of Cases (according to courts and countries) xv

Digest (main headings) xvii

Digest of Cases Reported in Volume 161 xix

Table of Treaties xxv

Reports of Cases 1

Index 740

v











PREFACE

The present volume is devoted to international jurisprudence.It contains the 2008 order and 2011 judgment of the InternationalCourt of Justice in the Application of the International Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v.Russian Federation) together with related cases before the EuropeanCourt of Human Rights (Georgia v. Russia (Nos 1 and 2)). Internationaljurisprudence is also reflected in the judgment of the European Court ofHuman Rights in Hassan v. United Kingdom and in Opinion 2/13 ofthe Court of Justice of the European Union concerning accession of theEuropean Union to the European Convention on Human Rights.

The Editors wish to thank the many people whose work has madethis volume possible. Miss Maureen MacGlashan, CMG compiledthe Table of Treaties and the Index. Mrs Diane Ilott checked the copyand Mrs Jenny Macgregor read the proofs. Ms Karen Lee preparedthe Tables of Cases and the Digest and saw the volume throughthe press.

Finally, our thanks go to all the others who have worked to com-plete this volume, particularly our publishers, Cambridge UniversityPress, and typesetters, SPi, and their staff.

E. LAUTERPACHTLauterpacht Centre

for International Law,

University of Cambridge

C. J. GREENWOODThe Peace Palace,

The Hague

K. L. LEELauterpacht Centre

for International Law,

University of Cambridge

April 2015

vii











EDITORIAL NOTE

The International Law Reports endeavour to provide within a singleseries of volumes comprehensive access in English to judicial materialsbearing on public international law. On certain topics it is not alwayseasy to draw a clear line between cases which are essentially ones ofpublic international law interest and those which are primarily applica-tions of special domestic rules. For example, in relation to extradition,the Reports will include cases which bear on the exception of “politicaloffences” or the rule of double criminality, but will restrict the numberof cases dealing with purely procedural aspects of extradition. Similarly,while the general rules relating to the admission and exclusion of aliens,especially of refugees, are of international legal interest, cases on theprocedure of admission usually are not. In such borderline areas, andsometimes also where there is a series of domestic decisions all dealingwith a single point in essentially the same manner, only one illustrativedecision will be printed and references to the remainder will be given inan accompanying note.

Decisions of International Tribunals

The Reports seek to include so far as possible the available decisions ofevery international tribunal, e.g. the International Court of Justice, orad hoc arbitrations between States. There are, however, some jurisdic-tions to which full coverage cannot be given, either because of the largenumber of decisions (e.g. the Administrative Tribunal of the UnitedNations) or because not all the decisions bear on questions of publicinternational law (e.g. the Court of Justice of the European Union). Inthese instances, those decisions are selected which appear to have thegreatest long-term value.

Human rights cases. The number of decisions on questions ofinternational protection of human rights has increased considerablyin recent years and it is now impossible for the Reports to cover themall. As far as decisions of international jurisdictions are concerned, theReports will continue to publish decisions of the European Court ofHuman Rights and of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, aswell as “views” of the United Nations Human Rights Committee.Decisions of national courts on the application of conventions onhuman rights will not be published unless they deal with a major pointof substantive human rights law or a matter of wider interest to public

ix






international lawyers such as the relationship of international law andnational law, the extent of the right of derogation or the principles ofthe interpretation of treaties.

International arbitrations. The Reports of course include arbitralawards rendered in cases between States which involve an applicationof public international law. Beyond this, however, the selection ofarbitral decisions is more open to debate. As these Reports are princi-pally concerned with matters of public international law, they will notinclude purely private law commercial arbitrations even if they areinternational in the sense that they arise between parties of differentnationality and even if one of them is a State. (For reports of a numberof such awards, see Yearbook Commercial Arbitration (ed. Albert Jan vanden Berg, under the auspices of the International Council for Com-mercial Arbitration).) But where there is a sufficient point of contactwith public international law then the relevant parts of the award willbe reported. Examples of such points of contact are cases in which thecharacter of a State as a party has some relevance (e.g. State immunity,stabilization clauses, force majeure) or where there is a choice of lawproblem involving discussion of international law or general principlesof law as possible applicable laws. The same criteria will determine theselection of decisions of national courts regarding the enforcement ofarbitral awards.

Decisions of National Tribunals

A systematic effort is made to collect from all national jurisdictionsthose judicial decisions which have some bearing on international law.

Editorial Treatment of Materials

The basic policy of the Editors is, so far as possible, to present thematerial in its original form. It is no part of the editorial function toimpose on the decisions printed in these volumes a uniformity ofapproach or style which they do not possess. Editorial intervention islimited to the introduction of the summary and of the bold-letterrubric at the head of each case. This is followed by the full text ofthe original decision or of its translation. Normally, the only passageswhich will be omitted are those which contain either statements of facthaving no bearing on the points of international law involved in thecase or discussion of matters of domestic law unrelated to the points ofinternational legal interest. The omission of material is usually indi-cated either by a series of dots or by the insertion of a sentence in squarebrackets noting the passages which have been left out.

x EDITORIAL NOTE






Presentation of Materials

The material in the volume has been typeset for this volume. Thesource of all such material is indicated by the reference to the “Report”in square brackets at the end of the case. The language of the originaldecision is also mentioned there. The bold figures in square brackets inthe body of the text in non-English cases indicate the pagination of theoriginal report.

Notes

Footnotes. Footnotes enclosed in square brackets are editorial insertions.All other footnotes are part of the original report.

Other notes. References to cases deemed not to be sufficientlysubstantial to warrant reporting will occasionally be found in editorialnotes either at the end of a report of a case on a similar point or underan independent heading.

Digest of Cases

With effect from Volume 75 the decisions contained in the Reports areno longer arranged according to the traditional classification scheme.Instead a Digest of Cases is published at the beginning of each volume.The main headings of the Digest are arranged alphabetically. Undereach heading brief details are given of those cases reported in thatvolume which contain points covered by that heading. Each entry inthe Digest gives the name of the case concerned and the page reference,the name of the tribunal which gave the decision and an indication ofthe main points raised in the case which relate to that particularheading of the Digest. Where a case raises points which concern severaldifferent areas of international law, entries relating to that case willappear under each of the relevant headings in the Digest. A list of themain headings used in the Digest is set out at p. xvii.

Consolidated Index and Tables

A Consolidated Index and a Consolidated Tables of Cases and Treatiesfor volumes 1-80 were published in two volumes in 1990 and 1991.A further volume containing the Consolidated Index and ConsolidatedTables of Cases and Treaties for volumes 81-100 was published in1996. A Consolidated Index, a Consolidated Tables of Cases and aConsolidated Table of Treaties for volumes 1-125 were published in2004. Volume 160 contains Consolidated Tables of Cases for volumes126-160.

EDITORIAL NOTE xi











TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDALPHABETICAL

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which arereported in full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page numberof the report.)

Application of the InternationalConvention on the Elimination of AllForms of Racial Discrimination (Georgiav. Russian Federation) (ProvisionalMeasures) (Preliminary Objections) 1

Georgia v. Russia (No 1) (Application No13255/07) (Admissibility) (Merits) 333

Georgia v. Russia (No 2) (Application No38263/08) (Admissibility) 487, 523(note)

Georgia v. Russian Federation (Applicationof the International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination) (Provisional Measures)(Preliminary Objections) 1

Hassan v. United Kingdom (ApplicationNo 29750/09) (Merits) 524

Opinion 2/13 (Accession of the EuropeanUnion to the European Convention onHuman Rights) 600

xiii











TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDARRANGED ACCORDING TO COURTS ANDTRIBUNALS (INTERNATIONAL CASES) AND

COUNTRIES (MUNICIPAL CASES)

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which arereported in full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page numberof the report.)

I. DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

European Court of Human Rights

2009Georgia v. Russia (No 1) (Application No

13255/07) (Admissibility) 333, 337


38263/08) (Admissibility) 487, 523(note)


13255/07) (Merits) 333, 360Hassan v. United Kingdom (Application

No 29750/09) (Merits) 524

European Union, Court of Justice

2014Opinion 2/13 (Accession of the European

Union to the European Convention onHuman Rights) 600

International Court of Justice

2008Georgia v. Russian Federation (Application

of the International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination) (Provisional Measures)1, 12

2011Georgia v. Russian Federation (Application

of the International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination) (PreliminaryObjections) 1, 64

xv











DIGEST OF CASESList of Main Headings

(Those headings for which there are entries in the present volume are printed in italics.For a guide to the Digest, see the Editorial Note at p. xi.)

Air

Aliens

Arbitration

Canals

Claims

Comity

Conciliation

Consular Relations

Damages

Diplomatic Relations

Economics, Trade and Finance

Environment

Expropriation

Extradition

Governments

Human Rights

International Court of Justice

International Criminal Law

International Organizations

International Tribunals

Jurisdiction

Lakes and Landlocked Seas

Nationality

Recognition

Relationship of International Lawand Municipal Law

Reprisals and Countermeasures

Rivers

Sea

Sources of International Law

Space

State Immunity

State Responsibility

State Succession

States

Territory

Terrorism

Treaties

War and Armed Conflict

xvii











DIGEST OF CASESREPORTED IN VOLUME 161

AliensPage

Expulsion — Collective expulsion — Arrests and detention —European Convention on Human Rights — Protocol No 4 —Prohibition of arbitrary expulsion— Arbitrary nature of collectiveexpulsion and arrests which preceded it — Russian expulsion ofGeorgian nationals in 2006— European Court of Human Rights

Georgia v. Russia (No 1) (Application No 13255/07) (Admis-sibility) (Merits) 333

ClaimsEvidence—Human rights claims— Admissibility of evidence—Burden of proof — European Court of Human Rights — Effectof role of the Court on approach to evidence— Absence of formalrules on admissibility of evidence — Circumstances in whichburden of proof shifts to government — Injury and death incustody — European Court of Human Rights

Hassan v. United Kingdom (Application No 29750/09) (Merits) 524

Local remedies rule — Application in human rights cases —European Convention on Human Rights, Article 35(1) —Inter-State case — Allegation of administrative practice inviolation of the Convention— European Court of Human Rights


Local remedies rule — Application in human rights cases —European Convention on Human Rights, Article 35(1) —Inter-State case — Allegation of administrative practice inviolation of the Convention— European Court of Human Rights

Georgia v. Russia (No 2) (Application No 38263/08) (Admis-sibility) 487

Human RightsAliens — Expulsion — Collective expulsion — Arrests anddetention — Deprivation of liberty — Protection against

xix






Human Rights (cont.)

arbitrary treatment — Conditions of detention — Whetheramounting to inhuman and degrading treatment — Duty toprovide a remedy — Discrimination — European Conventionon Human Rights, Articles 3, 5, 13 and Article 4 of ProtocolNo 4 — Rule on exhaustion of domestic remedies — EuropeanConvention on Human Rights, Article 35(1) — Applicability ininter-State case— Administrative practice allegedly in violation ofthe Convention — European Court of Human Rights


Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights —Participation — European Union — Draft agreement foraccession of European Union to European Convention onHuman Rights — Whether compatible with European Unionlaw — Autonomy of European Union legal order — EuropeanUnion not to be equated to a State — Court of Justice of theEuropean Union

Opinion 2/13 (Accession of the European Union to the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights) 600

Treaties — Interpretation of human rights treaties —Compromissory clauses — Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 22 — Whetherimposing preconditions on the seisin of the International Courtof Justice — Scope of application of Convention — Whetherapplicable extraterritorially — Conflict between Georgia andRussian Federation in 2008 — Allegations of ethnic cleansing inAbkhazia and South Ossetia — Whether dispute regarding theinterpretation or application of the Convention — InternationalCourt of Justice

Application of the International Convention on the Eliminationof All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. RussianFederation) (Provisional Measures) (Preliminary Objections) 1

Treaties — Scope of application — European Convention onHuman Rights, Article 1 — Application during internationalarmed conflict — Application to State in respect of eventsoutside territory of that State — Relationship betweenConvention and international humanitarian law — Arrest anddetention — Article 5 — Detention of prisoner of war underThird Geneva Convention, 1949 — Detention of civilian on

xx DIGEST OF CASES






security grounds under Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949 —Whether compatible with Article 5 — Article 2 — Extent ofduty to investigate death — European Court of Human Rights


Treaties — Scope of application — European Convention onHuman Rights, Article 1 — Application during internationalarmed conflict — Application to State in respect of eventsoutside territory of that State — Rule on exhaustion of domesticremedies — European Convention on Human Rights, Article35(1) — Applicability in inter-State case — Administrativepractice allegedly in violation of the Convention — Conflictbetween Georgia and Russian Federation in 2008 — Joinder ofissues to the merits — Six-month time limit — Similaritiesbetween case and case before International Court of Justice —European Court of Human Rights


International Court of JusticeJurisdiction — Consent of States as basis of jurisdiction —Dispute — Definition of dispute — Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 22 —Types of dispute covered by Article 22 — Conflict betweenGeorgia and Russian Federation in 2008 — Whether disputebetween the Parties regarding the interpretation or applicationof the Convention — Date on which dispute came intoexistence — Whether Article 22 imposing preconditions onseisin of the Court — Requirement of negotiations —Relationship between decision on prima facie basis of jurisdictionat provisional measures stage and definitive ruling onjurisdiction — Whether compromissory clauses in human rightstreaties requiring different approach to interpretation —International Court of Justice


Provisional measures of protection — Criteria for indication ofmeasures — Prima facie basis for jurisdiction — Application byGeorgia against Russian Federation — Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 22 —Whether prima facie basis for jurisdiction — Measures must be

DIGEST OF CASES xxi






International Court of Justice (cont.)

designed to protect rights which might form the subject-matter of ajudgment — Requirement of urgency — International Court ofJustice


International OrganizationsPersonality — Responsibility — Division of functions betweenorganization and members — European Union — Accession tothe European Convention on Human Rights — Attribution ofacts to Member States or the Union — Question of EuropeanUnion law— Autonomy of European Union legal order— Courtof Justice of the European Union


United Nations— Security Council— Exchanges between Statesin meetings of Security Council — Whether capable ofestablishing existence of dispute — Whether capable ofconstituting attempt to resolve dispute by negotiation —International Court of Justice


International TribunalsCourtof Justice of theEuropeanUnion—EuropeanCourt ofHumanRights — Proposed accession of European Union to EuropeanConvention on Human Rights—Degree to which judgments of theEuropean Court of Human Rights to bind European Union and itsinstitutions — Procedure — Co-respondent procedure —Mechanism for prior involvement of Court of Justice of theEuropean Union— Court of Justice of the European Union


European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction —Procedure — Decisions on admissibility — Joinder of issues tothe merits — European Court of Human Rights


xxii DIGEST OF CASES






European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction —Procedure — Decisions on admissibility — Joinder of issues tothe merits — European Court of Human Rights


European Court of Human Rights — Role and function —Evidence — Burden of proof — European Court of HumanRights


StatesCharacteristics — European Union — European Union not aState — Proposed participation in the European Convention onHuman Rights — Court of Justice of the European Union


TreatiesInterpretation — Principles of interpretation — Principle ofeffet utile — Role within framework of treaty interpretation —Human rights treaties — Compromissory clauses — Conventionon the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,Article 22 — Approach to interpretation — International Courtof Justice

Application of the International Convention on the Elim-ination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgiav. Russian Federation) (Provisional Measures) (PreliminaryObjections) 1

Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,1969, Article 31(3) — Human rights treaties — EuropeanConvention on Human Rights — Subsequent practice —Relevance of other rules of international law applicable betweenthe parties — Relationship between Convention and rules ofhumanitarian law — Practice of States party to the EuropeanConvention involved in international armed conflict — Absenceof derogations from the Convention — European Court ofHuman Rights


DIGEST OF CASES xxiii






War and Armed ConflictApplicable law — Relationship between internationalhumanitarian law and human rights law — EuropeanConvention on Human Rights — European Court of HumanRights


International armed conflict — Conflict between Georgia andRussia in 2008 — Conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia —Ethnic cleansing — Whether giving rise to dispute withinConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination, Article 22 — International Court of Justice


International armed conflict — Relationship betweeninternational humanitarian law and human rights law —Prisoners of war — Civilians — Arrest and detention —Whether detention in accordance with Third Geneva Conventionor Fourth Geneva Convention contrary to Article 5(1) of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights — European Court ofHuman Rights


xxiv DIGEST OF CASES






TABLE OF TREATIES

This table contains a list, in chronological order according to the date ofsignature, of the treaties referred to in the decisions printed in the presentvolume. It has not been possible to draw a helpful distinction between treatiesjudicially considered and treaties which are merely cited.

In the case of bilateral treaties, the names of the parties are given inalphabetical order and references to the texts of treaties have been supplied,including wherever possible at least one reference to a text in the Englishlanguage unless these are known to be included in the Flare Index to Treatiesavailable at http://ials.sas.ac.uk/treatyindex.htm. Multilateral treaties, allincluded in the Flare Index, are referred to by the name by which they arebelieved commonly to be known.

1919June 28 Covenant of the League of Nations (Part I of the Treaty of

Versailles)Art. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

1920Dec. 16 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)

Art. 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232-40Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246-7, 250-1

1945June 26 Charter of the United Nations

Chapter VIIArt. 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-9, 109-10

June 26 Statute of the International Court of JusticeChapter IArt. 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter IIArt. 34(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Art. 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240-5Art. 36(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 178-9Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251-3, 284

Chapter IIIArt. 40(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 65Art. 40(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 65Art. 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19, 32, 47, 50-5, 64-229Arts. 49-51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Art. 63(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

xxv






1948July 22 World Health Organization (WHO) Constitution (amended

1974, 1984, 1994 and 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Dec. 9 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocideArt. IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

1949May 5 Statute of the Council of Europe

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Art. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Art. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Art. 15(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680-1Art. 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681Art. 20(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Art. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Aug. 12 Geneva Conventions Relative to the Protection of the Victims ofInternational Armed Conflicts (Common Articles)Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 587

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War(Geneva Convention III)Art. 4A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 587, 590Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 590Art. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 572-3Art. 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 587Art. 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7Art. 118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7Art. 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536-7

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Personsin Time of War (Geneva Convention IV)Art. 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 587, 590Art. 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7, 586, 590Art. 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586, 590Art. 133(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7Art. 133(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544-7

Sept. 2 Council of Europe, General Agreement on Privileges andImmunitiesArts. 1-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696-7

xxvi TABLE OF TREATIES






1950Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and

Fundamental Freedoms, First Protocol (20 March 1952)Art. 1 . . . . . . . 339-41, 349-50, 352-3, 362, 364, 385, 418-20,

493, 497-8, 505-6, 510-11Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339-41, 349-50, 352-3, 362, 364, 385,

418-20, 493, 498, 505-6

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Second Protocol (6 May 1963) . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Third Protocol (6 May 1963) . . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Fourth Protocol (16 December 1963)686

Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490, 493, 498-9, 505-6, 516Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 339-41, 345-9, 352, 362, 364, 385, 404-7,

414-17, 421, 429-34, 452-3

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Fifth Protocol (20 January1966) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Sixth Protocol (28 April 1983) . . . . 686

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Seventh Protocol (22 November1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . 339-41, 345-9, 352, 362, 364, 385, 417-18,422, 442-8, 457

Art. 4(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644-5

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Eighth Protocol (European Commissionon Human Rights procedure (19 March 1985)) . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Eleventh Protocol (11 May 1994)(ETS 155) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251-3, 259

TABLE OF TREATIES xxvii






Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Twelfth Protocol (non-discrimination)(4 November 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Thirteenth Protocol concerningthe abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances(3 May 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Fourteenth Protocol (amendment ofECHR control system) (13 May 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Fifteenth Protocol (amendment ofConvention) (26 May 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Sixteenth Protocol (advisory opinions)(28 June 2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640-2, 687, 730, 738

1956Dec. 15 Council of Europe General Agreement on Privileges and

Immunities, Second ProtocolArts. 2-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696-7

1957Mar. 25 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty

of Rome) (as amended by the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice)(EC) (numbers shown in square brackets indicate original treatynumbers). Repealed articles are shown as “repealed” at the pointsuggested by the article number in question, in square bracketsArt. [35] (repealed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

1958Apr. 29 Optional Protocol to the 1958 Law of the Sea Convention

concerning the Compulsory Settlement of DisputesArt. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74-5

1961Mar. 30 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

Art. 48(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-5, 143

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1965Mar. 18 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between

States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID)Art. 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74-5

Dec. 21 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofRacial Discrimination (CERD)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Art. 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Art. 2 . . . . . . 23-4, 26, 30, 32-3, 37-8, 40, 42-4, 48-50, 59-60Art. 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1, 47-8, 173-5Art. 2(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 68-70Art. 2(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 68-70Art. 2(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 69-70Art. 2(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-70Art. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 20-1, 47-8, 68-9Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 68-9Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 20-1, 23-4, 26, 30, 32-3, 37, 40, 42-4,

47-8, 68-9Art. 5(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Art. 5(d)(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Art. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 20-1, 47-8, 68-9Art. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 62, 72-4, 114, 150Art. 11(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Art. 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Arts. 11-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93-4, 136-7, 177Arts. 11-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72-5Art. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73-4, 114Art. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 150Art. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Art. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73-4Art. 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 40-1, 44-7, 58-9, 71-112, 135-225,

262-7, 272-88, 299-309, 317-21

1966Dec. 16 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552-4

1969May 23 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) . . . . . . . 547

Art. 31(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 113-20, 140-1, 177-9, 267-71, 273-4Art. 31(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Art. 31(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583-4, 594-5

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Art. 31(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584-5Art. 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 257

Nov. 22 American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)Art. 62(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268-9Art. 62(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268-9

1979Dec. 18 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

Against Women (CEDAW)Art. 29(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-2, 118-19

1986Mar. 21 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and

International Organizations or between InternationalOrganizationsArt. 31(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 270

1996Mar. 5 Council of Europe General Agreement on Privileges and

Immunities, Sixth ProtocolArts. 1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696-7

1998July 17 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Art. 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388-9

Nov. 1 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms (1950) as amended by Protocol 11,effective as of 1 November 1998 (ECHR) . . . . . 349-50, 625-32,

687Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . .505, 507-10, 542-3, 563-73, 682, 694, 727Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457, 493, 505, 510-11, 516, 530, 552-4,

560-2, 574-5, 584-5, 606-7Art. 3 . . . . . . . . 339-41, 343-5, 352-3, 362, 364, 385, 410-17,

421, 434-7, 457, 493, 495-6, 505, 530,552-4, 560-2

Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 339-41, 352-3, 362, 364, 385, 493, 496-7,505, 530, 552-4, 575-6, 584-6

Art. 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407-10, 414-17, 421-9, 552-4,562-3, 573-88, 637

Art. 5(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Art. 5(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562-3, 574-5, 581-2Art. 5(1)(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408-9, 425Art. 5(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530, 562-3, 573-88

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