International Law Studies – Volume 10

International Law Situations with Solutions and Notes

U.S. Naval War College (Editor)

The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S.

government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

SITUATION I.-Coaling within neutral jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Solution................................... . ............. 9 Notes .................................................... 10

Introduction.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Geneva Arbitration on coaling......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Discussion in 1906............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Discussion in 1908. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Report of American delegation on Hague propositions.. 16 Amount of coal. ....... ·............................... 17 Proclamations as to amount of coaL................... 17 :Malta proclamation, 1904. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Opinions of Dr. Lawrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Opinions of Prof. \Vestlake............................ 24 Hall's opinion........................................ 25 Opinions of continental writers....................... 26 Opinion of Prof. Hershey........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 State Department letter.............................. 28 The Hague Convention of 1907......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Discussion at The Hague, 1907........................ 30 Resume of propositions............................... 32 Report of American delegation....................... 36 Coaling in Span ish-American \V ar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Coaling in Russo-Japanese War.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Coaling outside of port but within neutral waters...... 38 Hague Convention on maritime jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . 39 Dr. Higgins on amount of coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Prof. Oppenheim's opinion............................ 40 Application to Situation I.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

(a) Right to regulate supply of fuel................ 40 (b) Colliers sent to meet fleet...................... 43 (c) General control of waters...................... 43

Solution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 SITUATION !I.-Declaration of war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Notes.................................................... 45

Historical........................................... 45 Reasons for a declaration of war. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 ·Moral obligation to declare war......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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6 TABLE OF CO:NTE:XTS.

SrTUA.TIOX I I.-Effect of declaration of war-Continued . X otes-l'ontinued. Page.

Hague ConYention, opening of hostilities.............. . -!9 Report of American delegation....................... 55 Commencement of hostilities after declaration.......... 56 Commencement o.f Spanish-American \Var............. 57 Conunencement of Ru:'~o-Japanese \Yar............... 58 Application to Situation II........................... 60

Effect~ of d(lclarations of "Cnited State~ and State X. 61 .\. ttitude of commander............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Status of n1erchan t Yes~els knowing of war........ . 62 Status of n1erchant Yessels not k nowing of war..... 62 :\otification to neutrals of the existence of war._.. . 64

Hc:::unH~ ...................................... _ _ _ _ _ _ 65 Solution ......................................... __ ._ 65

SrTUATIOX II I.-Days of grace ........................... ____ 66 Solution......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GG X otes ................................................ _ . . . 66

Early proYision~.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GG Discussion of 1906 .................... ~............... 67 Opinion of Prof. Takahashi........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Propositions at Second Hague Conference............. 68 Discussion at Second Hague Conference... . ........... 69 Report of .. :\merican delegation....................... 75 Sun1mar~·.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Solution............................................. 78

SITUATIOX !\-.-Pursuit of neutral blockade runner........... 79 Solution................................................. 79 Xotes.................................................... 79

Duration of penalty.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Differences in doctrine.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 British Commission on Supply of Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~3

Question of blockade at Hague Conference............. 83 Propositions at International X a val Conference. 1908-9. 84 ObserYations on place of seizure...................... 86 llasis of discussion..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Rule of the Declaration of London................... 87 Application to Situation IV.......................... 88 Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

SrTUATIOX \".-Influence of destination on contraband character. 90 Solution................................................. 90 X otes.................................................... 90

Coal in time of war........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Coal a:;: contraband................................... 92 Attitude of Peru, 18G6................................ 95 Spain and Chile, 186G ............. ·.·.................. 95 De~tination a~ element in contraband.................. 98

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

SITUATION V.-Influence of destination on contraband charac­ter-Continued.

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Notes-Continued. Page. Views of States in 1908. ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98

Bases of discussion at International ~aval Conference._ 103 Discussion of bases ...... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 104 Adaptation to modern conditions ......... _____________ 106 Solution ........................... __ . ____ ·___________ 107

:SITUATION Y"I .-Transfer to another flag_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 108 Solution._._________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 108 Notes. __ .... ____ .________________________________________ 108

Topic and conclusion, 1906 .. _________________ . ___ . _. 108 Question raised by Great Britain_ ....... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 109 Opinion of United States Supreme Court. .. ____________ 112 French system and theory _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 113 Russian regulations._________________________________ 115 Japanese regulations. ______ ... ____ .. ________ ._________ 115

Attitude of States in 1908 ................. _ .. _ .... _ _ _ _ 115 Discussion at the International Naval Conference in

1908-9 .. - - - ...... - . - .. - .................. - - - - - - - - 118 Report of Commission to International Naval Conference 121 Rule adopted by the Conference ..... _________ .. _____ . 123 Consideration of Article 55 ..... ___ .. _ .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 124 Application of Article 55 to Situation YI . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 125 Application of doctrine of Article 56._ .. _. __ .. _. ____ .. 126 Consideration of Article 64 .......... _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 126 .Solution ... _ ....... _________________________________ . 128