International Organization for Biological and Integrated ... · Development of biological control of diseases has started recently, and the first practical successes have been obtained

International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants

West Palaerctic Regional Section

Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Intégrée contre les Animaux et les Plantes Nuisibles

Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique

9th General Assembly and Scientific Meeting

“Biocontrol, the Strategy of the Future”

at

Ascona, Ticino, Switzerland

14 September – 19 September 2001

Editor:

C. Gessler

IOBC wprs Bulletin Bulletin OILB srop Vol. 26 (9) 2003

The IOBC/WPRS Bulletin is published by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) Le Bulletin OILB/SROP est publié par l‘Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Intégrée contre les Animaux et les Plantes Nuisibles, section Regionale Ouest Paléarctique (OILB/SROP) Copyright: IOBC/WPRS 2003 The Publication Commission of the IOBC/WPRS: Horst Bathon Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA) Institute for Biological Control Heinrichstr. 243 D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany) Tel +49 6151 407-225, Fax +49 6151 407-290 e-mail: [email protected]

Luc Tirry University of Gent Laboratory of Agrozoology Department of Crop Protection Coupure Links 653 B-9000 Gent (Belgium) Tel +32-9-2646152, Fax +32-9-2646239 e-mail: luc.tirry@ rug.ac.be

Address General Secretariat: INRA – Centre de Recherches de Dijon Laboratoire de recherches sur la Flore Pathogène dans le Sol 17, Rue Sully, BV 1540 F-21034 DIJON CEDEX France ISBN 92-9067-157-0

IOBC/WPRS

IOBC/WPRS is one of six Regional Sections of the International Organisation for Biological Control. IOBC was established in 1956 to promote environmentally safe methods of pest and disease control in plant protection.

Members of WPRS are individual scientists, governmental, scientific or commercial organisations from 23 countries of Europe, Mediterranean region and the Middle East.

Aims IOBC/WPRS encourages collaboration in promoting feasible and environmentally safe methods of pest and pathogen control. IOBC/WPRS catalyses research and practical application, organises meetings and symposia, offers training and information, especially of biological methods of control, but also of all methods, including chemicals, within an integrated pest management context. Major activities include, pest and disease damage assessment, modeling in relation to pest and disease management, development and practical implementation of biological and integrated control of pests and diseases of particular crops, including development and standardisation of testing methods for effects of pesticides on beneficial species. Organisation IOBC/WPRS is composed of Institutional, Individual and Supporting Members.

Institutional Members are large governmental or other official organisations which financially support IOBC/WPRS work through a significant annual subscription (at present at least 2,000 €)

Supporting Members are smaller institutions, departments and companies, which annually contribute at least 350 €.

Individual Members are researchers of public and private organisations. Individual Membership fee 2003: 65 €.

Individual Membership includes one copy of the proceedings of meetings (Bulletins) from up to 5 Working Groups and a reduced rate subscription to the journal “BioControl” for personal use (not for libraries).

IOBC/WPRS is administered by a Council and an Executive Committee. Activities of IOBC/WPRS are carried out by its members organised into Working

Groups and Commissions. Their results are made available through the IOBC publications.

Working Groups The goal of Working Groups is to: (a) foster collaboration between scientists interested in problems common to members of WPRS; (b) share experience and eventually facilities, with special emphasis on joint or complementary research programmes; (c) increase the general knowledge in the area of interest of its members and offer this knowledge to the whole scientific community (the Bulletins serve as a vehicle).

Working Groups are led by a convenor and are supported through funds from the membership fees.

Participation in a particular Working Group is open to anyone actively concerned with the Group’s specific topic.

ii

Currently, there are 15 Working Groups and five Study Groups (potential Working Groups):

Working Groups of IOBC/WPRS

• Integrated control in protected crops, temperate climate • Integrated control in protected crops, Mediterranean climate • Integrated protection of oilseed crops • Integrated protection of field vegetables • Management of farming systems for integrated production • Integrated protection in viticulture • Integrated protection of fruit crops • Integrated protection of oak forest • Integrated control in stored products • Insect pathogens and entomoparasitic nematodes • Biological and integrated control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens • Multitrophic interactions in soil • Breeding for plant resistance to pests and diseases • Pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated production • Pesticides and beneficial organisms

Study Groups of IOBC/WPRS • Integrated control in olive crops • Integrated protection of citrus crops • Induced resistance in plants against insects and diseases • GMO's in integrated plant production • Landscape management for functional biodiversity

Commissions Three commissions provide a service or catalyse important permanent activities for the entire WPRS.

• Integrated production Guidelines and Endorsement • Identification of entomophagous insects • Publications

Publications • BioControl, a fully refereed international journal published under the auspices of

IOBC-Global (preceded by “Entomophaga” until the end of 1997). • IOBC/wprs Bulletin, a well established and indexed series of quickly issued working

papers related to specific topics (e.g. proceedings of a Working Group conference). • Profile, the newsletter of IOBC/WPRS, is a biannual publication with current

information about working group meetings, news from the Council, information from Global IOBC, announcements etc.

• IOBC Newsletter is an information leaflet from Global IOBC with current news from the regional sections of IOBC (2 issues per annum ).

• Brochures (technical booklets), irregularly appearing handbooks on specific techniques and methods.

iii

Supplementary information can be found on the IOBC/WPRS homepage

http://www.iobc-wprs.org Executive committee 2001-2005

President Prof. Dr. Peter Esbjerg Zoology Section, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural

University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 FREDERIKSBERG C., Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: +45-35282686, Fax: +45-35282670 [email protected]

Vice President Dr. Juerg Huber Biologische Bundesanstalt, Heinrichstr. 243,

D-64287 DARMSTADT, Germany Tel: +49-6151-407220, Fax: +49-6151-407290 [email protected]

Vice President Prof. Dr. Luc Tirry Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University,

Coupure Links 653, B-9000 GENT, Belgium Tel: +32-9 264 61 52, Fax: +32-9 2646239 [email protected]

Vice President Prof. Dr. Ramon Albajes Universitat de Lleida, Centre UdL-IRTA,

Rovira Roure, 177, E-25006 LLEIDA, Spain Tel: +34-973 702 571, Fax: +34-973 238 301 [email protected]

Secretary Dr. Claude Alabouvette I.N.R.A., 17, rue Sully, BP 86510,

F-21065 DIJON Cedex, France Tel: +33-03 80 69 30 41, Fax: +33-03 80 69 32 26 [email protected]

Treasurer Dr. Cesare Gessler Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Plant

Sciences, Phytomedicine-Pathology, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 ETH - ZURICH, Switzerland Tel: +41-1-632 38 71, Fax: +41-1-632 1108 [email protected]

iv

v

Contents IOBC/WPRS .............................................................................................................................. i Invited Lectures (Abstracts) Greenhouses without pesticides: a vision for the future

Joop C. van Lenteren ......................................................................................................... 3 Pheromones - future techniques for insect control

Peter Witzgall .................................................................................................................... 5 Biological control of Botrytis cinerea

Yigal Elad .......................................................................................................................... 7 IPM adoption at farm level in developed and developing countries: reality or illusion

Mohamed Besri .................................................................................................................. 9 Phytophthora infestans, (late blight of potato) the upcoming phytopathological problem?

Greg Forbes..................................................................................................................... 13 Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus: diversity and biocontrol

Ursula Heiniger ............................................................................................................... 15 Functional Biodiversity and Agro-Ecosystems Management

A new IOBC/WPRS Project Ernst F. Boller, H.M. Poehling........................................................................................ 17

Council Activity Report 1997 - 2001 Opening remarks by the President

Peter Esbjerg ................................................................................................................... 21 Report of the President

Peter Esbjerg ................................................................................................................... 23 Report from the General Secretary

Claude Alabouvette.......................................................................................................... 27 Report of the Treasurer

Cesare Gessler ................................................................................................................ 31 Report of the Auditing Committee

......................................................................................................................................... 33 Commissions Reports 1997 – 2001 Commission on "IP Guidelines and Endorsement"

Ernst F. Boller, ............................................................................................................... 37 Publication Commission

Horst Bathon, Luc. Tirry ................................................................................................. 41 Commission "Determination and Identification of Entomophagous Insects"

Extended Activity Report Hannes Baur ................................................................................................................... 47

Commission “Promotion and Extension of WPRS Activities” Activity Report Jost A. Freuler (Convenor), Jürg Huber, Pedro Castanera, Cesare Gessler ................. 49

vi

Reports from the Working and Study Groups Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards“

Fritz Polesny .................................................................................................................... 53 Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Stone Fruit”

Piero Cravedi................................................................................................................... 57 WG „Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms“

Heidrun Vogt ................................................................................................................... 59 Working Group "Integrated Control in Cereal Crops"

H.M. Poehling.................................................................................................................. 63 Working Group “Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Mites”

A.N.E. Birch ..................................................................................................................... 65 Use of Pheromones and other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control

Peter Witzgall .................................................................................................................. 67 Working Group „Integrated Control of Soil Pests“

Richard A. Sikora............................................................................................................. 69 Working Group “Integrated Control in Vineyards: Present Situation and Developments”

G. Carlo Lozzia................................................................................................................ 73 Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ (1997 - 1998)

Volker H. Paul ................................................................................................................. 77 Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ (1999 - 2001)

Volker H. Paul ................................................................................................................. 79 Working Group „Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops“

Stefan Vidal...................................................................................................................... 81 Working Group “Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Temperate Climate”

Annie Enkegaard, Henrik F. Brødsgaard & Joop van Lenteren ..................................... 83 Working Group "Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes"

Highlights and shortcomings Bernard Papierok ............................................................................................................ 87

Management of Farming Systems for Integrated Production Frank G. Wijnands........................................................................................................... 89

Working Group "Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens" Yigal Elad ........................................................................................................................ 91

Working Group "Integrated Protection of Stored Products" Cornel Adler .................................................................................................................... 93

Study group “Integrated protection in oak forests” Claire Villemant............................................................................................................... 95

Study Group "Critical Assessment of Quantitative Approaches in IPM" Walter Rossing (coordinator), Wopke van der Werf, Rudy Rabbinge, Bo Secher .......... 99

Study group “Induced resistance in plants against insects and diseases” 1999 -2001 Annegret Schmitt............................................................................................................ 101

vii

General Assembly: Recommendations etc. General Assembly of IOBC/WPRS

Claude Alabouvette........................................................................................................ 105 Commissions, Working Groups, Study Groups ................................................................... 109 IOBC/WPRS Officers and Their Addresses ......................................................................... 110 List of Participants ................................................................................................................ 115 IOBC/WPRS Statutes and Bye Laws Statuts IOBC/WPRS (Version francaise)............................................................................ 123 Statutes IOBC/WPRS (English version) ............................................................................. 131 Reglement Interieur de l'OILB/SROP (Version francaise) ................................................. 141 Bye Laws of the IOBC/WPRS (English version) ............................................................... 145

viii

Invited Lectures

2

9th General Assembly, Ascona 2001 IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 26 (9) 2003

p. 3

3

Greenhouses without pesticides: a vision for the future Joop C. van Lenteren Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands email: [email protected]

Crop protection in European greenhouses became strongly chemically oriented shortly after the Second World War in the 1950s. But an excellent climate for fast reproduction of pests and diseases demanded high spray frequencies and, thus, resulted in quick development of resistance against pesticides. This initiated a search for alternatives of chemical pesticides, which was, for an important part, coordinated by working groups of IOBC/WPRS. The first natural enemies for control of pests in European greenhouse vegetables became available in the 1960s. A change from chemical control to very advanced Integrated Pest Management programs (IPM) took place in a time span of about 20 years.

Nowadays, growers worldwide annually introduce millions of natural enemies for pest control. About 100 species of beneficial organisms are commercially available for control of all important insect and mite pests. In the main vegetable crops in northern Europe, most if not all insect problems can now be solved without the use of insecticides. The change to IPM was not based on idealism about a cleaner or healthier environment, but was rooted on clear advantages for the grower (van Lenteren 2000, a, b).

Development of biological control of diseases has started recently, and the first practical successes have been obtained (Albajes et al., 1999). Integrated management of pests and diseases without conventional chemical pesticides is a goal that will be realized for most of the important vegetables in Europe within a decade. IPM is not limited to greenhouse vegetables, but is increasingly used in ornamentals. New activities in plant breeding research aim at (1) combining aspects of host-plant resistance with biological control, (2) selecting plant cultivars that are able to attract natural enemies after they have been attacked by pest organisms, and (3) selecting plant cultivars that produce a better “working environment” for biological control agents.

Because of specific advantages of biological control for the growers, greenhouse crops will be produced without the need to use conventional pesticides in the very near future. At the same time, this results in a cleaner environment, in satisfying the demand of consumers for pesticide-free food, and in sustainable crop protection.

References Albajes, R., Gullino, M.L., van Lenteren, J.C. & Elad, Y. (eds.), 1999: Integrated Pest and

Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht: 545 pp. Lenteren, J.C. van, 2000: A greenhouse without pesticides: fact of fantasy? Crop Protection

19:375-384. Lenteren, J.C. van, 2000: Measures of Success in Biological Control of Arthropods by

Augmentation of Natural Enemies. In: Measures of Success in Biological Control, S. Wratten & G. Gurr (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 77-103.

4


p. 5

5

Pheromones - future techniques for insect control

Peter Witzgall Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden

Insect reproductive behaviours are largely mediated by volatile chemicals of insect or

plant origin; sex pheromones are the most potent behaviour-modifying compounds. Soon after the first lepidopteran sex pheromone was discovered in the late fifties, it was postulated that it should be possible to use synthetic pheromones for environmentally safe insect control – although virtually nothing was known about their chemistry and biology at that time. Research techniques considered essential today, such as gas chromatography, electrophysiology or wind tunnel bioassays, were not available. The pheromones of economically important species and their behavioural effects had yet to be identified; synthesis, purification, and controlled release techniques had to be developed before practical applications came into reach.

During the late eighties, pheromone research was crowned by success: several insects, including the European grapeberry moth were successfully controlled with pheromones. However, these trials also underlined the need for a better understanding of the "behaviour of moths and molecules" towards more robust and economic applications. Since then, respectable progress has been made with the industrial synthesis of pheromones, controlled-release technology and the measurement of airborne pheromone. Growers and extension organisations have gained considerable know-how in applying the mating disruption technique. But even today, the lack of knowledge on aerial dispersal and mode of action of mating disruptant chemicals is a most serious obstacle.

For future developments, we should also put an emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach and intensified collaboration between research, industry and extension, despite the divergence in views, goals and sympathies between these groups. Time is running out, as researchers in chemical ecology and industries are heading towards new horizons. Four decades of research since the synthesis of the first insect pheromone have laid the ground for practical applications. However, a concerted effort of the scientific community, industry and growers is needed to consolidate these achievements and to establish reliable and cost-efficient applications. Our success will determine the public interest in further research in the field of insect olfactory communication and chemical ecology.

6


pp. 7 - 8

7

Biological control of Botrytis cinerea

Yigal Elad Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250 Israel Email: [email protected]

Biocontrol products aimed at foliar plant pathogens can serve as alternatives to some

chemical fungicides, especially in cases of fungicide failure, if they offer acceptable levels of disease control. Only a few microorganisms have been fully commercialised for the control of foliar plant pathogens. One of the most studied commercial biocontrol agents and the first biocontrol agent to be commercialized, registered and used for greenhouse crops and vineyards against Botrytis cinerea is isolate T39 of Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHODEX 20SP, Makhteshim Chemical Works). It is described as a model with which control under commercial conditions and mechanisms of biocontrol will be demonstrated.

Development of the biocontrol preparation included studies of its production and its scaling up, toxicology studies, patent filing and efficacy trials on leading crops in all target countries around the world, investigations of the modes of action and development of recommendations for implementation.

Botrytis cinerea Pers.;Fr. is a major pathogen of grapes and greenhouse crops, on which it causes grey mould. In greenhouses, B. cinerea is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops, and which can damage and even kill plants and affect the quality of the produce. The pathogen infects the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits in greenhouse plants.

The mode of action of T39 is unique. Unlike some other biocontrol agents, T. harzianum T39 is not a micoparasite and it does not influence pathogens by means of antibiotics. Several other potential mechanisms were found. T39 induced pathogen resistance in plants; dead T39 cells sprayed on bean leaves were capable of controlling B. cinerea infection. Thus, locally induced resistance is involved. Furthermore, T39 systemically induced plant defence against B. cinerea, in tomato, lettuce, pepper, bean and tobacco: T39 was applied to the soil (in all crops) or to the lower leaves (in beans) and the disease was controlled on the upper canopy parts of the plants. Given the spatial separation of T39 and the pathogens, this effect could be attributed to the ISR imparted by T. harzianum T39.

Another mode of action attributed to T. harzianum T39 is the restraining of enzymes of the pathogen: the activities of exo- and endo-polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, pectate lyase, and cutinase but not cellulase of B. cinerea were reduced on bean leaves in the presence of T39. Chitinase and �-1,3-glucanase were also reduced. T. harzianum T39 was thought to manifest a direct effect on enzyme production, activation or secretion, i.e., secretion of proteolytic enzymes that deactivate the pathogenicity related hydrolytic enzymes. The biocontrol agent produces protease on leaves in the presence of the pathogen and the protease reduces B. cinerea germination and subsequent disease development. The hydrolytic enzymes produced by B. cinerea, endo-PG and exo-PG were partially deactivated by protease from the T39. Increased control of grey mould was obtained by combining the conidia of T. harzianum with protease obtained from culture media. Protease inhibitors nullified the biocontrol effect of T39; further study revealed that T. harzianum T39 secretes a cysteine-protease that functions in the biocontrol of B. cinerea.

8

It was demonstrated that the phenomenon of B. cinerea control could be related to competition for resources that are in short supply for the pathogen. This competition results in slow germination of the pathogen conidia, which is delayed by 24 h after which it would be expected that the germ tubes would penetrate the host tissue. However, the restraining of the pathogenicity enzymes of the pathogen and the ISR imparted by T39 are probably responsible for the prevention of penetration into the host plant tissues.

The efficacy of TRICHODEX for control of grey mould on grapevine was examined in more than 150 experiments that were conducted under diverse commercial conditions all around the world. The biocontrol agent was found to be effective when sprayed alone or in combination with chemical fungicides. The Trichoderma preparation was effective when applied at various stages from bloom time to pre-harvest. It was found that the biocontrol preparation had lower efficacy in regions where low temperature (<10 C) are predominant during the time of proliferation of the pathogen B. cinerea. Therefore, alternation with other means of control was suggested. In alternation with chemical fungicides the Trichoderma was applied in 50-75% of the sprays during the season. This chemical-biological alternation system was found effective. The Trichoderma had a significant contribution to the control achieved in the alternation system.

TRICHODEX was also tested in ca 100 commercial greenhouses mainly against tomato and cucumber grey mould. In heated greenhouses it was found at least as effective as recommended chemical fungicides. Therefore, in heated greenhouses it is recommended to be used as stand-alone. In non-heated greenhouses it was found effective but the rate of efficacy was influenced by micro-climate conditions. In the initial years we tested alternation of the Trichoderma with chemical fungicides on a calendar basis. However, there were cases in which control was not improved by this combination. We realized that it is possible to improve the control by combining the biocontrol preparation with other agents in a temporal scheme where each of the control agents is applied when conditions are expected to support its control activity. A decision support system named GREENMAN was developed by us (Y. Elad and D. Shtienberg) for the optimal integration of biological control with other means of control in greenhouses. Management of greenhouse diseases by means of TRICHODEX and chemical fungicides, with the aid of GREENMAN, resulted in effective control of grey mould, leaf mould and white mould. As compared with the conventional spray schedules, such management also reduced the number of chemical fungicide sprays by 50-100%, and it limited the pressure towards development of pathogen populations resistant to chemical fungicides.

References

O'Neill, T. M., Elad, Y., Shtienberg, D. and Cohen, A. (1996) Control of grapevine grey mould with Trichoderma harzianum T39. Biocontrol Sci. and Technol. 6: 139-146.

Elad, Y. (2000) Trichodema harzianum T39 preparation for biocontrol of plant diseases – control of Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Cladosporium fulvum. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 10: 499-507.

Elad, Y. (2000) Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Prot. 19: 709-714.


pp. 9 - 11

9

IPM adoption at farm level in developed and developing countries: reality or illusion

Mohamed Besri Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202 Rabat Instituts, Morocco [email protected]

More than 60 definitions of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) are reported by the

Internet Site of the Oregon University. According to these definitions, there is no a single concept of IPM, but many concepts that have known an evolution in the time.

IPM is defined by FAO as a pest management system that, in the context of the associated environment, and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilises all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury. According to this definition and to others, to implement efficiently IPM, the farmer and the pest management consultants should be: • biologists with wide knowledge on the pests, their life cycles and their interaction with

the environment • economists able to estimate the economically damaging and the threshold levels in order

to choose and adopt the most economically control methods • epidemiologists who understand and know the relations between the soil and the

atmospheric environment and the pest development , the techniques for forecasting and monitoring.

• agronomists who master all the cultural practices to be used as control methods and their effects on the pest population and on the environment.

• pesticide specialists able to choose among hundreds of chemicals the pesticides which could be used without any effect on the people, property and the environment

• ecologists who understand the effects of the impact of the adopted control methods on the ecosystem, encourage naturally biological control or changing the pest habitats. Therefore, farmers and pest management consultants should have more knowledge than

any scientist. None of the definitions explain exactly how IPM farmer's adoption will be measured. Many developed and developing countries called for a national commitment to imple-

ment IPM. Many years have passed, and in general, farm practices have changed very little. In the developed world, IPM programmes often differ in concept and in detail from those

in developing countries. This is not surprising because IPM approaches are not universal but location and time specific. Also, IPM initiatives in developed countries are often industry-led whereas initiatives in developing countries are mostly directed by multinational and bilateral aid donors based in developed countries.

In developed countries, IPM was implemented in some farms, for high input production systems in response to the negative side-effects of intensive use of pesticides. However, the rate of IPM implementation is very low. In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972. After 30 years, IPM is probably being practised on only 4 to 8 percent of the US crop acreage. In Europe, IPM is used only by few farmers particularly those growing greenhouse vegetables (30%), fruits (7%) and grapes (20%).

10

In the early days, "IPM" or supervised control in developing countries was developed most successfully and with most impact from a crisis situation: FAO cotton IPM project in Sudan, FAO rice IPM programme in South East Asia. However, much of what is being billed as modern "IPM" by many donors and also by international or regional organisations such as FAO, world Bank, European Union, is really nothing than a reinvention of the supervised control of 50 years ago.

The greatest barriers to wider adoption of IPM are: • Grower acceptance. • Lack of a national or regional commitment • Agricultural policies developed without considering IPM • Lack of knowledge about IPM by policy makers and farmers • Lack of extension officers and of independent IPM experts • No economic incentives for IPM • Lack of co-ordination among public and private sectors in research IPM implementation

demonstration and fundamental infrastructure. Pest consultants typically have a B.Sc. or M.Sc. degree in an agricultural discipline.

Some are trained in pest management. Pest consultant training is inadequate for dealing with the ecological complexity and challenge of IPM. Many techniques recommended in IPM such as monitoring, predicting pest and natural enemy populations, biological control, economic threshold and injury levels are often too sophisticated and expensive to be a practical tool for the farmer and the pest consultant. While many components of IPM have been implemented for various crops, the main intervention for the management of key pests continues to be pesticides.

The chief beneficiaries of the IPM movement have been mainly international and regional organisations, the research scientists, "international IPM experts" instead of the farmers. The IPM movement was successful in that it generated the funds needed to operate the oriented scientists research, research that not always be justified by the national need for IPM. Main of the IPM research did not result, largely because not enough research effort was devoted to vertical and horizontal integration of tactics that could be implemented by the farmer.

True IPM requires innovative partnerships among scientists, extension agents, pest consultants, progressive farmers, farm workers, and consumers. The governments should be the facilitators by providing as much incentive as possible.

We can conclude that at the moment, IPM is adopted only by very few farmers in developing and also in developed countries because of the many reported constraints. An IPM National policy must address how farmer adoption will be measured and provide incentives to encourage such adoption. Much of what is being billed as modern "IPM" by many donors, is really nothing than a reinvention of the supervised control of 50 years ago. References

Anonymous, 1994: Integrated Pest Management Workshop: Developing a California

Strategy. – University of California, Anonymous, 1995. IPM in developing countries. The Pesticides Trust: 33 pp.

Bajwa, W.L. and Kogan, M. 1996: Compendium of IPM definitions (electronic data base). – www.ippc.orst.edu/IPM definitions

Boller, E.F., Avilla., J., Gendrier, J.P., Jorg, E. and Malavolta, C. 1998: Integrated Production in Europe. 20 years after the declaration of Ovronnaz. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin 21 (1): 41 pp.

11

Ehler, L.E. and Botrell, D.G. 2000: The illusion of Integrated Pest Management. – Issues in Sciences and Technology: 61-64.

Ferron, P. 1999: Protection intégrée des cultures: Evolution du concept et de son application. – Cahiers de l'Agriculture 8 : 389-396.

Ferron, P. 2000: Bases écologiques de la protection des cultures. Gestion des populations et aménagement de leurs habitats. – Le Courrier de l'Environnement 41: 33-41.

Jegger, M.J. 2000: Bottlenecks in IPM. – Crop Protection 19: 787-792. Milaire, H. 1995: A propos de quelques définitions. – Phytoma. La Défense des Vegetaux

474: 7-9. Reus, J.A.W.A., Weckseler, H.J. and Pak, G.A. 1994: Towards a future EC Pesticide Policy.

– Centre for Agriculture and Environment, CLM, 149: 115 pp. Urech, P. 2000: Sustainable agriculture and chemical control: opponents or components of the

same strategy? – Crop protection 19: 831-836. Van Huis, A., Meerman, F. and Takken, W. 1990: The role of the University system of donor

countries in the promotion of IPM in the developing world. – FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 38(2): 65-72.

12


p. 13

13

Phytophthora infestans, (late blight of potato) the upcoming phytopathological problem?

Greg Forbes International Potato Center, Quito, Ecuador

The title of this talk implies that late blight of potato, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a problem which potentially could get worse. In fact, the most common view among Europeans and North Americans is that this disease is more difficult to manage than it was a few decades ago. This leads to the disconcerting hypothesis that the disease could continue to get worse. In the US, the word “re-emergence” has been used to describe a recent and significant increase in disease severity. In Europe researchers discuss less drastic increase in disease severity that could be due to increased pathogen aggressiveness, erosion of host resistance, early disease initiation or resistance to fungicides. In both the US and Europe, changes in the dynamics of late blight are associated with the introduction of new pathogen genotypes from Mexico, a center of diversity of P. infestans.

The view of potato late blight in developing countries is different. The disease has not necessarily gotten worse in the last few decades. Late blight arrived at different periods in different parts of the developing world, and has been a continuous problem since, although the seriousness of the problem varies among regions. In many developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, potatoes are grown under sub tropical (generally winter production) or tropical highland conditions. Late blight is particularly problematic in the latter, where potatoes are grown year-round and aerial inoculum of P. infestans is present most of the time. For this reason, late blight can occur very early in crop development, frequently just after plant emergence. Since aerial inoculum is generally present, sanitation procedures, the primary components of late blight IPM in the temperate zone, probably have little effect on disease development in the tropical highlands. Late blight management in the tropical highlands is based primarily on host resistance and fungicides. Not surprisingly, host resistance has been used more extensively in developing countries than in the US and Europe. Fungicides are used widely in most developing countries, but application technologies vary. Average daily temperatures found in the tropical highlands (10–14 C) are sub-optimal for late blight development. This reduces the rate of disease spread and thereby enhances the effects of host resistance and fungicides. Low temperatures, therefore, compensate somewhat for the problem of having inoculum present throughout the growing season. Highly participatory farmer-training models have been modified from other cropping systems to be used with potato farmers in developing countries. This helps farmers gain insight into their particular agro-ecology, and thereby develop disease management strategies that are appropriate for their situation.

The pathogen population is still simple in most developing countries were late blight is year-round problem. For this reason, farmers and researchers in these countries would do well to closely watch the evolution of disease dynamics in the temperate zone, were pathogen populations are complex. Introduction of new pathogen genotypes into developing countries could make this phytopathological problem much worse for poor farmers who depend on potato for their livelihood.

14


p. 15

15

Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus: diversity and biocontrol

Ursula Heiniger WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903 Birmensdorf e-mail: [email protected]

Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight was introduced in the

U.S.A. in 1906. Within 30 years it destroyed the chestnut (Castanea dentata) forests in the Eastern United States. A similar development was anticipated when C. parasitica was discovered near Genova, Italy, in 1938. The disease spread rapidly in the European chestnut (C. sativa) growing areas and led to a great destruction of orchards and forests. However, in the early 1950ies healing cankers were observed. Subsequently the phenomenon of transmissible hypovirulence (reduced virulence) was discovered. The appearance and dissemination of hypovirulence led to a natural biocontrol of the disease in Italy and Ticino.

Hypovirulence is due to an infection of C. parasitica with the hypovirus CHV1, an unencapsidated dsRNAvirus. CHVI reduces the virulence of its fungal host and is transmitted horizontally via hyphal anastomoses between vegetative compatible strains and vertically into pycnospores but not into ascospores. To ensure a good disease control and efficient dissemination of CHV1, the introduced hypovirus infected C. parasitica strains should be of local vc and mating type.

Failure to control chestnut blight with CHV1 in the U.S.A. was attributed to the high diversity of vegetative compatibility (vc) types of C. parasitica. In contrast, in Europe the vc type diversity is low per region. However, recent surveys showed a considerable diversity within Europe and the potential for an increase of vc diversity. Therefore, strict quarantine measures should be enforced to restrict gene-flow within Europe.

CHV1s of different European origin exhibit different levels of virulence reduction in the fungal hosts. This diversity of CHV1 is also reflected in their RT-PCR-RFLP patterns. For a success in biocontrol a careful selection of the CHV1 seems to be a prerequisite. Novel approaches to improve the effect of CHV1 will be discussed.

Hypovirulence is not unique to C. parasitica. DsRNA is frequently found in fungi. In several phytopathogenic fungi dsRNA exhibits a virulence reducing effect and may be applied as biocontrol agent.

16


pp. 17 - 18

17

Functional Biodiversity and Agro-Ecosystems Management A new IOBC/WPRS Project

Ernst F. Boller Swiss Federal Research Station, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland

H.M. Poehling University of Hannover, D-30419, Germany

Identified Problems Modern regional IP-guidelines established according to IOBC standards address 4

important items that are of special relevance to the aspect of functional: 1) the list of key pests, diseases and weeds; 2) the identification of at least two key antagonists and their protection and enhancement; and 3) the identification and management of at least 5% of the farm surface as ecological compensation areas (infrastructures), and 4) at least five options to actively enhance biodiversity in the specific crop systems. An additional element of relevance in this context consists of the green and yellow lists of pesticides permitted without or with clearly defined restrictions in IP-programs. These 5 items are part of the Technical Guidelines II and hence mandatory aspects to be addressed in all guidelines and in all crops.

Observations of the Commission during the endorsement procedure of relatively well advanced IP-programs indicate that whilst these requirements are formally fulfilled the quality of these features raise questions.

It can be observed that the lists of antagonists are usually very large and rather general. The “key antagonists” are mostly identified these by intuition and serendipity rather than by judgement based on hard experimental facts. The situation becomes even more difficult if we consider the first trophic level, i.e. the botanical characteristics of the cover plants within our crops or of ecological infrastructures situated outside our cropping systems. What are the characteristics of a good ecological infrastructure necessary to supply, maintain and enhance the key antagonists? In most situations we simply lack competent answers.

The IOBC/WPRS project on functional biodiversity There is obvious need to generate and to compile more information about the importance

of individual key antagonists, to gather more information about the food sources and host spectra of our most important predators and parasitoids; and especially to get sounder information about the plant species where our beneficial organisms find these resources.

We are grateful to the IOBC/WPRS Council for having identified the need for deeper investigations in the field of functional biodiversity and for encouraging its working groups to address this important matter during their meetings. The Commission on IP-Guidelines strongly supports the Council’s recommendation and extends its thanks and appreciation for putting this topic on the agenda of the General Assembly 2001 in Ascona.

18

The project starting this year consists of • collecting, analysing and compiling published and especially unpublished and

anecdotal data on important hosts and host plants of key antagonists in major crops • stimulating and assisting simple and more complex experimentation in cases where

severe information gaps are identified • producing a first version of an “Idea Book on Ecological Infrastructures” by end 2003

as part of the Commission’s “Tool-box for IP-organisations seeking IOBC endorsement”. We should be able to establish recommendations, however crude and simple at the

beginning, on how to build, maintain and enrich these botanical habitats both outside and inside our crops. All these aspects are somehow covered by the modern term of Functional Biodiversity appearing more and more frequently in the relevant literature. Functional biodiversity does address explicitly the question we are interested in: Which part of the popular and often eroded term of biodiversity is relevant for our agricultural purposes and for the active habitat management at the farm level?

This project will be co-ordinated by Ernst Boller and Dieter Schroeder and has been initiated with the firm conviction that it can rely on the support and contributions of our IOBC working groups and expert advice outside IOBC.

Practical examples from viticulture and annual crops The examples given from viticulture (E.Boller) and from annual crops (H.M. Poehling)

try to demonstrate the nature of Functional Biodiversity and the challenge to reduce complex situations into simple and practical recommendations. References

Boller, E.F., Avilla, J., Gendrier, J.P., Jörg, E. & Malavolta, C. 1998: Biodiversity as an

important element of sustainability in agriculture: Theory and reality. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin [Integrated Production in Europe: 20 years after the declaration of Ovrannaz.] 21 (1): 39-41.

Boller, E.F., El Titi, A., Gendrier, J.P., Avilla, J., Jörg, E. & Malavolta, C. (eds.) 1999: Integrated Production: Principles and Technical Guidelines. 2nd edition. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin 22 (4): 38 pp.

Both publications are available in full text on the website of the Commission:

www.admin.ch/sar/faw/iobc.html.

General Assembly

Council Activity Report 1997 - 2001

16


p. 21

21

Opening Remarks by the President Peter Esbjerg Zoology Section, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Copenhagen, Denmark Ladies, gentlemen, dear colleagues I have the great pleasure of now opening this General Assembly of IOBC/WPRS with the stating that the General Assembly was advertised in due course, namely in Profile of January 2001, which is well in advance of the requested 5 months ahead (Statutes Article IX, 4).

The second step may sound a little funny but should be seen in the light of the modern electronic communication and the somewhat decreasing understanding of certain meetings. That step is – because we are too few members present – to close this General Assembly and call in immediately and extraordinary general assembly with reference to Statutes, Article XVI,1. For your information this is nowadays almost a routine procedure. Having done this I shall first of all thank most sincerely the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) for their support to our combined conference (yesterday) and the General Assembly by letting us use Monte Verita, a very appropriate equipped facility in the most wonderful surroundings. Further, I have to thank for support from Bioreba Basel, (the sponsoring of aperitif during registration), Syngenta SA, Basel (sponsoring of the excursion Sunday, 16.9.2001) and Ticino Vines (Vines for the Gala dinner). I also have to thank Uli Rosenberger and Andrea Patocchi for all their ”nursing” of us and last but not least Dr. Cesare Gessler for carrying the vast major burden of all organizing and execution of the whole of this event.

22


pp. 23 - 25

23

Presidential Address and Report Peter Esbjerg Zoology Section, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Copenhagen, Denmark As president I should like to address a series of issues.

A general assembly like this one is a most important event for an organization like IOBC/WPRS. First of all it is the basic legal frame for all activities. Secondly and practically as important this event is the knot which ties all the interests, activities and management elements together one in a time period, here every 4 years.

Thus it acts as important glue for the whole effort and despite inevitable shortcomings it is in many respects a happy event. It is also a chance to welcome new and thank outgoing. We welcome new members and suppleants of the Council as well as several new convenors; all people to be thanked for their will to serve WPRS. It is also the time to thank the following individuals for what they have done:

• The former president, DAVID ROYLE, for auditing assistance. • ANTONIO LAVADINHO, for his work and companionship in the Executive Committee.

Antonio´s special dedication to ensuring correctness e.g. in changing of statutes will be difficult to replace and it has been highly appreciated.

• ERNST BOLLER, for convening with a lot of energy the Commission Guidelines in which he will fortunately still play a role.

• JOST FREULER for his long engagement in the Commission Promotion. With the difficulty in identifying a successor and the most recent communicational improve-ments, this Commision will be absorbed by the Executive Committee, with the future emphasis on the internet utilization.

• ALBERT MINKS for an outgoing engagement for the WPRS share of BioControl, which has very recently been taken over by Jürg Huber.

Then I should like to touch upon the status of the organization with focus on the last 4 years. The first thing to point out is the 4 years old promise that we should try to consolidate WPRS because so many procedures were loose or virtually non-existing. This fact was also reflected in the recommendation of the former General Assembly to produce a guide for Convenors (and others). The first very major step has been taken with Convenors Handbook and we have been very happy for the very positive feedback including the promises of written suggestions for directions.

A particular element of guidance, also to notice, is the instruction from Horst Bathon and Luc Tirry of how to produce a Bulletin covering a Working Group Meeting. Still returning to the promise of consolidation I also hope that this audience will see the whole array of suggested changes in the Statutes and By-Laws in the same light. All this may appear as bureaucracy. However, I can assure it is not for the fun of it, but rather to ensure the

24

sustainability of IOBC/WPRS in a fast changing world where the leaning on elder gentlemen is too limited a guarantee.

In conclusion for this part something important has been achieved. Other achievements to notice here are more than anything else the ongoing activities of Working- and Study-Groups and Commissions. The WG´s are as vital as ever with a turn over of 10-12 meetings per annum. I can only wholeheartedly thank the Convenors for their large efforts which are among the most important ones. In this connection the whole forum is also kindly suggested to see the temporal or more permanent disappearings and newly appearings of groups as a sign of a dynamic health. Within the last four years the first three IOBC approvals of IP in Europe have been signed and the development in this area has also attracted external interest. Thus our system has been used to support the American region by the approval of a particular Vine-IP in Oregon, USA.

This element adds to the visibility and influence of IOBC/WPRS in the world, even sometimes questioned mainly by our own people. In this respect a most important development has proven to go on within the EU. Among others it appears, from joint meetings between IOBC/WPRS and our collaborative partner IBMA (International Biological Manufacturer´s Association, with whom we have signed an agreement) on the one side and different EU staff and one MP on the other side, that the guidelines in particular from WPRS are being used much more thoroughly for internal EU use than anticipated. This proves a much stronger influence than immediately seen. Despite this influence is indirect, and therefore not so visible as could be desired, we should question ourselves whether this is not the typical type of influence from a scientific association and also an influence we should be rather proud of. Therefore, we go on with our contacts to EU representatives whenever relevant ant possible and we have promised to send them papers pre-selected for their particular purpose.

In the interaction with other communities and societies we have also had a most interesting meeting with the big new Company Syngenta and a handful of WPRS people including myself. The useful element in my view was the possibility to demonstrate on the one hand will to listen to view points from that side. On the other hand it provided an opportunity to underline that principle view points and guidelines of WPRS will never be modified on request from companies. Moreover, it could be explained why it would rather become a disadvantage in short time if WPRS would be willing to compromise in such issues. The points of interactions with outside interest fulfills different recommendations of the former General Assembly in Vienna, in particular in the cases of EU and IBMA. That brings me also to remind that almost all the recommendations regarding WG´s have been met primarily through the Convenors Handbook. The sole recommendation which cannot be met in the suggestion that Convenors should forward 4 year plans for activities. Discussions between Convenors and the Council have proven the impossibility of this for Convenors. Besides this all recommendations have been met to some degree and most of them have been fulfilled.

Here I will not tire the audience with minute details but rather concentrate on some main lines of importance. Thus the recommendations regarding publication and presence have been nicely met through the presence and improvements on the internet and through improvements in Profile and in terms of instructions for publishing of the Bulletins.

25

The recommendations for interactions with other associations have been met to a relevant degree but the Council and the Executive Committee are well aware that the interactions with EU in particular, and to some degree even the interactions with EPRS is rather an ongoing matter to which we will have to pay constant attention. Finally, the recommendations regarding memberships and council administration have overall been met. Though, there is one matter on which I should like to stop. Individual memberships are steadily increasing in number. That is very nice but for the improvement of institutional membership – we have got two new during 4 years – we must call for the assistance of the full Council and Convenors. The reason is that only people with local understanding and connections can in a proper way explain why a membership is relevant and reasonable. Often it is a matter of bringing up the understanding to leaders about how staff they do not meet often (or never) utilize IOBC/WPRS as a facility. All this in principle also holds for supporting memberships e.g. of particular departments of either universities or research organizations. Although this was a strong plea, I am happy to conclude that the overall health of WPRS is good and I thank all of you for your contribution to this among others by being present here.

26


pp. 27 - 30

27

Report from the General Secretary Claude Alabouvette I.N.R.A., 17, rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France The Executive Committee elected during the last General Assembly in Vienna was composed of new members with the exception of Jürg Huber. It means that it took some time for us to organize the activities and to learn to work together. Personally, I met the previous secretary Serge Poitout who gave me useful advices and transfered to me all the archives of IOBC/WPRS. One of the changes we made in the organization concerns the relationships between the treasurer and the secretary to manage the memberships. Since the membership becomes valid after payment of the annual fee, it seemed to us more logical to have the memberships forms directly sent with the payment to the treasurer rather than to the general secretary.

Consequently, the treasurer is in charge of maintaining the list of members up to-date. Thanks to electronic communication, every time the Secretary has something to send to

IOBC/WPRS members he asks the actual list to the treasurer. Another consequence of this change is that a member who is one year late in paying his membership will no more receive IOBC information

Executive Committee and Council Meetings Reports

Since the last General Assembly in Vienna, the Executive Committee met twice a year, in spring and fall to follow the activities of our organization, to discuss the problems that needed an immediate solution and to prepare the meetings of the council. The council met twice, first in Tune (Denmark) in February 1998, and in Gent (Belgium) in October 1999.

The first meeting was organized by our President, it was opened not only to the council members but also to the working groups convenors. Indeed, according to a decision taken at the end of the general assembly Peter Esbjerg wanted to gather all the colleagues who mostly contribute to the activities of IOBC/WPRS, to establish with them the management rules of IOBC/WPRS. During this first council meeting, the budget, the nominations of WG convenors, the benefits corresponding to each category of member were approved. Two important topics were discussed: the production of integrated production guidelines for new crops, and relationships between the Council and the WGs. A first draft of the “Convenor Handbook” has been produced during this meeting.

The second council meeting was organized by Luc Tirry in Gent. During this meeting, Erich Boller was invited to present the progress made by the Commission Guidelines in favour of integrated production, and Horst Bathon to present the activities of the Commission Publications. Then the activities of all the WGs were examined and the budget allocated. A written report of each meeting has been established by the general secretary and sent to all the council members and WG convenors by email. Moreover a summary of the report has been published in Profile, improving the communication between the Executive Committee and all the members.

During the mandate of this executive committee the home page of IOBC/WPRS has been created and improved, and I would like to thank Cesare Gessler and his team at ETH for the

28

excellent work they did. This home page is really convenient for anybody willing to know IOBC/WPRS activities, to become a member or to contact the WG convenors.

Now, I would like to underline a few questions of major importance that have been discussed during these four last years.

The first question is that of greenhouse production. It has been discussed during the two council meetings and, again, during a meeting of the executive committee in March 2000 in Zürich (Switzerland) where an agreement was found. To summarize quickly the debate: – on one side the IOBC principles for integrated production clearly described in the

guidelines II (2nd edition IOBC/wprs Bulletin 22 (4), 1999) that exclude heated crops and soil-less cultures as being non-sustainable systems;

– on the other side IOBC/WPRS working groups elaborating strategies for integrated control in greenhouses and wishing to have specific guidelines developed for protected crops. It was clearly stated that “Integrated Plant Protection” is something different from

“Integrated Production” and that guidelines produced by the commission only concern integrated production. E. Boller indicated that the Commission Guidelines has already changed a sentence in Guidelines II, and proposed to add another sentence to make clear this difference between Integrated Production and Integrated Plant Protection. This could be written as follows “Non-soil cultures and heated protected crops are not compatible with the principles of a sustainable production system as defined by IOBC. However the integrated plant protection part of such production systems might satisfy IOBC standards”.

Thus it will be possible for the groups concerned by protected crops to prepare guidelines for “Integrated Plant Protection in Protected Crops”. These guidelines should be called Guidelines IV and be clearly distinguishable from Guidelines III. The two working groups concerned by “protected crops” will be responsible for the production of these guidelines

The second question concerns the “functional biodiversity”. Franz Bigler introduced this question during the second council meeting by asking the question: how should IOBC/WPRS be involved in Biodiversity? Indeed, biodiversity is identified as a weak point in existing IPM programs. 5% of the area has to be operated as ecological compensation area. But what does that mean? What should be considered as a valuable ecological-compensation area? Franz proposed to create a new group dealing with “functional bio-diversity in relation to integrated control”. But no decision has been taken.

The third question concerns the relationships between IOBC/WPRS and other institutions such as the European Commission and Parliament and IBMA (International Biocontrol Manufacturer’s Association). The executive committee met the representative of IBMA in march 2000 and agreed on creating a “steering committee” to develop projects of cooperation to promote the use of biocontrol agents and to communicate together to the public. This led to a first meeting between Jürg Huber, Claude Alabouvette and Berhard Blum in Basel (Switzerland) where it was decided to contact the European institutions. A meeting was organized in Bruxelles where Peter Esbjerg and Jürg Huber with IBMA representatives met one member of the European parliament and one representative of the Commission. Obviously the goal of IOBC/WPRS met the actual concerns of the European authorities for safe food with less pesticides and respect of the environment.

My personal feeling is that the new council has to think of how to improve IOBC communication towards the consumers and the public. For example, in France there are many different labels for agricultural products playing with the words “natural, biological, integrated, raisonnée”. Finally, the consumer is not able to make any difference among these labels and will have difficulties to identify the IOBC-endorsed integrated production label.

29

Another redundant question is related to relationships between IOBC/WPRS and agro-chemical industry. The executive committee accepted an invitation to meet with Syngenta. Some colleagues especially the members of the guideline commission disagree with this initiative. But it seemed to the executive committee that our policy was strong enough to accept this invitation and to use this opportunity to defend our concept of integrated production.

The last redundant question was that of our relationships with the secretariat of IOBC Global and more specifically the problem of BioControl subscriptions. I can not explain here all the story. But I would like to apologize. We, especially Cesare Gessler, did our best to try to solve the problem in order to satisfy those of our members who had subscribed to BioControl and did not receive the Journal.

Commission, Working Groups and Study Groups Activity Reports

As it would have taken too much time to invite every convenor to give an activity report in front of the general assembly, the executive committee decided that the general secretary will only present a summary of the activity reports of the different groups underlining the main important facts. I will not review the activity reports of all the groups; it does not mean that the groups that are not cited have not been doing a good job.

First I will cite the groups which had no activity at all during the last years, and despite efforts of the executive committee, it has not been possible to promote activity on: olive, citrus and fruit flies. I think that the council will probably decide to close these working groups.

On the contrary most of commissions and working groups are very active. The commission “Guidelines” continue to play the most important role in our

organization by writing new guidelines for integrated production in specific crops and by endorsing new organizations following IOBC guidelines for integrated production. All the members of this commission should be thank especially the past president and actual secretary Ernst Boller. The executive committee and the council are regularly following the progress made by this commission because the guidelines published by this commission are the most visible part of IOBC activities. Thus we have to be sure that these guidelines represent the ideas and philosophy of IOBC/WPRS.

A very discrete commission is also playing a very important role; this is the Commission Identification. Thanks to Hannes Baur, the convenor of this commission, and to other colleagues, many samples of entomophagous insects have been identified. This activity is very important because there are less and less colleagues able to identify species of arthropods.

In average the working groups met every two years, but it seems that there are different types of meetings: – some are really working group meetings, with a limited number of participants, most of

them being regular IOBC participants, – other meetings have been organized by working groups in connection with an

international conference, for example the meeting in Lleida organized by the “stone fruit group” in connection with the conference organized by ISHS; the total number of participant is greater, but there are less regular IOBC participants,

– finally some working groups have organized large meetings by themselves such as the conference in Sevilla organized by the WG fungal and bacterial pathogens. Reading the reports of the convenors and liaison officers, I have the feeling that small,

well targeted meetings fit better the IOBC goals which are to gather colleagues having the

30

same interests in relation to biological control and integrated production. Most of the convenors leading a crop oriented group (stone fruits, cereal, vegetable, protected crops, ...) underline the need to attract more plant pathologists in order to really take into account all the pests and diseases affecting the crop.

The working group on “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” has been very active during the last years in connection with an EU programme “ESCORT 2”. Thanks to this group our organization plays a major role in developing standardized methods for assessing the effects of pesticides on the beneficial organisms. The results of the tests conducted by this group are regularly published in IOBC Bulletin, in BioControl and in specialised books or leaflets.

Similarly the group “Pheromones” plays an important role at the European level since it is the only international group dedicated to this approach for insect control.

Some groups have created their own Web page on Internet to improve communication among members and information outside the group.

During the past mandate of the council a new Study Group has been created on the proposal of Annegret Schmitt: “Induced Resistance in Plants Against Insects and Diseases”. The first meeting took place this last spring and was very successful. It is important for IOBC to offer a place where scientists working on the fundamental aspects of induced resistance can meet colleagues interested in practical application of biological control, and it is also very important to gather both entomologists and plant pathologists interested in plant defence reactions.

Another initiative has been taken by Richard Sikora, convenor of the group “Soil Pests” who organized a workshop on “Tritrophic Interactions in the Rhizosphere and Root Health”. This first meeting was successful and I think that the new council will have to decide the creation of this group either as a study or a working group. To my opinion, the interest for these meetings that address basic questions related to plant health invite the new council to think of the different ways by which IOBC/WPRS can promote a multi-disciplinary approach of plant protection and integrated production. I mean that it is probably easier for IOBC/WPRS than for research institutions or universities to promote such inter-disciplinary working groups in which specialists in one field have to make an effort to communicate with specialists of another field to contribute together to promote more sustainable agronomic systems. For sure we must improve collaboration between plant pathologists and entomolo-gists, but I wonder if we should also try to attract agronomists, and soil scientists to better address the question of integrated production. Thus, our work is not finished; on the contrary we have new questions to address, we have new scientific disciplines to integrate, we have also great efforts to make to improve our communication towards the farmers and the consumers.

To finish this short report, I would like to thank all the convenors that have spent some time for IOBC/WPRS. We all are very busy, and we do not need more work, but as we believe in the usefulness of IOBC/WPRS, we accept to give extra working time for our organization.

I have a special thank for the secretary of my laboratory Martine Janisz who did the maximum to help with IOBC business.

I am sure that with the help of the new elected council members and with the help of all of you, we will be able to improve the management and the efficacy of IOBC/WPRS.


pp. 31 - 33

31

Report of the treasurer

C. Gessler Institute of plant sciences, Phytomedicine/Pathology, Universitätstrasse 2, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092 ETH-Zürich

The income compared to the preceding period where it was around 180,000 to 196,000 CHF, dropped visibly to about 160,000 CHF for the first three years of the period. The increment registered in 2001 was due to accounting factors such as the income generated by the general assembly (sponsoring, registration fees of guests) and contribution to the Bulletin printing by other organisations which created higher expenses in the same categories. A major factor of the income drop was that the income generated by selling brochures decreased from 9,000 CHF to almost to zero. Banking interest rates decreased from a highth of 17,000 CHF in 1994 and 1995 to 1,817 CHF in the year 2001. Membership fees settled at a lower level as before by about 5 % loss. This is mostly attributed to loss of institutional members, partially compensated by the gain of individual and supporting members.

On the expenditure side, little changes are noted: As well absolute as in % al categories present similar figures.

Again about 55 % of the income was directly spent for the work of the groups and commissions as allocations and printing the Bulletins, 15 % flowed back to the members directly in form of subscription to BioControl. Of the remaining 30 %, 6 % was forwarded to global, the rest (15 %) was needed to run the organisation and for the general assembly (10 %). Executive and council meetings as well as administration (mailing, maintaining the web site ...) cost 12 % and the link between the working groups and council/executive cost the remaining 3 %.

The accounts could be closed over the considered period with a slight positive balance of ca 14,000 CHF.

Asset of IOBC/WPRS The former treasurer at the last General Assembly could say “With this (asset), IOBC/WPRS has a very high safety deposit for its activities in the future”.

He left me (31.12. 1997) in fact with the responsibility of 320,000 CHF, the asset at the date 30. December 2001 was 363,000 CHF, counting all investments at the price of entry. I do not wish under the present situation take any current value of the funds. As treasurer I can again say the financial situation of IOBC/WPRS is sound.

Future priorities of the treasurer and his collaborators must be on better motivate particular institutional members to pay the membership fees. Also the number of supporting members should be increased, however the amount which will be spent for each supporting member (BioControl and Bulletins, fee to Global currently amounts to ca 280 EURO). An increase in the number of individual memberships is highly desirable from the point of view involving an increasing part of the scientific community in IOBC/WPRS, however this type of membership are cost neutral.

I see not many possibilities to increase income otherwise. Therefore, I propose to maintain also in the next accounting period, the share for each category as it is currently.

32

In the next accounting period the complete accounting system will be switch into EURO. Table. Accounting summary 1999 to 2001

Categories Year 1998 Year 1999 Year 2000 Year 2001 1.1.1998-

31.12.2001 In % In EURO

*) Incomes Institutional members

111'420.20 121'517.07 113'418.22 112'664.78 459'020.27 64.49 286'887.67

Individual membership

18'852.10 19'521.24 17'148.92 36'722.40 92'244.66 12.96 57'652.91

Supporting members

13'739.95 22'125.14 22'897.75 29'697.90 88'460.74 12.43 55'287.96

Banking 4'770.00 3'023.85 2'507.70 1'817.82 12'119.37 1.70 7'574.61Biocontrol 3'510.00 2'979.00 4'257.00 8'499.81 19'245.81 2.70 12'028.63Bulletins and Brochure sale

1'557.75 162.55 1'640.50 13'151.46 16'512.26 2.32 10'320.16

Old foreign account

2'517.12 2'517.12 0.35 1'573.20

General assembly 2001

14'966.45 14'966.45 2.10 9'354.03

Working Group

6'726.00 6'726.00 0.94 4'203.75

Sum entries 153'850.00 169'328.85 164'387.21 224'246.62 711'812.68 100.00 444'882.93 Expenses Bulletins 39'950.00 31'804.80 44'081.25 32'000.00 147'836.05 21.45 92'397.53Subscription-Biocontrol

0.00 17'948.05 25'512.82 60'931.94 104'392.81 15.14 65'245.51

Working and Study groups

32'499.65 52'468.20 29'896.93 38'848.07 153'712.85 22.30 96'070.53

Commissions 10'080.00 26'854.65 18'030.00 12'232.70 67'197.35 9.75 41'998.34Liaison 429.05 4'950.15 9'722.37 7'362.33 22'463.90 3.26 14'039.94Global 8'000.00 9'322.00 12'405.00 10'000.00 39'727.00 5.76 24'829.38Executive commitee

4'193.40 8'823.15 9'372.08 3'934.16 26'322.79 3.82 16'451.74

council 12'769.50 9'749.92 767.00 0.00 23'286.42 3.38 14'554.01Banking fees 1'538.30 2'539.32 4'122.50 4'026.73 12'226.85 1.77 7'641.78Administration 1'367.80 5'568.70 6'677.45 6'523.20 20'137.15 2.92 12'585.72General assembly

542.95 71'332.21 71'875.16 10.43 44'921.98

refunding 1'620.50 -1'439.46 181.04 0.03 113.15Sum Expenses

111'370.65 170'028.94 162'207.90 245'751.88 689'359.37 100.00 430'849.61

Balance 42'479.35 -700.09 2'179.31 -21'505.26 22'453.31 14'033.32All transformed in Swiss Francs

*) (val. 1 EURO = 1.6 CHF)

33

Summary of assets at yearly account closing date

31.12.1997 (Value in

Swiss Francs) (Report

J. Huber)

31.12.1998 31.12.1999 31.12.2000 31.12.2001

Net assets in Swiss Francs (CHF)

320’118.78 361’146.38 360’425.62 357’938.90 363’599.36

Evolution of IOBC/WPRS Asset 1997-2000

41'027.60 -720.76 -2'486.72 5'660.46

Bank account Funds at value of acquisition

320’118.78 116'597.86/

247'001.50

Accumulated surplus Operational benefit Investment benefit*

41'027.60 40'306.84 37'820.12

43'480.58

14'033.32

29'447.26

* Investment benefit as calculated with the values at time acquisition

Report of the Auditing Committee Based on the very positive report of the auditing committee presented by its convenor David Royle the Treasurer Report for the years 1997-2001 was approved by applause.

34

General Assembly

Commissions Reports 1997 - 2001

32


pp. 37 - 39

37

Commission on "IP Guidelines and Endorsement" Activity Report 1997-2001

Ernst F. Boller, Chairman Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Obst-Wein- & Gartenbau, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland

Summary: After establishing the basic concepts of Integrated Production and the instrument of endorsement procedures in the first period of 1991-1995 the Commission has placed during the period of 1996-2001 emphasis on the establishment of crop specific guidelines of major crops, the active broadcast of these concepts through appropriate channels and the endorsement of regional IP-organisations both in Europe and North America.

In prospect the Commission will focus on closing the existing gaps in crop specific IOBC guidelines (e.g vegetables, citrus, olives, perennials), on establishing practical tools (documents/idea books) facilitating IP-implementation such as ecological infrastructures (functional biodiversity), and consolidation of the endorsement process at the international scale Integrated Production Concept and Technical Guidelines

The concept and general approach of IOBC in the field of Integrated Production as published first in 1993 has found world-wide interest and acceptance. The basic documents were up-dated in 1999 (2nd edition) with only minor adjustments in the Technical Guideline I (inspection systems, endorsement procedures) and Technical Guideline II (Genetically modified organisms; non-sustainable production systems). In a press release dated April 18, 2001 the Commission re-emphasised the IOBC concept of total product and production quality including the important 4 invisible quality aspects, i.e. internal product quality, ecological, ethical and social quality of products and production/processing methods.

In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Commission we published in 1998 a synoptic document ”Integrated Production in Europe: 20 years after the declaration of Ovronnaz”.

In the field of crop specific Guidelines III it is obvious that the professional competence is basically located in the respective IOBC working groups. Learning by experience the Commission has established in close consultation with the Executive Committee and Working Group Convenors involved an adequate procedure to produce new crop specific guidelines. Whereas scientific and practical input is coming from IOBC Working Groups and experts outside IOBC the Commission’s task is to co-ordinate the formal preparations and to guide the work with respect to established IOBC principles and standards and periodical up-date. The following Technical Guidelines III where published: Stone fruits (1997), arable crops (1997), grapes (2nd edition, 1999) and soft fruits (2000). The guideline for pome fruits (2nd edition, 1994) is in the process of revision. Drafts for olives and citrus guidelines are in advanced stages of preparation. Preparations have started for a future IP-guideline on field grown vegetables whereas the Commission is not in favour of producing a guideline on IPM in glasshouses since this is strictly an aspect to be covered by the respective Working groups.

English versions of all relevant documents of the Commission are available on the website of the Commission established early 2000 (www.admin.ch/sar/faw/iobc.html). In certain countries national guidelines for Integrated Production refer explicitly to IOBC

38

principles such as in Switzerland (grapes, pome fruits), France (grapes) and many regional growers’ associations outside the WPRS region are considering IOBC principles in their IP programs (e.g. Czechia, Oregon, New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Brazil).

Endorsement procedure of IOBC

The Commission operates in behalf of IOBC an endorsement program which has received an extended mandate considering the international interest in the IOBC concepts and approaches. Whereas in Europe so far 3 organisations have qualified for IOBC endorsement (Spain, Italy, France) the Commission could endorse in spring 2001 for the first time an organisation in North America (Oregon).

In view of the increased interest in IOBC endorsement the Commission defined and published on internet in April 2001 the new admission criteria and a tool-box for applying organisations.

Outlook for 2001-2005

The Commission will focus on • closing the existing gaps in crop specific IOBC guidelines III (e. g vegetables, citrus,

olives, general guideline for perennial fruit crops), • establishing in close collaboration with IOBC working Groups and expertise outside

IOBC practical documents/idea books for IP-implementation in practice where the Commission located major information gaps (such as management of ecological infrastructures and functional biodiversity; ecotoxicological profiles of pesticides);

• broadcasting more actively and enhancing IOBC concepts on Integrated Production and Protection through appropriate channels and technical support (e.g. endorsement process).

Recent publications

Guidelines • Integrated Production of Stone Fruits. IOBC wprs Bulletin 20 (3) 1997, 51 pp. • Integrated Production of Arable Crops. IOBC wprs Bulletin 20 (5) 1997, 115 pp. • Principles of Integrated Production (2nd edition). IOBC wprs Bulletin 22 (4) 1999, 37 pp • Integrated Production of Grapes (2nd edition). IOBC wprs Bulletin 22 (8) 1999, 75 pp • Integrated Production of Soft Fruits. IOBC wprs Bulletin 23 (5) 2000, 71 pp. Concepts Avilla, J. & Malavolta, C. 1998: Role of Integrated Production Guidelines in Fruit Production.

– Invited presentation at VI European Congress of Entomology, Budejovice (Czequia), 23-29 August 1998.

Avilla, J. 2000: Integrated Fruit Production Guidelines in Europe, Do They Work? – Invited presentation at the Symposium ”Can Apple Pest Management be Sustainable?” Entomological Society of America and Entomological Society of Canada. Montreal (Canada), 5 December 2000.

Avilla, J. 2001: Directrices de Producción Integrada de la OILB/SROP. Reconocimiento de organizaciones de Producción Integrada.Curso sobre Producción Integrada. – Federación de Cooperativas Agrarias de Valencia. Valencia, 22.3.2000 and Curso sobre Producción Integrada. Federación de Cooperativas Agrarias de Valencia. Valencia, 13.3.2001.

39

Boller, E.F., Avilla., J., Gendrier, J.P., Jörg, E. and Malavolta, C. 1998: Integrated Production in Europe: 20 years after the declaration of Ovronnanz. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin 21 (1): 41 pp.

Boller, E.F. 1998: A Produçao Integrada na Europa e a OILB/SROP. – Proc. 1. Coloquio Produçao Integrada em Horticultura, 6./7. Abril 1998, Castelo Branco, Portugal.

Boller, E.F. 1999: El concepto de la OILB de Proteccion y de Produccion Integrada. – Proc. 6° Symposium Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal, 20./24. Enero de 1999 a Sevilla, Spain: 15-23.

Boller, E.F. 2000: L’approche OILB en Production Intégrée. / The IOBC Approach in Integrated Production. – Proc. Mondiaviti, 28./30. novembre 2000, Bordeaux: 232-243.

Malavolta, C. 1997: Le norme OILB per il riconosciomento dei disciplinari di produzione integrata. – Informatore Agrario 3.

Malavolta, C. 1997: Le direttive OILB per la produzione integrata delle pomacee. – Informatore Agrario 38.

40


pp. 41 - 46

41

Publication Commission Activity Report 1997-2001

Horst Bathon, Convenor Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Luc Tirry, Member Ghent University, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium

Introduction Based upon a decision of the Council in 1987 the Publication Commission supervises and carries the final responsibility of all publishing activities in IOBC/wprs. It plays an advisory and coordinating role between Council, Convenors and Publisher.

Main realisations The following publications have been realised in the period from 1997 - 2001. Most of them had to be re-edited by the members of the Publication Commission.

Brochures Brochures contain guidelines, methodologies and similar items useful for Integrated Plant Protection. They are not covered by IOBC/wprs membership fees but have to be ordered and paid separately. Two Brochures were published in the reporting period, one is in preparation:

St. Finch, J. Freuler & R.H. Collier (1999): Monitoring Populations of the Carrot Fly Psila Rosae. viii + 108 pp., ISBN 92-9067-110-6.

M.P. Candolfi, S. Blümel, R. Forster et al. (2000): Guidelines to evaluate side-effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods. IOBC, BART and EPPO Joint Initiative. ix + 158 pp., ISBN: 92-9067-129-7.

Bulletins To get a more homogenous appearance of the Bulletins we edited new „Instructions to the Authors“ for the preparation of papers and also „Instructions to the Convenors“ for reviewing the articles and preparing the Bulletins. These Instructions can be downloaded from the IOBC/wprs homepage. Also available from the homepage is a template of a Bulletin paper which can be overwritten, when preparing an article. In this case you can directly take over all necessary formations for printing. Whenever possible, use common software (Word, Excel) in order to make the editing easier.

In this period 50 IOBC/wprs Bulletins have appeared. Some additional Bulletins are in preparation or already in print. Below I present a complete list of the Bulletins published in the reporting period:

42

1997 20(8) Working Group “Fruit Flies of Economic Importance“. 2nd International open

Meeting at Lisbon (Portugal), September 22-24, 1997. Edited by: J. Piedade-Guerreiro. xii + 245 pp., ISBN 92-9067-093-2.

20(9) Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards.“ Subgroup “Integrated Control of Pome Fruit Diseases”. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop at Croydon (England), August 19 - 23, 1996. Edited by: A.M. Berrie, X.-M. Xu, D.C. Harris, A.L. Roberts, K. Evans, D.J. Barabara & C. Gessler. xiii + 276 pp., ISBN 92-9067-094-0.

1998 21(1) Commission “IP Guidelines & Endorsement”. Integrated Production in Europe: 20

years after the declaration of Ovrannaz. Edited by: E.F. Boller, J. Avilla, J.P. Gendrier, E. Jörg & C. Malavolta. 41 pp., ISBN 92-9067-095-9.

21(2) Working Group “Integrated Control in Viticulture”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Gödöllö (Hungary), March 4-6, 1997. Edited by: P. Blaise. vi + 109 pp., ISBN 92-9067-096-7.

21(3) Working Group “Integrated Control of Stored Products”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Zürich (Switzerland), August 31 – September 9, 1997. Edited by: C. Adler. viii + 173 pp., ISBN 92-9067-097-5.

21(4) Working Group “Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Copenhagen (Danmark), August 10-15, 1997. Edited by: P.H. Smits. xx + 289 pp., ISBN 92-9067-098-3.

21(5) Working Group “Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Poznan (Poland), April 10-12, 1997. Edited by: V.H. Paul, K.Krohn, J. Thomas & P.D. Dapprich. vi + 239 pp., ISBN 92-9067-099-1.

21(6) Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Tunis (Tunisia), October 14-16, 1997. Edited by: S.A. Hassan. ii + 128 pp., ISBN 92-9067-100-9.

21(7) Proceedings of the 8th General Assembly of the IOBC – WPRS, Vienna, September 30 - October 2 1997. vi+ 142 pp., ISBN 92-9067-101-7

21(8) Working Group “Integrated Control in Cereal Crops”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Lleida (Spain), March 13-14, 1997. Edited by: H.-M. Poehling & C. Borgemeister. viii + 199 pp., ISBN 92-9067-102-5

21(9) Working Group “Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens” in conjunction with “The European Foundation for Plant Pathology, Working Group on Biological Control”. Workshop Proceedings “Molecular Approaches in Biological Control”. Delémont (Switzerland), 15-18 September, 1997. Edited by: B. Duffy, U. Rosenberger & G. Défago. vi + 324 pp., ISBN 92-9067-103-3.

21(10) Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards “Soft Fruits”. Proceedings of the Workshop at Vienna (Austria), October 7-10, 1997. Edited by: F. Polesny. x + 108 pp., ISBN 92-9067-104-1.

1999 22(1) Working Group “Integrated Control in Glasshouses”. Proceedings of the Meeting at

Brest (France), 25-29 May 1999. Edited by: J.C. van Lenteren. vii + 294 pp., ISBN 92-9067-105-X.

43

22(2) Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control. Abstracts of the Global IOBC International Symposium co-organized with CILBA, Agropolis International, Montpellier (France), 17-20 October 1999. viii + 79 pp., ISBN: 92-9067-106-8.

22(3) Study Group “Integrated protection in oak forests”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Rabat-Salé (Maroc), 26-29 October 1998. Edited by: C. Villemant. xii +198 pp., ISBN 92-9067-107-6.

22(4) Commission on “IP Guidelines and Endorsement”. Integrated Production. Principles and Technical Guidelines. 2nd edition. Edited by: E.F. Boller, A. El Titi, J.P. Gendrier, J. Avilla, E. Jörg & C. Malavolta. 38 pp., ISBN 92-9067-108-4.

22(5) Working Group “Integrated control in field vegetables”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Chania (Crete), 6-8 October, 1997. Edited by: S. Finch, C. Hartield, E. Brunel. 240 pp., ISBN 92-9067-109-2.

22(6) Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Computer Modeling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management, Wageningen (The Netherlands), 28-31 July, 1998. 301 pp., ISBN 92-9067-111-4.

22(7) Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards. Pome Fruits”. Proceedings of the Workshop at Einsiedeln (Switzerland), November 30 - December 3, 1997. x + 215 pp., Edited by: F. Polesny. ISBN 92-9067-112-2.

22(8) Guidelines for Integrated Production of Grapes. IOBC Technical Guidelines III, 2nd edition. Edited by: C. Malavolta & E.F. Boller. 75 pp., ISBN 92-9067-113-0.

22(9) Working Group „Use of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control“. Scents in Orchards – Plant and Insect Semiochemicals from Orchards environments. Dachau (Bavaria, Germany), September 21-24, 1998. Edited by: P. Witzgall & Ashraf El-Sayed. vi + 127 pp., ISBN 92-9067-114-9.

22(10) Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Mites. Proceedings of a Meeting at Dundee, Scotland, 14-17 September 1998. Edited by: P.R. Ellis, S. Derridj. x + 91 pp., ISBN 92-9067-115-7.

22(11) Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Stone Fruit”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Gödöllö (Hungary), 19-21 August 1998. Edited by: P.Cravedi, E. Mazzoni. xii + 139 pp., ISBN 92-9067-116-5.

2000 23(1) Working Group „Integrated Control in Protected Crops: Mediterranean Climate“,

Proceedings of the Meeting at Antalya (Turkey), 24 – 28 April 2000. Edited by: R. Albajes & E. Sekeroglu. x + 294 pp., ISBN 92-9067-117-3.

23(2) Working Group „Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes“, Proceedings of the 7th European Meeting “Capturing the Potential of Biological Control” at Vienna (Austria), 22 – 26 March 1999. Edited by: P.H. Smits. xx +334 pp., ISBN 92-9067-119-X.

23(3) “Hazards of pesticides to bees.” Abstracts of the 7th International Symposium of the ICPBR Protection Group co-organized by INRA and ACTA, Université d’Avignon, France, 07 – 09 September 1999. Edited by: C. Pélissier & L.P. Belzunces. vi + 100 pp., ISBN 92-9067-118-1.

23(4) Working Group “Integrated control in viticulture”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Florence (Italy), March 1-4, 1999. Edited by: C. Lozzia. xviii + 221 pp., ISBN 92-9067-120-3.

44

23(5) Commission “IP Guidelines and Endorsement”, Guidelines for Integrated Production of Soft Fruits. Technical Guideline III. Edited by: E. Jörg & J.V. Cross. iii + 71 pp., ISBN 92-9067-121-1.

23(6) Working Group „Integrated control in oilseed crops“, Proceedings of the Meeting at Prague (Czech Republic), 31 May - 2 June 1999. Edited by: V.H. Paul. xii + 211 pp., ISBN 92-9067-122-X.

23(7) Working Group "Integrated plant protection in orchards", Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production (4th ISHS Symposium on Integrated Fruit Production, 10th IOBC Symposium on Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards), Leuven (Belgium), July 27 - August 1, 1998. Edited by W. Müller, F. Polesny, C. Verheyden & A.D. Webster. 512 pp., ISBN 92-9067-123-8.

23(8) Working Group “Integrated control of soil pests, Melolontha Subgroup”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Sion (Switzerland), 19 - 21 October 1998. Edited by: S. Keller. viii + 137 pp., ISBN 92-9067-124-6.

23(9) Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Versailles (France), 27 - 29 October 1999. Edited by: H. Vogt & U. Heimbach. x + 154 pp., ISBN 92-9067-125-4.

23(10) Working Group “Integrated Protection of Stored Products”. Proceedings of the Meeting at Berlin (Germany), 22 - 24 August 1999. Edited by: C. Adler & M. Schöller. xii + 283 pp., ISBN 92-9067-126-2.

23(11) Working Group "Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards", Subgroup "Soft Fruits” together with the ISHS Working Group "Integrated Fruit Production": Second Workshop on Integrated Production of Soft Fruits, Warszawa / Miedzeszyn (Poland) from 13 - 16 September, 1999. Edited by: D. Gajek & F. Polesny. xii + 169 pp., ISBN 92-9067-127-0.

23(12) Working Group "Integrated control in Orchards", Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Integrated Control of Pome Fruit Diseases, Fontevraud (France) from 24 - 27 August 1999. Edited by: L. Parisi. xxiv + 291 pp., ISBN 92-9067-128-9.

2001 24(1) “Tri-trophic interactions in the rhizosphere and root-health nematode-fungal-bacterial

interrelationships”. Study Group “Integrated Control of Soil Pests”, Proceedings of the meeting at Bad Honnef (Germany), 3-5 November, 1999. vi + 172 pp. Edited by: R. Sikora. ISBN 92-9067-130-0

24(3) “Biocontrol Agents: Mode of Action and Interaction with other Means of Control”. Working Group “Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens”, Proceedings of the meeting at Sevilla (Spain), 30 November - 3 December. Edited by: Y. Elad, S. Freeman & E. Monte. 2000. xxvi + 376 pp., ISBN 92-9067-132-7.

24(4) Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”, Proceedings of the meeting at Castelló de la Plana (Spain), 18-20 October, 2000. Edited by: H. Vogt, E. Viñuela & J. Jacas. x + 136 pp., ISBN 92-9067-133-5

24(5) “International Conference on Integrated Fruit Protection” of the Working Groups “Integrated Plant Protection in Stone Fruit” and “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards”, Proceedings of the meeting at Lleida (Spain), 22-26 October, 2000. Edited by: J. Avilla & F. Polesny. xiv + 410 pp., ISBN 92-9067-134-3.

24(6) Working Group “Integrated Control in Cereal Crops”, Proceedings of the meeting at Gödöllö (Hungary), 9 - 12 September, 1999. Edited by: Chr. Borgemeister & H.-M. Poehling. vi + 173 pp., ISBN 92-9067-135-8.

45

24(7) Working Group “Integrated Control in Viticulture”, Proceedings of the meeting at Ponte de Lima (Portugal), 3 - 7 March, 2000. Edited by: Carlo Lozzia. xix + 319 pp., ISBN 92-9067-136-6.

In this period we have co/edited and printed

Numbers of pages

Year Issues roman arab total

1997 2 25 512 537 1998 10 72 1772 1844 1999 11 65 1797 1862 2000 12 135 2877 3012 2001 6 81 1586 1667 Total 41 378 8544 8922

The stock of bulletins has moved from Gent to Montpellier (IOBC secretariat, Mireille

Montes de Oca). Extra bulletins should be ordered there: IOBC Permanent Secretariat Ms. Mireille Montes de Oca Agropolis, Av. Agropolis F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France) Fax +33(0) 467047599, e-mail: [email protected]

Profile (Newsletter of IOBC/wprs) Profile reports twice a year on all current activities in the IOBC/WPRS, e.g. activities of the Working and Study Groups, recent IOBC publications, changes of the Convenors addresses, informations and decisions of the Council or the Executive Committee. For the information of all individual members who get only 5 Bulletins of their choice out of all Bulletins published within a year (normally 10-12 issues) we include not only the titles of newly printed volumes but also their table of contents in Profile. – Within the reporting period 7 issues (Nrs. 25-31 with a total of 268 pages) were published and sent to our members. In the last two years

Year Month of issue Issue No. Pages 1998 August 25 28 1999 February 26 24 1999 July 27 24 1999 December 28 48 2000 September 29 52 2001 January 30 52 2001 July 31 40 Total 7 Issues 268

46

Profile is also put into the homepage of the IOBC/WPRS. Because most of our members have access to the internet and printing and sending out of Profile by surface mail is very expensive (about 500 € for printing and the same amount for mail) we propose to put the future issues of Profile into the internet only. All members would be informed about the newest issue in the IOBC/WPRS homepage by e-mail. Therefore, please give your e-mail address (es) to our treasurer to get informed about the latest reports. Upon request the few members who not have access to the internet will get a hard copy version.

I like to thank all Convenors and the Council Members for their collaboration supplying interesting news which I could include in the Profile issues. Remember: Profile is living from the informations of all members of the IOBC/wprs and I would be very glad to get much more input from you than actually.


pp. 47 - 48

47

Commission "Determination and Identification of Entomophagous Insects" Extended Activity Report for 1997-2001

Hannes Baur Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland

The aim of the Commission "Determination and Identification of Entomophagous Insects" is the compilation of a reliable database of insect pest species and their natural enemies. The commission only compiles data on those species where definite host associations have been established in course of various applied and systematic research projects. In this respect the commission also provides an identification service for researcher engaged in biological control and other applied projects. This task cannot be fulfilled by the convenor. For the identification of specimens, the convenor is assisted by more than fifteen specialists from several different countries in Europe. In this respect, I would like to mention Dr. Hans-Peter Tschorsnig, Stuttgart, who compiles the enormous amount of data on parasitic flies since many years.

During the past four years about 2400 specimens have been sent for identification. Most of them belong to parasitic flies (Diptera: Tachinidae, almost 1500), the rest to twelve families of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea, Chalcidoidea, Proctotrupoidea) and to one family of aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). More than 200 species have been recognised. Most of the samples originate from Central and Southern Europe, but a few also from the Near East (e.g. Iran). A compilation of this material is in preparation and will be published in the next year as an IOBC/wprs Bulletin (Determination list No. 14). In addition, some interesting records of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reared from leave-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Italy will be published in a separate paper (Burghio, G., Lanzoni, A. & Baur, H.: Bull. Ist. Ent. G. Grandi, in press).

Since its rapid spread from the Balkan Peninsula to central and Northern Europe, the hors chestnut leaf-miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), has received considerable attention from different research groups. In fact, the damage caused by the moth on the leaves of the popular horse chestnut trees is very obvious. In the majority of the respective research projects also the natural enemies of the moth have been investigated and in several cases Hymenoptera parasitoids were sent to the convenor for identification. The specimens mostly belonged to Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea), Ichneumonidae, or Braconidae. These species are considered as generalist parasitoids that attack a wide range of leaf-miners, sometimes even of different insect orders. Because of a very low parasitism rate, the parasitoids are not considered as true natural enemies of Cameraria and have no potential as control agent. The moth itself is certainly an invasive species but its origin is not certain.

In a few instances undescribed species were sent for identification. A large series of specimens reared in Iran from Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize plants was found to belong to a new species of Conomorium (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae), a small genus containing only three known species. In course of the identification of this species, however, several more species were discovered; hence the genus may actually comprise at least 8 species. The description of the new species is now made the subject of a separate study on the

48

West-Palearctic species. For another species from Iran belonging to Euplectrus (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae), which was reared from Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lepidoptera: Lymatriidae), the identity of the species remained doubtful. According to Dr. John LaSalle, CSIRO, Canberra, one of leading specialists on Eulophidae, it probably also belongs to an undescribed species but due to the lack of keys and more recent revisions, this can not be decided with certainty. This case may illustrate the problems taxonomists are faced with when trying to identify entomophagous insects, mainly but not exclusively in Parasitic Hymenoptera. Despite considerable progress in the taxonomy of those insects we are still far from the point that is reached in many other groups, such as e.g. in Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. This situation is unfortunate as it may also affect the progress in various other fields of research.

Unfortunately, material for identification often arrives in poor condition. This results at best in some delay because then the convenor has to re-mount the specimens in a way suitable for identification. But in many cases, identification at species level is no more possible. For this reason some brief guidelines concerning conservation and storage of specimens have been published in Profile (12/1999). However, some recent investigations concerning the conservation of voucher specimens have led to considerable changes, especially with regard to small parasitic wasps (e.g. Chalcidoidea, etc.). Therefore, some updated and more comprehensive guidelines have been worked out by the convenor and will be included in the Determination list No. 14.


p. 49

49

Commission “Promotion and Extension of WPRS Activities” Activity Report 1997-2001

J.A. Freuler, Convenor Station fédérale de recherches en production végétale de Changins, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland

J. Huber, P. Castanera, C. Gessler, Members

The aim of the commission is to make the activities of WPRS better known within and outside the organisation.

For that purpose all types of communication vehicles are explored and documents and material of attractive quality available also by electronic media to elevate the image of WPRS produced.

The new logo presented at the last general assembly has been accepted and is now widely used demonstrating the coherence of the organisation.

A working meeting of the commission in 1998 allowed finalising the editing of a new attractive leaflet and of the updated collection of the presentation of the commissions, working and study groups, which was send out in 1999 in a newly created cover to Institutional and Council Members, and to the Convenors. A new edition of this document is available at the present general assembly.

The first screens of the WPRS homepage have been presented at the last general assembly. Since November 1999 the website is served by a webmaster (www.e-maintenance.ch). It has since been redesigned, standardised and simplified. The heading "Publication" has been developed and the heading "Events & Activities" newly created. New members can now apply by using the application form. The website is now known by the most important repertories of internet and search engines. Many links have been added including those working groups which have their own website.

General updating takes place every 6 months with the data from the latest Profile, whereas in the heading "Events & Activities" it is every 1 to 2 months. The introduction of latest information is via

[email protected]

For the future a platform for information where members can correspond will be activated.

50

General Assembly

Reports from the Working and Study Groups

50


pp. 53 - 55

53

Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Orchards“ Fritz Polesny Federal Office & Research Centre for Agriculture (BFL), Institute of Phytomedicine, 1220 Wien (Austria), e-mail: [email protected] Within the last General Assembly in 1997 a new structure of the fruit sector of IOBC/WPRS could be presented, which was a result of the decisions of the 7th General Assembly in 1993. This WG feels responsible for all fields of fruit production, pome fruit as well as soft fruit even if this fruits are cultivated as protected crops.

WG activities

It is tradition, that all 5 years a big symposium is organised by the WG. In this frame all different aspects of biological and integrated control are discussed and achievements presented. This symposia are organised in close co-operation with the WG Stone Fruit. The last symposium took place in October 2000 in Lleida, Spain. It was excellently organised by the colleagues from the UdL IRTA and more than 140 paying participants attended it. The symposia give the chance of direct contact between the different SGs and specialised sections are dedicated to the topics of the SGs.

Results of the discussions on internal affairs and future activities of the WG in Lleida: • The interval between the big symposia shall be reduced to 4 years. A 5 year interval as in

the past is too short to make two but too long to organise only one specialised workshops of the different subgroups in the meantime.

• The next symposium shall take place in 2004. It is the wish to make it in the Trentino region in northern Italy.

• The IOBC/WPRS rules limit the time period of convenors. The second period of Fritz Polesny is running out and it was his wish to find a new convenor. A voting among the present IOBC/WPRS members took place. The big majority wishes Jerry Cross to follow in this function. If the Council agrees, he will take over this responsibility after the General Assembly, starting with the year 2002. In July/August 1998 an “International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production” took

place in Leuven, Belgium (over 180 participants). This was a joint meeting with “fruit crop group” of ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Sciences). Since the early 1980th a lot of activities of the WG were organised as joint meetings with ISHS and there was a good co-operation with the fruit sector of ISHS under the chairmanship of Walter Mueller in the past. In this meeting IOBC/WPRS was (in the contrary to other meetings) the junior partner.

Activities of the Sub Groups (SG)

SG Arthropod Pests

Scientific secretary: Mike Solomon, UK Nov./Dec. 1997: workshop in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 50 participants March 2002: workshop in Vienna, Austria

54

Present scientific highlights: area wide control of pests (e.g. codling moth), economic injury levels, importance of predators and parasitoids of main pests, importance and dynamics of secondary pests, use of new plant protection compounds, special reference to organic production and biological control

SG Soft Fruits

Scientific secretary: Darius Gajek, Poland Nov. 1997: workshop in Vienna, Austria, 30 participants Sept. 1999: workshop in Warsaw, Poland, 30 participants Sept. 2001: workshop in Dundee, UK Present scientific highlights: This new SG covers pests as well as diseases and all other

topics related with plant protection in soft fruits: Chances of non chemical and biological control, reduction of chemical treatments in soft fruit production, susceptibility of varieties against pests and diseases.

SG Diseases

Scientific secretary: This position changes from one local organiser of a workshop to the next. Present scientific secretary: Cesare Gessler, Switzerland.

Aug. 1999: workshop in Fontefraud, France, 70 participants (org.: L. Parisi). Aug. 2002: workshop in Friedrichshafen, Germany (org.: P. Triloff / C. Gessler). Present scientific highlights: monitoring and modelling of fungal diseases, scab, powdery

mildew, canker and similar fungal diseases, storage rots and even fire blight, importance of fungal antagonists.

SG IFP-Guidelines

Scientific secretary: Jerry Cross, UK. This SG deals even with IFP-guidelines for stone fruit. Case by case this SG works for

the WG Orchards or the WG Stone Fruit. An important part of the 1997 and 1999 workshops of the SG Soft Fruits was dedicated

to the work of this SG.

Present scientific highlights, remarks: In the last years many colleagues looked at the activities of the SG “IFP-Guidelines“. This sub group started the discussion on crop specific frame guidelines for integrated production within IOBC/WPRS in the early nineties. Within the Vienna workshop a technical guideline (Guideline III) for integrated soft fruit production was formulated. A lot of colleagues, who have been involved in this work do not understand, why the IP guideline commission made some important changes in the contents of this paper. The work on a 3rd edition of the Pome Fruit IFP-Guideline has started after the Lleida symposium and goes on (e-mail contacts). Most colleagues of the WG wish to go on with the work on technical IFP-guidelines. But there are different opinions about the aimed impact of the guidelines and the need of an endorsement procedure and an IP commission.

Since more than five years there is a close co-operation between the orchard group of IOBC/WPRS and the Working Group “Integrated Fruit Production” of ISHS. In the last year it came to a sudden stop. At the beginning the Lleida meeting was planned as a joint meeting with ISHS, but at the end no ISHS representative could be found for the final organisation activities and for the meeting itself.

There is special co-operation with following IOBC/WPRS WGs (mostly in the sense that colleagues are active members in both WGs):

55

• Stone Fruit • Pesticides and beneficial organisms • Pheromones and other semiochemicals

Open fields, which are hardly covered by the WG till now: • Weed control • Soil pests in orchards • Application technique

In the last five years a lot of colleagues from non WPRS-countries attended the symposia

and workshops of the WG. Many orchard pests and diseases (e.g. codling moth or apple scab) occur all over the world together with their host plants. There is a lot of regional co-operations in the field of fruit research and IOBC/WPRS gives a good platform for planning EU research projects (which are nowadays not restricted to EU member countries only). But there is even the need of international co-operation. An example is the plan of IAEA to start a so-called co-ordinated research programme (CRP) on area wide codling moth control in near future. The design of this CRP was settled down in close contact to scientists, active in this WG.

56


pp. 57 - 58

57

Working Group “Integrated Plant Protection in Stone Fruit”

Piero Cravedi Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]

Scientific Achievements (1997-2000)

The Working Group’s Results The biennial meetings are important for assessing the situation at the time and for setting up coordinated research programmes.

The first of these two goals has certainly been reached. Particularly at the meeting in Hungary (Gödöllo, 18th-21st August, 1998) there was a

chance to compare the experience of IPMs in Europe with those in North America and Australia. The presentation for the first time of contributions from Norway, Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary and Iran gave a picture of the research and the application of IPM in extremely diverse environments and socio-economic situations.

The contributions on various subjects, such as the pheromones of Cydia molesta, the beneficial insects present in peach orchards, and the biology and distribution of Rhagoletis cerasi in Norway, were interesting.

There has been less success, on the other hand, in the coordination of research activity. The WG’s greatest deficiency is definitely linked to the paucity of contributions in the field of plant pathology.

Another difficulty which has only been partially overcome regards the formulation of research programmes on topics of common interest. Various efforts have been made. Among the topics proposed are the biology of Rhagoletis cerasi, the monitoring and parasitoids of the scale insects, and the forecasting models for certain species of Lepidoptera. However, none of these have been followed up.

The availability of the C. molesta population at the Institute of Entomology in Piacenza has made a collaboration possible with the Politechnic of Zurich on the study of their behaviour in the field.

Contact is also maintained with the Institute of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture, Tatura Centre – Victoria (Australia).

In general, however, the number of collaborations arising from the WG has been rather limited. This is probably linked to the need for grants for research. It is unlikely that the Institutes and financing bodies of the various countries will have the same priorities.

It would be useful if the IOBC had the job of indicating priority research fields to the E.U. in order to have some idea of which topics to concentrate on to apply for community funds.

Activity Report (1997-2000)

Since the General Assembly in Vienna in 1997 the Working Group “Integrated Plant

Protection in Stone Fruit” has met twice.

58

The first meeting was in Gödöllo (Hungary) from August 19th to 22nd 1998. The local organizer was Ferenk Kozar. There were 50 participants from 11 countries (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA and Australia).

The participation of researchers from the USA and Australia was encouraged by the opportunity to attend the 6th European Congress of Entomology in Ceske Budejovice the following week.

20 papers were presented. During discussions it was possible to compare pest manage-ment strategies in the different countries.

The second meeting took place in Lleida (Spain) from October 21st to 28th 2000, during the 5th International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production organized by Jesus Avilla.

In this meeting about 30 researchers participated from 7 countries (Italy, Hungary, Israel, Croatia, France, Poland, Brazil) and about 20 papers were presented.

The lower number of participants shows that the group works better in more specialized initiatives.

Future activity for the next two years 2002-03 A meeting of the Working Group has been planned in Croatia for October 2002. The local organizer will be Prof. Ivan Ciglar (Agronomski Fakultet – Agricultural Zoology; Sveto-simunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia).


pp. 59 - 62

59

Working Group „Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms“

Heidrun Vogt Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops, BBA, Schwabenheimer Strasse 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany

Report about WG Activities 1996 - 2001

During the report period, 1996 - 2000, a change of the convenor of the WG took place. As had been decided by the IOBC council to limit the position of a convenor to a maximum of two terms (each of 5 years) and as Sherif A. Hassan had been the convenor of the group since 1979, the election of a new convenor was required. This was done in 1997 and since 1998 I have been nominated convenor of the WG. Deputy convenors are: Udo Heimbach, BBA Braunschweig, and Elisa Viñuela, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Madrid. On this occasion I want to express to Sherif Hassan once again my thanks and my appreciation, also on behalf of the WG members, for the considerable and valuable work he did in the WG, from his role as a founder member in 1974 and his convenorship of 18 annual meetings.

The WG held annual meetings:

Year Locality Host Country Number of participants

Communi-cations

1996 Cardiff Welsh Pest Managment Forum, University of Cardiff

United Kingdom

45 26

1997 Tunis Agronomic Research Society

Tunisia 35 25

1998 Braunschweig Biologische Bundesanstalt

Germany 62 30

1999 Versailles INRA France 93 30 2000 Castelló University Jaume I Spain 100 30

The meeting places in Tunisia, France and Spain were chosen to increase the

involvement of North Africa in the organisation as a part of the IOBC/wprs, of Southern Europe and of France. Indeed, the number of participants from these areas increased. In France, a detailed report of the meeting was published in Phytoma (Vergnet, C. & Decoin, M. 2000: Produits phytopharmaciques et organismes utiles: peut-on réussir la cohabitation? -Réponse à l‘issue du colloque "Pesticides et organismes utiles d‘un groupe de travail d‘OILB. – Phytoma-La défense des végétaux 528, 10-13).

Proceedings of the meetings in Tunis, Versailles and Castelló have been published as IOBC-Bulletins after the meetings (see References). This gives the authors the opportunity to reconsider and revise their contribution, e.g. based on comments and discussions after their presentation. Abstracts were available at the meetings.

60

All meetings included special sub-group activities. These covered mainly the topics:

A) Validation and standardization of test methods The involvement of the WG in the validation and standardization of test methods for the registration of pesticides, a joint initiative of IOBC, BART (Beneficial Arthropod Regulatory Testing Group, industry) and EPPO, has been considerable. A presentation of the actual state of art of testing methodology was given by IOBC members during the the International „Conference on Ecotoxicology, Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms“, Cardiff 1996, which took place after the meeting of the IOBC WG. This international conference had been organised by the Welsh Pest Management Forum in collaboration with the IOBC WG. The contributions of the conference were published in a book (see References).

In the following years validation activities continued with participation of experts from academia, private laboratories and industry, most of them IOBC WG members. Though this has absorbed time and energies of the individual members in disadvantage of the Joint Pesticide Testing Programmes and work to support Integrated Pest Management, these activities were very important. The long years of experience in side-effect testing of WG members were of invaluable help. All validation groups met during the annual meetings of the WG to exchange and discuss the outcome of ringtests, results from special investigations and new method aspects. End of 2000, 11 validated test methods (laboratory: 9, semi-field: 1, field: 1) have been published, each including extensive data documentation (see References). Activities will continue with efforts on extended laboratory and semi-field methods.

B) Joint Pesticide Testing Programmes (JPTPs) The WG activities with testing effects of pesticides on a number of beneficials and in different testing tiers (laboratory, semi-field, field) continued. The 7th JPTP was published in 1999 (see References). The 8th testing programme is finished and a publication is in preparation. The 9th JPTP is running, results are already available.

Further involvement of the IOBC WG in side-effect testing methodology and risk assessment with regard to registration purposes

Semi-field and field studies with non-target arthropods In 1999, with the participation of members of the IOBC Working Group a two days workshop was held at INRA Versailles, before the beginning of the IOBC meeting, which had as objective to work out principles for semi-field and field trials as basis for the harmonization of guidelines within the EU directive 91/414. After the workshop, the draft principles were circulated to all workshop participants for corrections and comments, revised and finally published (see References).

ESCORT 2 Workshop on “European Standard Characteristics of Non-Target Regulatory Testing: Risk evaluation“, held at Wageningen, The Netherlands, from 21st to 23rd March 2000.

The convenor was member of the organisation committee of the workshop and a number of WG members were invited experts. After 5 years of experience with the 1st guidance document for the testing of the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods for regulatory purposes, which was developed during the 1st workshop on European Standard Characteristics of Beneficials Regulatory Testing (ESCORT), held in Wageningen in 1994, the groups involved in the organisation (IOBC, EPPO, BART and SETAC-Europe) had agreed that it is necessary to convene a 2nd workshop to address the issues which have arisen within the regulatory risk assessment of non-target arthropods in accordance with the

61

Directive 91/414/EEC and compared to the risk assessment scheme for beneficial arthropods prepared by EPPO/CoE.

About 60 experts, including representatives from the regulatory authorities of the 15 European member states, participated at the workshop. Important topics discussed and for which recommendations were worked out were among others: selection of indicator species for the 1st testing tier, LR50 determination instead of single rate testing, use of hazard ratios instead of effect values for the first testing tier, how to deal with multiple application products, higher tier risk assessment and risk mitigation, exposure on natural substrates, semi-field and field studies, which species should be tested in the higher tiers, testing requirements for special products, e.g. insect growth regulators, and application patterns, e.g. granules or seed dressings.

The agreements made at the workshop are published as a guidance document (see References) and serve as basic document for the implementation of the revised EPPO/CoE risk assessment scheme and the EU guidance document on terrestrial ecotoxicology. The convenor was member of the editorial board.

Miscellaneous The convenor was invited speaker at the congress of „The International Society of Citriculture (ISC)“, December 2000, Orlando, Florida. Within a workshop entitled „Non-target effects of pesticides on biocontrol agents“ I presented the „Concepts and Experiences of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms". There was a lively and stimulating exchange about test methodology with the other speakers and conference participants. The presentation will be published in the proceedings of the ISC, in the Journal of the American Society of Horticural Science.

Outlook At the first meeting convened by myself, in 1998, time was dedicated to discussions concerning the direction and subject matter of the working group. Support of IPM by identifying suitable pesticides and working out recommendations for their use to preserve beneficial organisms is a primary goal. Tools to achieve this are: the development of methods for evaluating the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms according to a meaningful sequential testing scheme; the conduct of Joint Pesticide Testing Programmes, comparisons of species sensitivity, influence of plants and crops on effect size, regular communication with crop specific and other related IOBC working groups, publication of data about side-effects. Furthermore, the WG should continue to take part in the validation of testing methods for pesticide registration purposes without being too much absorbed by these activities. The WG aims at focusing on further Joint Research Activities addressing actual problems in side-effects of pesticides.

Publications, report period 1996 - 2000 Proceedings of the meetings Tunis, 1997: IOBC Bulletin 21(6) 1998. Hassan, S.A. (ed.) Versailles, 1999: IOBC Bulletin 23 (9) 2000. Vogt, H & Heimbach, U. (eds.) Castelló, 2000: IOBC Bulletin 24 (4) 2001. Vogt, H., Viñuela, E. & Jacas, J. (eds.)

62

JPTP Sterk, G., Hassan, SA., Baillod, M., Bakker, F., Bigler, F., Blümel, S., Bogenschütz, H.,

Boller, E., Bromand, B., Brun, J., Calis, J.N.M., Coremans-Pelseneer, J., Duso, C., Garido, A., Grove, A., Heimbach, U., Hokkanen, H., Jacas, J., Lewis, L., Moreth, L., Polgar, L., Rovesti, L., Samsoe-Petersen, L., Sauphanor, B., Schaub, L., Stäubli, A., Tuset, J.J., Vainio, M., Van de Veire, M., Viggiani, G., Viñuela, E. & Vogt, H. 1999: Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by th IOBC/WPRS working group "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms". – BioControl 44: 99-117.

Testing methodology Haskell, P.T. & McEwen, P. (eds.) 1998: Ecotoxicology, Pesticides and beneficial organisms.

– Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London. 428 pages. Candolfi, M.P., Blümel, S., Forster, R., Bakker, F.M., Grimm, C., Hassan, S.A., Heimbach,

U., Mead-Briggs, M.A., Reber, B., Schmuck, R. and Vogt, H. (eds.). 2000: Guidelines to evaluate side-effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods. – IOBC/WPRS, Gent.

Candolfi, M., Bigler, F., Campbell, P., Heimbach, U., Schmuck, R., Angeli, G., Bakker, F., Brown, K., Carli, D., Dinter, A., Forti, D., Forster, R., Gathman, A., Hassan, S., Mead-Briggs, M., Melandri, M., Neumann, P., Pasqualini, E., Powell, W., Reboulet, J.-N., Romijn, K., Sechser, B., Thieme, Th., Ufer, A., Vergnet, Ch. and Vogt, H. 2000: Principles for regulatory testing and interpretation of semi-field and field studies with non-target arthropods. – Anz. Schädlingsk. Pflanzen-, Umweltsch. 73: 141-147.

Candolfi, M.P., Barrett, K.L., Campbell, P.J., Forster, R., Grandy, N., Huet, M-C., Lewis, G., Oomen, P. A., Schmuck, R. and Vogt, H. (eds.). 2000: Guidance document on regulatory testing and risk assessment procedures for plant protection products with non-target arthropods. – From the ESCORT 2 workshop (European Standard Characteristics of Non-Target Arthropod Regulatory Testing), SETAC.


pp. 63 - 64

63

Working Group "Integrated Control in Cereal Crops" H.M. Poehling University of Hannover, 30419, Germany Introduction The last biennial meeting of the IOBC/WPRS working group “Integrated Control in Cereal Crops” took place September 9 to 12, 1999 at Gödöllö University of Agricultural Sciences, Hungary. More than 30 participants attended the meeting. Particularly the increasing number of participants from eastern and southern European countries was stimulating. The following represents some of the highlights of the meeting. Scientific highlights 1. Biology and ecology of cereal aphids Since many years the biology of cereal aphids has been one of the main topics of the WG. Recent studies focus on sexual morph production in relation to environmental factors (Hulle, Maurice, Stevoux, Rispe, Simon - France). In addition; studies on the “new” aphid pest Diuraphis noxia, on biology and geographical distribution of genotypes, on aphid-plant relationships (resistance) and integrated control measures are of increasing importance (Basky, Jordaan – Hungary; Lhaloui, -Morocco; EL Bouhssini, Amri – Syria). 2. BYDV Research on BYDV today focus on multi-tropic relations between virus infection, plant and vector physiology and behaviour. In addition, effects of natural enemies on virus spread are studied (Poehling, Fiebig – Germany). 3. Biology and ecology of cereal aphids’ natural enemies Ecology and regulative potential of natural enemies is under investigation by several WG members. Detailed studies on responses of aphid specific predators (lady birds, syrphids) to aphid distribution pattern and density, on prey-searching behaviour and computer modelling of aphid-predator interactions resulted in new data which now permits a quantitative analysis of predator efficacy in the cereal ecosystem. Weighted predator and parasitoid effects (e.g. predator units) were used to improve forecasting models (Freier, Triltsch, Gosselke – Berlin, Germany; Poehling, Scholz – Hannover, Germany). In addition to specialists ground-dwelling predators like carabids and spiders were investigated in several studies to gather basic information about distribution pattern in relation to crop rotation, climatic conditions or agro-ecosystem structure (field margins) and to elucidate critically their role in aphid population dynamics (Samu, Toth, Hadvani, Kiss, Peter – Hungary). 4. Pesticide side effects Pesticide effects on non-target organism were studied in maize (Pons, Albajes –Spain) and wheat (Mateeva, Vassileva, Gueorguieva – Bulgaria), though in comparison to previous meetings this topic seems of decreasing importance for researchers in our WG. One reason

64

could be that similar studies are also discussed in the WG «Pesticides and beneficial organism». 5. Other arthropod pests in cereals and their regulation The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) is regionally of increasing importance. Thus the potential of biological control through predators and parasitoids were evaluated (Meindl, Kromp, Bartl, Ionnidou – Austria). In addition, Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) can be a very destructive pest of wheat in some regions. Outbreaks are regularly recorded in the western Mediterranean but also in northern European countries like Finland. Interesting papers on loss assessment and genetic resistance in wheat, (Lhaloui – Morocco; El Bouhssini, Amri – Syria) as well as on effects of intercropping on the development of M. destructor were presented (Huusela-Veistola, Vasarainen, Grahn – Finland). Results of the WG’s activities are published in the IOBC/wprs Bulletin 21 (8) 1998, 199 pp.

The Bulletin with the proceedings of the Gödöllö meeting has been recently printed. Shortcomings Integrated control of cereal pests is no longer a major research topic in many middle and northern European countries that previously dominated the WG. In contrast more studies on IPM in cereals are conducted in many eastern and southern European countries, whereas in the middle and northern European countries the interest of many research groups has changed more to general mechanisms of multi-trophic interactions in the cereal ecosystem, including effects of diversity on pest distribution and control. The present composition of the WG does not satisfactory reflect this change, since some important groups with very stimulating recent publications in the field of agroecology (Germany, Sweden, The Netherlands, England) do not participate. Thus on the next meeting the present situation of the WG needs to be critically discussed to assure a new orientation and a more clear profile of the WG. One very important aspect to consider is that up till now the WG was more or less “pest orientated”. However, in future the biology, epidemiology and control of cereal pathogens should become an integral component of our WG.


pp. 65 - 66

65

Working Group “Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Mites”

A.N.E. Birch Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA , U.K. Email: [email protected]

Status, research highlights and current knowledge gaps

The 5 main areas currently active in our WG are: 1. Mechanisms of host plant resistance and techniques. This area is actively researched,

for pests of vegetable and forage / oil brassicas, avocado, cucumber, celery and cotton. This is mainly fundamental or basic research underpinning more applied activities. The group interested in resistance to brassica pests (cabbage / turnip root flies, aphids, Pieris spp.) is particularly strong and has been actively collaborating for 10+ years, resulting in several high quality joint publications and grants (e.g. British Council / Swiss National Science Foundation, EU).

2. Sources of resistance, breeding and testing. This area is more applied, with several examples of commercial exploitation in lettuce, carrot, roses, blackcurrants, raspberries and brassicas. Seed and biotechnology companies are actively involved. Some difficulties in open discussions when company / academic Intellectual Property is involved.

3. Durability of resistance / pest biotypes. This area is expanding due to increased interests in transgenic resistance, where particularly high cost investments are involved. Lessons are being learned from conventional breeding (e.g. raspberry aphid, blackcurrant mite, lettuce aphids , apple ahids, Russian wheat aphid). Recent involvement of genetic and mathematical modelling (e.g. Bt-based resistance in cotton, maize, potato).

4. Collaborative project groups. After past successes with carrot and lettuce breeding, activities in this area have fallen, probably due to lack of funding and long term nature of the research before returns on investment are achieved. One EU proposal on multiple pest resistance in vegetable brassicas is currently being re-submitted, involving several WG members.

5. Developing new areas and links. The WG is particularly keen to attract active participation from biotechnology and plant breeding companies. Links have been made with the IOBC Global WG on transgenic crops and IPM (biosafety, durability, complementarity) and with the IOBC WG on inducible resistance (parallel mechanisms of pest and disease resistance).

Progress report for 1997-2001 and planned activities

The 8th meeting of the Working group was held at Dundee, Scotland, 14-17 September 1998. The local organiser was Nick Birch, hosted by his organisation, the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee. Nick Birch took over from Bob Ellis as convenor of the working group after this meeting. The group wish to warmly thank Bob Ellis for his excellent work and service as convenor between 1978 and 1998. We also wish him a very happy retirement from Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne.

66

The 8th meeting was attending by 26 participants from 7 countries. The first two days included oral and poster presentations on the following topics: • Mechanisms of host plant resistance and techniques used. • Sources of host plant resistance (natural and transgenic), traditional breeding,

biotechnology-assisted breeding/gene transfer and testing. • Host plant resistance durability, pest biotypes and IPM. • Round table discussions on Project Groups (see below). • Round table discussions on new areas of collaboration, impact of biotechnology (industry

led presentation, with interesting insights from academic participants). Participants also visited SCRI and were shown current research on plant breeding for

durable aphid resistance in raspberry, development of IPM for several raspberry pests, bio-safety assessment of transgenic resistance to aphids and chemical ecology projects on host recognition by raspberry beetle and cabbage root flies (collaborative with Swiss and French members of the working group). As a result of this meeting several participants jointly prepared an EU proposal on multiple pest resistance to insects in cruciferous crops (submitted 2000; currently pending re-submission).

Several of the collaborative project groups initiated at previous workshops have successfully run their course and resulted in joint refereed publications. These include applied research on carrot fly, lettuce aphids, plant surface chemistry/host recognition by root flies, EPG and stylet cutting and tri-trophic interactions.

Additional project group links have been made with a new (2001) IOBC working group on “Induced Resistance in Plants against Insects and Diseases”, convened by Annegret Schmitt in Darmstadt. A second important link with our working group has been made with the newly formed (2000) IOBC Global Working Group on “Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control”, convened by Angelika Hilbeck in Zurich. Nick Birch is also in the organising committee of the latter global IOBC working group, to ensure close links. These should lead to a new cross working group project being initiated after our next (9th) “Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Mites” working group meeting in Rostanga, Sweden on 8-12 December 2001. After that our next (10th) planned workshop will be in 2004, at a location to be selected in December 2001.


pp. 67 - 68

67

Working Group “Use of Pheromones and other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control”

Peter Witzgall Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden

Introduction The working group promotes the use of pheromones and semiochemicals for environmentally safe control of harmful insects. The working group has traditionally served as a liaison between basic research and practical application, with members drawn from academic and government research institutions, plant protection industry and extension services.

Main realizations

Pheromone lures for detection and monitoring of insects Traps baited with synthetic sex pheromones are an efficient, inexpensive and specific tool to detect the presence of insects and to monitor their flight period. Trap catch can be correlated with population densities to forecast damage levels. Pheromone traps are used worldwide in a wide variety of crops, they are available for virtually all economically important lepidopteran species.

The formulation of reliable lures requires intimate knowledge of pheromone chemistry and biology. Initially, pheromone lures and traps were distributed by government research institutes, which had played an active role in their development. Today, pheromone lures are commercially available from a number of companies - these lures vary greatly in efficacy. This is due to a varying degree of purity of the starting materials as well as inadvertent changes in dispenser materials, lure composition and dose from one year to the other.

The members of the Working Group contribute with chemical synthesis, formulation and field-testing to ensure a supply of reliable lures. The Working Group maintains the Pherolist, a list of lepidopteran pheromones and related attractants (http://www-pherolist.slu.se). This list contains the composition of moth pheromones and sex attractants, as well as trivial names and pictures of the economically most important species and the structure of all published pheromone chemicals. The internet edition receives ca. 500 visitors per week.

Insect control by mating disruption Insects use sex pheromones to communicate for mating. Pheromones elicit strong behavioural reactions at minute amounts, they are species-specific and non-toxic. By permeating the atmosphere with synthetic pheromones, olfactory communication and mate-finding is prevented. Mating disruption by dissemination of synthetic pheromones is increasingly used for insect management. In Europe, breakthroughs have been achieved with vineyard and orchard tortricids (Eupoecilia ambiguella, Lobesia botrana and Cydia pomonella). Mating disruption is applied on 50 000 ha in German and Swiss vineyards and on 10 000 ha in Italian apple orchards.

Providing input for the development and implementation of mating disruption has been and will be an important task of the Working Group. Chemical industries continue to invest in this technique and to register commercial products, but these companies rely on the research and development done by the members of our Working Group. The Working Group is an

68

important mediator between the scientific community, extension services and the chemical industry.

Registration of pheromones Synthetic pheromone chemicals need to be registered for practical use. Cost and an unclear legal situation are the main obstacles. Representatives of government organizations regularly attend our meetings, and panel discussions dedicated to this topic have been organized.

Pheromones of non-lepidopteran species The practical use of semiochemicals is still largely restricted to lepidopteran sex pheromones. However, an increasing number of compounds is available to monitor and to control economically important species belonging to other taxonomic groups. The upcoming Working Group Meeting in Sicily (September 2002) will focus on the identification and use of pheromones in non-lepidopteran species.

Use of other semiochemicals Behaviour-modifying chemicals other than sex pheromones may become an essential complement of pheromone-based control techniques in moths, and are more important than sex pheromones for the management of insects belonging to other groups. Plant volatile compounds guide insects to food sources, mating and oviposition sites. The potential of attractant or deterrent plant volatiles for manipulation of insect behaviour is hardly exploited at all, and the knowledge of these compounds is fundamental also to plant breeding. However, the goal of our activities is the direct use of behaviour-modifying chemicals for insect control. Plant volatile compounds will be another important topic of the upcoming meeting in Sicily.

Meetings

Scents in Orchards – Symposium on Plant and Insect Semiochemicals from Orchard Environments, Dachau, Germany, September 21 - 24, 1998.

This meeting was to draw attention to the importance of other semiochemicals than lepidopteran sex pheromones (80 participants). The meeting brought together leading researchers from Europe and overseas, and representatives from chemical industries.

Pheromones and Other Biological Techniques for Insect Control in Orchards and Vineyards, Hohenheim, Germany, November 10 - 12, 1999.

This meeting was restricted to the practical use of sex pheromones in orchards and vineyards, with an emphasis on the situation in Germany, Italy and Switzerland (60 participants). A number of widely used insecticides have been restricted or banned within the past few years, leaving the growers with but a few efficient compounds. The need and demand for safe methods even in conventional fruit- and wine-growing is therefore increasing. Participation of extension-oriented researchers and pest management experts from the private and public sector were encouraged.

25th Anniversary Reunion, Samos, September 25 - 29, 2000. The meeting featured the main lines of research on behaviour-modifying chemicals and their practical use for insect control (100 participants). Approximately 100 biologists and chemists from Europe and overseas participated.


pp. 69 - 71

69

Working Group „Integrated Control of Soil Pests“

Richard A. Sikora Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten der Universität Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany

Introduction

Members of the Working Group target their research towards the integrated control of plant parasitic nematodes, soil insects, slugs and snail pests. The main goal of the working group is to reduce pesticide inputs by improving integrated pest management strategies which maximize biological control. Because of the large biological diversity of the pests studied in the Working Group three subgroups have developed. These subgroups hold biennial meetings where research results are discussed and future activities organized. Collaborative research projects, where appropriate, are conducted on the three targeted groups of pests within the subgroups: • Nematode Management and Biocontrol (Co-ordinated by Simon Gowen) • Melolontha (Co-ordinated by Siegfried Keller) • Slugs and Snail Pests (Co-ordinated by William O.C. Symondson)

Meetings

Meetings have been held in: Bonn-Bad Honnef, Germany and Einsiedeln, Switzerland (Nematode Management and Biocontrol); Sion, Switzerland and Vallée d`Aoste, Italy (Melolontha) and in Frick, Switzerland and Lyon, France (Slugs and Snail Pests). Attempts are made to have representatives from each subgroup present papers at the other subgroup meetings in order to improve information flow between the groups.

The first Study Group Meeting on Tri-trophic interactions in the rhizosphere and root health, initiated by the Nematode Management and Biocontrol subgroup, was held in Bonn, Bad-Honnef in November 1999. Fifty-three participants from seventeen countries presented 40 scientific papers. Industrial representatives also took an active part in the meeting. The meeting was designed to increase multi-disciplinary interaction with other Working Groups in the IOBC interested in the biological control of soil pests and soil-borne fungal and bacterial diseases. The main goal of establishing closer links between scientists with similar interests working in different working groups was attained at this meeting. The participants voted to hold a similar meeting in 2002. Scientists working with bacteria, fungi, mycorrhiza, entomopathogenic nematodes, mutualistic endophytes, microbial communities as well as other management approaches presented their work and concepts at the meeting. It is hoped that this broad spectrum approach will further strengthen linkages with other Working Groups thereby saving limited financial resources and improving the flow of knowledge. The results have been published in the IOBC/wprs Bulletin 24 (1), 2001. To this WG ca. 120 scientists participate on a regular base.

General Activities of the Subgroups

The subgroup working with Pathogens of Nematodes decided that the research being conducted was not fully reflected in the subgroup´s name. The name was altered to

70

Nematode Management and Biocontrol subgroup. The scientific topics discussed at the meetings in Bonn, Einsiedeln and Reading reflect the present interactive approaches being taken to control nematodes through biocontrol in integrated crop production systems. Papers and concepts were presented on a broad array of topics including: inundative biocontrol, organic amendments, mycorrhizal fungi, microbial communities, tolerance, indexing antagonistic potential, rhizobacteria, biofumigation, plant resistance, novel rotations and new pesticide application methodologies. Forty-one participants from 18 countries presented 34 papers at the meeting held in Bonn in 1998 and twenty-six scientists from seven countries presented 19 papers on integrated management and biocontrol of nematodes at the meeting in Einsiedeln and an equal number in Reading. There was active participation by industrial companies, working with or interested in, developing biological control products at both meetings. New co-ordinated experiments on inundated biological control with nematophagous fungi are being planned. An IOBC/wprs Bulletin will be published in 2002 containing the papers presented at the meetings in Einsiedeln and Reading. A great deal of interest in developing a co-ordinated program to look at alternative biological system management strategies to Mbr for nematode control was generated at these meetings.

The Melolontha subgroup held its second meeting with 38 participants from 9 countries in Sion, Switzerland. Seventeen oral and 5 poster contributions were presented dealing with the following topics: crop damage, distribution, population development, integrated and biological control, current situations and future prospects. Increasing problems in central and eastern Europe in grasslands, orchards and reforestation areas as well as in vineyards was reported. Two main non-chemical control measures have been developed: placement of nets to protect high value crops, the use of the entompathogenic fungi, Beauveria brongniartii, for control of Melolontha spp. and entompathogenic nematodes for control of Amphimallon larvae. Future work will concentrate on improving existing control measures and exploring new ones. Stress will be placed on soil-fungus interactions with B. brongniartii. In addition work on standardizing sampling procedures for white grubs and the fungus is needed. The activities of the subgroup were reported in the IOBC/wprs Bulletin 23 (8), 2000.

The Slug and Snail Pests subgroup held a meeting in Frick, Switzerland in 1999 and another inf Lyon, France in 2001. Forty-eight people from 10 nations presented 33 papers on the biology and integrated control in Frick and a similar size meeting took place at Lyon. Papers at both meetings covered topics that included: sampling techniques, DNA species identification, behaviour, forecasting, population dynamics, interactions with other insects and weeds, biocontrol with nematodes and fungi, antifeedants and tests of new compounds against slugs and slug eggs. A number of commercial companies attended the meetings. At the meeting in Frick the subgroup decided to revise their name to Slugs and snail pests that better reflects the target pests being studied. Members of the subgroup representing several organizations were successful in the past in obtaining funding from the EU Framework 5 Research Programme and the Swiss government for a project on integrated control of slug damage in key horticultural crops. The presentations demonstrated clearly that it is possible and beneficial to use relatively costly techniques such as rhabditid nematodes, electric barriers and hand removal in high-value horticultural crops. However, in broadacre crops, other less costly measures are required, including conservation of natural enemies, seed treatments, molluscicidal pellets etc. The meetings were used to review progress of the EU Framework Research Programme and to co-ordinate future research priorities.

Future

The Integrated Control of Soil Pests Working Group, because of its diversity and research output, continues to attract an active membership. Its membership continues to increase and is

71

attracting many new members from central and eastern European countries. The need and desire for more cooperation between Working Groups in the IOBC was evident at the Tri-trophic Study Group meeting. This raises the question of how to improve multi-disciplinary interaction between Working Groups in order to increase overall impact and efficiency within the IOBC. In the future more interaction between the subgroups must be generated. A meeting in which concepts that take a more holistic approach to integrated control of soil-borne pests, slugs and snails together with plant parasitic nematodes on a single crop need to be considered as was attempted in the tri-trophic study group.

72


pp. 73 - 75

73

Working Group “Integrated Control in Vineyards: Present Situation and Developments”

G.C. Lozzia Istituto di Entomologia Agraria Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy E-mail: [email protected]

Viticulture, from a phytosanitary point of view, is to be found in a privileged position with respect to other fruit cultures. The integrated defence of grapes for wine, especially in the entomological sector, is a proven reality. The deep knowledge of the biology of phytophagous insects has given the opportunity to identify moths as the key species on which the defence must be based.

Great progress in the control of grape moths has been made thanks to the perfection of ways of control that do not consider the use of traditional pesticides; micro-biological compounds based on B. thuringiensis, growth regulators and sexual confusion techniques have almost completely cancelled its impact on the environment.

Other phytophagous of a certain importance are the Tetranichid mites and the cicadas, that, although of secondary importance, can cause serious damage. The Tetranichids have done a 360° turn in the last decades, starting from an almost irrelevant presence to an infesting role of fundamental importance back again to a state similar to the initial one.

The identification of the causes of their abnormal development (trophobiosis, elimination of natural enemies, irrational cultural practices) has led to its repression, so at present these mites are easily controlled by extremely active predators, in particular phytoseids, and only when stimulated by external agents they cause serious damage.

Recent developments seem to show that the problem of Empoasca vitis has often been over-estimated in the past. The appearance of the classic symptoms in the photosynthetic apparatus, even when it can be attributed with certainty to these phytophagous insects, does not seem to have any immediate effects in economic terms, which only take place when the infestation is definitely much higher.

The Scaphoideus titanus, the vector of flavescence dorée, deserves special mention. Due to its recent appearance the interactions between this phytomize and the rest of the agro-system have not been fully understood yet, so to be on the safe side, a chemical control is necessary especially in highly sensitive environments. The best moment to intervene is at the beginning of July, just before the appearance of the adults in order to prevent the diffusion of the problem that has been transmitted.

Where the vineyards have reached a biological balance the other phytophagous insects do not cause worry. The complex inter-relations that exist between the various components of the agro-ecosystem, whereby an important role is carried out by humans, lead to an automatic regulation of the environment which drastically lowers the potential harmfulness of the phytophagous insects.

The present areas of research, having overcome the level of tests on single factors, tend to consider more and more the agro-ecosystem as a whole and are aimed at quantifying the interactions between its various components. Hence the presence of phytophagous insects is linked to intra- and inter-specific competition, to cultural practices, to defence strategies and to the type of natural vegetation.

74

Following this survey an analysis should take place in order to identify the dynamics of the agro-ecosystem itself. In this way it would be possible to single out and quantify the chance relationships that link amongst themselves these factors.

Remarkable progress has also been made in grapevine fungal diseases management resulting in a dramatic fall of the number of treatments. The results were obtained after the introduction of systemic fungicides used in different strategies which are no longer linked to the need of a permanent cover of the canopy.

Unfortunately when speaking about fungal diseases we are far from applying all the concepts of IPM like the economic threshold of damages because: 1) even though the pathogen grows on grapevine it is not possible to foresee exactly its growth, because of the absence of visible symptoms at the beginning of infection. Epidemics are driven by weather conditions often in a stop and go fashion. Dry periods stop development completely, rain may lead to exponential increase, 2) spores will expand the disease and latent lesions which will produce spores at the next favourable conditions are invisible and can therefore not be quantified, 3) little knowledge is available on the correlation between disease severity at a given moment and true production loss, 4) the populations, with the exception of a few cases, cannot be kept under control using fungicides in a therapeutic way which lead to the situation that diseases are controlled on the base of risk of infection events and not on quantitative levels of the presence of the disease.

The attempts to rationalise the use of fungicides have made use of forecasting models of the epidemic development of the disease, but except in certain local realities, their use has not become widespread. The reasons are due to: 1) the need to test the models in different areas, 2) the difficulty in foreseeing the initial level of the disease starting from the potential inoculum, 3) the lack of organisations of technical assistance with highly qualified personnel who will be responsible for the management of forecasting models and of the planning of the treatments, 4) the sporadic presence of agro-meteorological services whose aim is the integrated control of diseases, 5) weather forecasts for events which lead to exponential increase often fail on the micro scale e.g. summer thunderstorms with local heavy rain. A single such event may increment the disease from a low damaging level to a relevant loss.

Correlations between disease severities and final damages are needed to answer the question of what level of disease on which organ and at what time they are below the damage or tolerance level. Further progress can certainly be achieved on the equipment side because most of the compounds applied never reach the target (recycling sprayers?).

Further knowledge of the biology of pathogens and epidemiology of the diseases will lead to future improvements of forecasting models. In this sector, for example, the use of molecular markers has cleared up aspects of the biology of Uncinula necator, Botrytis cinerea and more recently of Plasmopara viticola that were unknown before, and could not be studied using different methods.

Another aspect that must be considered is the realisation of expert systems that can consider the entity of the disease, the damage that it is supposed to have caused in a particular moment and the preventive and therapeutic possibilities. Unfortunately there are still only a few scientific papers on this subject. In the next few years it is hoped that integrated production can make use of modern instruments that will allow to position the employment of fungicides or of bio-technical compounds only when they are strictly necessary. It will be possible to reach in a short time a real reduction of the use of fungicides for the protection of grapevine, especially in the areas and during those years when the climate and the epidemics allow it.

75

Within the context of environmental protection and having considered water pollution by herbicide molecules, it has become of the utmost importance that every country works in order to develop alternatives to the use of these herbicides.

The use of herbicides in vineyards, as an alternative to be developed in integrated pest production as a priority, causes competition problems in relation to the vineyard. Working together on managing this competition would be very interesting (managing sown areas, applying a crop rotation system, using herbicides and irrigation etc.).

As far as putting into practice integrated production is concerned, this has been applied only in some countries. From the point of view of controls and reduction of treatments it offers very interesting solutions. In general, the European Community regulation 2078 and the following ones give some guidelines which are very close to what has been suggested by the OILB in terms of integrated production.

The final objective is to develop the so-called expert-systems; systems of mathematical simulation which allow the creation of a model of the dynamics of an agro-ecosystem. In this way it would be possible to foresee the most probable development for each single reality and to identify the individual interventions necessary to optimise the results by supplying an adequate input which is made up of basic data.

76


pp. 77 - 78

77

Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ (1997-1998)

Volker H. Paul Universität Paderborn, Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft, D-59494 Soest (Germany) email: [email protected]

Contact to members Contact and exchange of information with the members of the Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ were upheld. The 12th circular letter with the latest news was sent to all members.

New members, mostly young scientists from the eastern countries, were admitted and the new members who were not in the distributor were supplied with the new IOBC/wprs Bulletin.

Print of the IOBC/wprs Bulletin 21 (5), 1998 (Proceedings of the meeting in Poznañ, Poland) Due to some inconveniences it was not possible to print the Proceedings of the 1997 meeting of the Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ and the Groupe de Travail „Lutte Intégrée en Cultures d´Óléagineux“ in Poznañ, Poland, before 1998. One reason was the belated arrival of some manuscripts and a further problem was the unforeseeable change of personnel at the printing facility in Gent, Belgium.

Preparations for the meeting of the Sub-Group (Entomology) on BORIS Preparations for a meeting of the sub-group of Entomology on the EU-funded concerted action BORIS (Bio-control of Oilseed Rape Insect Pests), co-ordinator A. Alford, were made.

In this respect difficulties arose, since this Project-meeting could not take place under the umbrella of the IOBC. Nevertheless the meeting was held in Braunschweig on June 10-12th. The next meeting is going to be held in Yorke, England in January 1999.

Preparation of the next meeting The next meeting oft the Working Group „Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops“ and the Groupe de Travail „Lutte Intégrée en Cultures d´Óléagineux“ will be held in Prague, Czech Republic. The proposed date is from 31st May to 1./2. June 1999. Thanks to Prof. Fabry and Prof. Vsak the meeting can take place on university grounds which will also enable contacts to colleagues in Prague.

Running Projects

Members of the working group were working on two main Projects: Project 1: An EU-funded project titled: Alternative Oil-seed Crop Camelina sativa

Project Co-ordinator: J. Zubr, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Fredriksberg, Denmark In this project ring field trials with summer and winter forms of False flax (Camelina sativa) were established in 5 (6) different EU-countries.

78

In this respect different varieties and different management strategies for this crop were investigate and information on the disease susceptibility collected. Furthermore the quality of the seeds, collected in the different countries, was investigated.

Project 2: An EU-funded project titled: IMASCORE Integrated Strategies for the Management of Stem Canker of Oilseed Rape in Europe Project Co-ordinator: M.H. Balesdent, INRA, Versailles, France In this project 8 Universities from different EU-countries work together to establish strategies to control stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans). In this respect European populations of Leptosphaeria maculans are going to be surveyed and screening for new sources of resistance, the epidemiology and forecasting of stem canker pathogens as well as the genetics of the interaction between cruciferous plants and the pathogen are going to be investigated.

International Conferences

In order to purchase new ideas and information for future research projects in the organisation of IOBC the ICPP Conference was visited by the convenor.

IOBC/WPRS Convenors Handbook A very good first draft edition of a convenors handbook for the IOBC/WRPS group has been published, which includes many important information.

Problems Some problems exist in the co-ordination of EU-granted projects which were started through the IOBC, especially when new EU countries are involved. But the first steps have been very successful.


pp. 79 - 80

79

Working Group „Integrated control in oilseed crops“ 1999-2001

V. H. Paul Universität Paderborn, Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft, D-59494 Soest (Germany) email: [email protected]

Contact to members Through “circular letters” contact with the IOBC wprs members has been upheld and important information been given. Non members, especially from the eastern countries, have been included as well, since they are an very active part in the IOBC meetings. This way two meetings have been held. The:

9th Biannual-Meeting in Prague 31. May – 02. June 1999 and the 10th Biannual-Meeting in Soest 23.–24. April 2001 The proceedings of the 9th meeting have been published in the IOBC/wprs Bulletin 23

(6), 2000. This IOBC/wprs Bulletin has been sent to the members of the IOBC and the participating authors of the meeting in Prague. It is planned that the proceedings of the 10th Biannual Meeting should be printed this year.

Now we can look forward to the next meeting: the 11th Biannual Meeting in Rothamsted, UK, in spring 2003. Running Projects Members of the working group were working on two main Projects:

Through contacts established during the IOBC wprs Working Group „Integrated control in oilseed crops“meetings two EU projects have been worked out.

One is the project on the “Concerted Action on Biocontrol of Rape Pests” (Boris), which led to a follow up research project titled “Management Strategies for European Rape Pests” (MASTER).

Future Prospects In the general discussion of the last IOBC meeting three aspects have been discussed as being of main importance for oilseed rape in the near future.

Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae) Verticillium Wilt is a very important disease in the UK. In Germany it has often been mixed up with Lepthosphaeria maculans (Phoma lingam). With the establishment of an ELISA for Verticillium, it has been found in samples from different parts of Germany, that Verticillium is present far more often than expected. Therefore, a monitoring of samples from all over Germany should be established. All present members of the IOBC have agreed to send samples for this purpose.

80

Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Stem Rot is also one very important disease of oilseed rape. So far no variety with resistance against Sclerotinia has been established. Therefore, more importance should be placed on the establishment of a biocontrol system against Sclerotinia. Some parts of this aspect are currently under investigation in the UK. Here, as well as in our laboratory at the Universität-GH Paderborn, different antagonists are tested. It is also of interest that one biological active agent (Conyothirium minitans) against Sclerotinia is on the market in Germany. It is planned to test this organism in our laboratory, under laboratory conditions, in regard to its susceptibility to herbicides and fungicides.

Biocontrol of insect pests As already mentioned above, an EU Project has been granted for “Management Strategies for European Rape Pests”. One of the aims of this project is to find biocontrol methods for the key species in oilseed rape, especially the Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle. Furthermore it is planned to establish a forecasting system for these key species. In this project different partners from Germany, UK and Poland collaborate.


pp. 81 - 82

81

Working Group „Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops“

Stefan Vidal Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection; Georg-August-University Goettingen; Grisebachstrasse 6, D-37077 Goettingen

The biological complexity encountered in field vegetable production systems throughout Europe underline the necessity for a multi-disciplinarily research approach to incorporate and understand all facets of the environment of a crop plant. These baseline data may serve as a tool to develop a holistic approach on crop protection by taking into account both biological and economical constraints. Field vegetable growers will not adopt integrated control strategies if the resulting benefits are justified purely environmentally. The working group therefore acknowledges the different research activities in field vegetable crops which comprise aspects of methodology development, pest behaviour, resistance breeding programs, monitoring strategies, or enhancement or the use of beneficials.

The forces which result in at least a partial control of pests in undersown cabbage or leek are still a hot topic in the working group, mostly because several aspects of the underlying mechanisms are still not elaborated in detail. Although it has been demonstrated for different cropping systems several times that undersowing crop plants with non-crop plants results in less pest infestations, we still do not have a theoretical framework to understand the special processes taking place in these cropping systems. However, a new hypothesis, called the “appropriate/inappropriate landings” hypothesis may act as the missing link between several other hypotheses so far developed in the context of pest reduction in intercropping systems. This hypothesis takes into account the central part visual stimuli may play in the role of host plant finding of herbivorous insects in heterogeneous environments.

Dispersal is another important, however most often neglected aspect in the ecology of pest species. A study on the dispersal behaviour of the carrot fly Psila rosae revealed that these flies are capable to disperse at most 100m/day to colonise new crop fields, indicating the potential to incorporate geographical information systems (GIS) for integrated pest management strategies.

The application of synthetic plant protection agents is still the prevailing method to control plant pathogens in field vegetables in Europe. Therefore fungicide resistance management remains a central part in integrated plant protection of vegetables and measures taken to advise farmers to use appropriate and most active substances and to adjust the application schemes to regional demands help to save large amounts of these pesticides and to reduce resistance problems. On the other hand, the interest in evaluating the possible role of fungal hyperparasites in integrated control strategies is steadily increasing. An example of a successful implementation of such an antagonist in field vegetables to control Sclerotinia diseases is the fungus Coniothyrium minitans.

Virus diseases, which pose another important threat to field vegetable production systems in Europe are manageable on the basis of integrated management strategies. Cucumber production in Hungary suffers from both a high variability in the incidence of infestations between years and a high diversity of vectors and viruses infecting curcurbit crops. By using a variety of coordinated measures (i.e. crop rotation, resistant or tolerant cultivars, monitoring of vectors, paraffin oils, maintenance of non-weedy fields) it has been demonstrated that these virus diseases may be controlled to a high extend without synthetic plant protection agents.

82

Epidemiological studies on the Parsnip Yellow Fleck Sequivirus (PYFV), which became recently epidemic in UK also highlight that a sustainable management strategy have to take into account both specific vectors and the virus.

Breeding for resistance of field vegetables against insect pests is still a valuable component in integrated control programmes. The resistance may not act on all pests found on a particular vegetable crop and in some cases the consumers requirements for quality characteristics of the vegetables do not agree with the need for successful resistance performance. Resistance engineering will become more important in the future and genetically modified crop plants (GMO) expressing specific resistance traits will replace in part conventional cultivars. However, the discussion on how to implement these new traits into IPM approaches is at the very beginning. Traditionally bred cultivars may be in part displaced by genetically engineered cultivars and we therefore have to evaluate whether these GMOs will have an influence on the management strategies implemented in practical approaches so far.

The use of mass propagated antagonists in field vegetables is still a subject worth of being evaluated further. The high diversity of both predators and parasitoids attacking pest species in field vegetables renders the possibility of discovering new effective natural agents very likely. Moreover, the implementation of undersowing or intercropping systems and the evaluation of methods to enhance the action of specific natural antagonists will be likely a subject more important in future research activities in field vegetable production.


pp. 83 - 85

83

Working Group “Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Temperate Climate”

Annie Enkegaard and Henrik F. Brødsgaard Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Protection, Denmark

Joop van Lenteren Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands

Introduction Practical application of biological control of pests in protected crops is still increasing. In the past, this control measure was only used in vegetables, but 10-12 years ago biocontrol was introduced in ornamentals and has since then become increasingly important in these cultures. In the most progressive countries biocontrol of pests is applied on up to one third of the area with ornamentals. This figure is quite astonishing considering that many previously regarded biocontrol in ornamentals as a complete utopia due to the extremely low damage threshold of these cultures and the zero tolerance status for many pests. Our Working Group has played an important role in stimulating this development worldwide through coordinated fundamental and applied research, intensive advisory and public relations work.

Aim

The general goal of our Working Group is to promote the research, development, implemen-tation, and training of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems in protected crops, as well as promoting cooperation between scientists, advisors and beneficial producers working in this field. Our group has realised large-scale practical use of biological control through intensive advisory and public relations work.

Activities

• Our group design commercially applicable IPM programmes based on biological control

of pests and diseases in combination with host-plant resistance and other non-chemical control methods.

• It initiates, coordinates, and evaluates fundamental and applied research for the development of biological and integrated control programmes.

• It develops scientific criteria for the selection of natural enemies, assists in the development of mass production methods for natural enemies, and devises quality control methods for natural enemies.

• It contributes to national and international courses where IPM and biological control is taught. The priorities are to develop biological control of pests and diseases in ornamentals and

to devise quality control methods for all natural enemies.

84

Achievements 1997-2001

• Increase in member numbers. The number of members of our Working Group has increased through the past years to about 150 people representing 27 countries. The Working Group is an excellent forum for cooperation and liaisons between researchers, advisors and producers of beneficials with great benefit for the growers. Many young people have joined the group, which shows good promises for the future for biological control in greenhouses. In addition, it is an unmistakable sign that our Working Group – one of the oldest in the IOBC history – is still going strong.

• Increase in non-WPRS attendants at meetings. Our Working Group meetings have always attracted people outside the WPRS region, e.g. from USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South America, China and Japan – and increasingly so in the later years. The WPRS members of our Working Group highly appreciate the attendance of non-WPRS people at the meetings as it increases the possibilities for exchange of experiences and for collaboration – for the benefit of all.

• Establishment of list server. In 2000 our Working Group established a list server, “GoodBugs-L” (http://www.agrsci.dk/plb/iobc/goodbugs-l.htm), which is an open e-mail based discussion list service on the Internet (hosted by Research Group Entomology, Department of Crop Protection, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences). The purpose of GoodBugs-L is to provide a forum for discussion and exchange of information concerning different aspects of biological and integrated pest control in protected crops. All kinds of information relevant to the members of our working group as well as other interested parties are welcome. GoodBugs-L stimulates to a continuous discussion in our Working Group in the intervals between meetings. At present 155 people subscribe to this service. GoodBugs-L has strengthened the links between group members for the benefit of biological control in glasshouses worldwide.

• Web site. A web site has been created for our Working Group (http://www.agrsci.dk/plb/iobc/iobc_home.htm). At present, the site contains a short description of the group and a list of members with names, addresses, email-addresses etc. In addition, links are provided to our Newsletter “Sting”, as well as to “GoodBugs-L”. The site will be used for announcements of future meetings, calls for registration, instructions to authors etc. The site may be expanded with further information, e.g. members’ main area of work; reports from the latest meeting; abstracts from the latest Bulletin; news; a list of relevant meetings; and relevant links.

• Newsletter. Every year at least one issue of “Sting”, the newsletter of our Working Group, is made. The newsletter brings information on e.g. relevant upcoming meetings and courses, summaries of workshops (our group and others), notes on e.g. new pests, notes on new books, etc.

• Full meeting 1999. The tenth full meetings of our Working Group was held in Brest in May 1999, local organiser J.C. Maisonneuve. About 90 people attended the meeting. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 22(1), 1999.

• Quality control of natural enemies. This work has been continued in cooperation with IBMA (European Natural Enemy Producers) and ANBP (North American Natural Enemy Producers). The cooperation with the IOBC Global WG ‘Arthropod Mass Rearing & Quality Control’ was continued and has resulted in 20 guidelines for quality control.

• Representation at international meetings. Members of our Working Group were represented at several meetings, workshops and conferences giving lectures on Working Group activities (e.g. XXI International Conference on Entomology, Iguacu Falls, Brazil;

85

European Whitefly Symposium, Ragusa, Italy; 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera, Reggio Calabria, Italy; Thrips Research Workshop, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada; 6th Brazilian Conference on Biological Control, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brighton Conferences. In addition many members participate in the European Whitefly Studies Network.

• Contributions to courses, book chapters. Many working group members have contributed to courses and book chapters on IPM and biological control

• Cooperation with the IOBS/WPRS WG “Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Mediterranean Climate” has been good with members from each group attending each other’s meetings.

• Relations with other IOBC groups. Official or ad hoc cooperation took place with the following working groups: “Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Mediterranean Climate”; “Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Mites”, “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”, “Quantitative Approaches in IPM”, IOBC/EPRS and IOBC/NRS working groups “Biological Control in Greenhouses”, and IOBC-Global working group “Arthropod Mass Rearing & Quality Control”. Intensive collaboration is expected between this group and IOBC/NRS working groups ‘Biological Control in Greenhouses’ because the next full meeting will be held in Canada.

• Change of convenor. In 1999 Joop van Lenteren stepped down as convenor of our Working Group on behalf of which I herewith convey our thanks and our gratitude to Joop for his considerable and long-lasting efforts through the years, both as WG convenor and as editor of STING.

Activities 2001-2003

The 11th full meeting of our Working Group is planned as joint WPRS and NRS venture to take place in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in May 2002. Local organisers are D.R. Gillespie, Bob Costello, Brian Spencer, Peter Isaacson, Jim Matteoni, Barb Peterson and Anna Luczynski. Anticipated number participants are 150. The newsletter STING will be issued in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Number of members: ca. 150 from 27 countries

86


pp. 87 - 88

87

Working Group "Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes" Highlights and shortcomings

Bernard Papierok Collection des Champignons, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France

The name of the Working Group is explicit enough. The domain in question is quite large and various. It is also a subject of interest for years. As early as in 1879, indeed, Elie Metchnikoff was the first to attempt biological control of an insect pest using an entomopathogenic microorganism, i.e. the hyphomycetous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Since then, many other fungi, and bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nematodes also were studied with the view of using them in pest control.

To deliver an up-to-date state of the art in this field sounds like an impossible task. However, a few general comments could be made, as well as more specific ones, according to the type of natural enemies. First of all, and this is an evidence, the approach and the tools of molecular biology and genetics led to significant progress in several fields: strain characterization, strain improvement, epidemiological tracking, monitoring of released biological agents, production of transgenic plants... Another general comment concerned the diversity within the WG. As a matter of fact, this diversity was rather beneficial, due probably to the fact that the group was able to create and maintain a very open and friendly atmosphere that stimulated discussion and contact between participants.

Insect parasitic nematodes and entomogenous fungi formed the two major groups of interest within the WG. Bacteria and viruses looked less important, possibly because involved scientists were more attracted by international conferences dealing with more fundamental aspects. Other groups, like Microsporidia for instance, were still less studied, but people interested in these entomopathogens formed a small group of specialists who maintained the discipline but also developed it. Interestingly, WG members working either with nematodes or fungi were simultaneously involved in related COST Actions. This allowed the organization of stimulating joint meetings.

As regards bacteria, one could say that Bacillus thuringiensis available on the market since the 60’s. On the other hand, the building of transgenic plants carrying Bt genes has changed a little the deal for the entomopathologists. In such a context, the recently growing research on symbiotic bacteria should be emphasized, in terms of both fundamental and applied aspects. Studies on the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, which live in commensalism with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema respectively, should be fruitful. Recently, the use of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus genes encoding for entomotoxic properties to create transgenic plants for crop protection was proposed. Another bacteria with great potential are Wolbachia, a group of intracellular maternally inherited microorganisms which maintain themselves in many invertebrates where they induce reproductive abnormalities.

There are in Europe several teams interested in entomopathogenic fungi, mostly Hyphomycetes and Zygomycetes (Entomophthorales). These two major fungal groups were shown research works in different fields: systematics, ecology, modelling, bioassays, production, application ...). Indeed, European entomo-mycologists made significant contribu-tions on a world scale.

88

Today, despite all the efforts made, only a few of the numerous insect parasitic nematodes and entomopathogens have been developed as biocontrol agents and used on a operational level. Generally speaking, a high dependence on environmental factors, difficulties with production, formulation and application constitute the major shortcomings. Moreover, in the case of fungi for example, which could produce metabolites, risk assessment is a major hurdle in the registration. Given the natural impact of some of these pathogens, the situation is frustrating, even if all the involved people is convinced of the strong difficulty to "domesticate" the most interesting ones. Due to recent improvements, however, more biocontrol agents should be ready for use in the next future.


pp. 89 - 90

89

Working Group “Management of Farming Systems for Integrated Production”

Frank G. Wijnands PPO, P.O.Box 430, 8200 AK, Lelystad, The Netherlands, e-mail: [email protected]

The working group area focuses on the development of more sustainable farming systems for arable crops and outdoor vegetables, as represented by two major production directions, Integrated and Organic. The group shares the concept of prototyping as developed in a former EU concerted action (93-96, IOBC working group “activity”) and laid down in four progress reports and a manual. Prototyping can be characterised as a synthetic research/development effort starting off with a profile of demands (objectives) in agronomic, environmental and economic terms for more sustainable farming and ending with tested, ready for use prototypes to be disseminated on a large scale. This is in contrast to the common analytical research that starts with a problem or a question and generates, often through single-factorial research, knowledge. Currently the working group comprises in potential more than 20 European research teams working both on pilot farms and experimental farms. The working group distinguishes three distinct geographical areas of interest; Central Europe, Northwest Europe and Southern Europe (Mediterranean) agriculture.

The field of research is still young. In practical use within the European network, the adequate, full and effective use of the existing methodology still often falls short of the full potential of the methodology. This shortfall can be observed in every step of the methodology. In the design phase, the documentation and quantification of the analysis and diagnosis of the current situation often is incomplete. Commonly there is still a lack of well structured objectives, with quantified target levels for measured parameters. There is still also demand for further development of operational sets of parameters. Also on the level of the farming methods, there is still a shortfall in the ability of the current methods to reach the desired objectives. In other words in a number of areas adequate technology still has to be developed. The development of the systems is based on a testing and improving cycle. The current approach is leading to a too slow a rate of development. More comprehensive and sharp analysis of the shortfall and the reasons behind this are required, followed by a strong focus on methods and techniques to improve the results, In the difficult dissemination phase finally, so when working together with farmers in pilot farm projects, many teams are still wrestling with the methodology. This is partly illustrated by the limited contributions to scientific papers. Therefore the major objectives for the coming period are: • to improve, optimise and promote the common research methodology, called proto-

typing, as a means of testing and improving Integrated and Organic Farming Systems, • to improve and optimise the effective dissemination and adoption of these more

sustainable farming systems on a regional scale, • to exchange and transfer expertise, knowledge and technology within the agricultural

community of the EU and associated countries, Integrated and organic farming systems can substantially contribute to a more sustainable

agriculture, if all relevant problems are addressed in a comprehensive and integral way. Development of these systems demands working at the farm level to treat and solve problems in the context of the system. However development on experimental farms is not sufficient, interactive implementation in practice together with pilot farms is a necessary step in the

90

dissemination process. Large scale application is the final goal. This working group considers thus the full range of innovation in agriculture, from analysis and diagnosis of objective setting, to practical development, implementation, dissemination and adoption in practice, embedding the technological development in a relevant socio-rural context.

Literature references (on request from convenor)


pp. 91 - 92

91

Working Group "Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens"

Yigal Elad A.R.O. The Volcani Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel

Since I was nominated convenor of the WG we had two meetings, one short and one full time meeting.

1. Workshop held in Taormina, Sicily, Italy on 21.9.2000. Subject of the workshop: "Biocontrol of Foliar Pathogens"

A significant accumulation of knowledge in regards of the integrated management of foliar pathogens, use of microbial biocontrol agents and modes of action of the biocontrol agents is evidenced in recent years. Consequently, the workshop, organized and chaired by Yigal Elad (Bet Dagan, Israel), was devoted to the interaction of biocontrol agents with foliar plant pathogens and to biological control and mechanisms.

Presentations included an introduction to the subject and field use of a biocontrol preparation; induced resistance to control leaf pathogens by microbial inoculants that are applied to the root system; strategies and application of biological control of a disease of stone fruits; and how it is possible to cope with variability and inconsistency of biocontrol. An audience of 200 people was involved in a discussion that followed the presentations. Vivid discussion took place about problems of variability in biocontrol of plant diseases and the reliability of bioassay methods to predict biocontrol success. The use of in planta systems was recommended.

2. Meeting in Sevilla, Spain on 30.11-3.122000: Biocontrol agent’s modes of action and their interaction with other means of control The meeting was locally organized by Enrique Monte (Salamanca, Spain) and Yigal Elad (Bet Dagan, Israel) with the help of several local people and local and international establishments. During the meeting there were 109 presentations. 72 presentations were held as posters organised in four groups and 37 presentations were given orally in eight sessions. 180 people from 33 countries participated in the meeting. The presentations and discussions focussed on the use of biocontrol agents against soilborne and foliar pathogens of all kind of plants either in the open field or in greenhouses and at post harvest stages, in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and wood. It dealt with the use and implementation of biocontrol, various modes of action, the nature and use of genes that originate from biocontrol agents, involvement of mycorrhizae and improvements of biocontrol activity. Modes of action that were dealt with can be categorised as competition including space and nutrient exclusion, parasitism including phages that are hosted by bacteria, antibiosis, different modes of induced resistance, restraining the pathogenicity enzymes of the pathogen and its antigens, arresting the production of multiplication propagules of the pathogens. It was noted that in many systems multiple modes of action are involved. Several commercial biocontrol agents were presented.

92

The improvement of efficacy, integration of biocontrol agents among themselves and with other means of disease control were discussed for the improved implementation of biocontrol and for the reduction of variability in the performance of biocontrol agents.

Upcoming meeting of the Working Group "Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens" will be on: "Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Biocontrol Agents"

We intend to bring together students, researchers and implementers of biocontrol of plant

diseases to discuss potential improvements of biocontrol activity. The aim is to present research and information on biocontrol agents and their interaction with fungal and bacterial pathogens.

We will emphasize: i. micro-climate, ii. soil/substrate/crop/fertilization, iii. chemicals, iv. saprophytes/non-target microorganisms, v. mesofauna effect on and interaction with population dynamics/ survival of antagonists, on their biocontrol activity and the economical feasibility of the BCA. Presentation will be held as posters and orals followed by discussions.

The meeting will be in Kusadasi, Turkey, in 22-26 May 2002. Colleagues from Ege University at Izmir will organize it. Organizers are Nafiz Delen and Fazilet Vardar Sukan (Ege University, Turkey), Jürgen Köhl (PRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands) and Yigal Elad (Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel). The workshop will take place in the tourist resort of Kusadasi.


p. 93

93

Working Group "Integrated Protection of Stored Products"

Cornel Adler Institute for Stored Product Protection, BBA, 14195 Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected]

During the International Congress of Entomology in Florence, Italy, August 1996, I was asked to participate in a meeting of the IOBC study-group „Biological and Integrated Control of Stored Food Products and other Commodities“, previously unknown to me. During this meeting the former convenor resigned and I found myself suggested and elected as new convenor of this group.

In August 1997, I organised a meeting of this group at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zürich, Switzerland, with 37 participants from 12 countries. The name of the group was changed to

„Integrated Protection of Stored Products“. The proceedings of this meeting with 25 papers were published as an IOBC/wprs Bulletin (Vol. 21 (3), 173 pp.).

The study group was turned into a regular working group during the IOBC/WPRS Council meeting in early1998.

In August 1999, a meeting was organised at the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Berlin. 64 participants from 16 countries participated in this meeting and the proceedings with 40 papers were published as an IOBC/wprs Bulletin (Vol. 23 (10), 279 pp.). During the meeting an European project proposal was initiated to study a combination of hygiene, monitoring, bio-control with predators and parasitoids as well as heat-treatments in flour mills as an alternative to fumigations with methyl bromide that will be banned soon due to its ozone depleting potential.

The meeting in 2001 will be held at the Istituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA) in Lisbon, Portugal, September 2-5. By July 16, 45 papers and approximately 55 participants from all over the world were registered. The election of a new convenor was scheduled (because my 5-year term ended).

General description: As agreed in the Zurich meeting, main stored products covered by this

working group are durable plant products like grains, pulses, dried roots, dried fruits, nuts, oil seeds, herbs and spices. Main pests occurring in these products are insect and mite species, the majority of which are cosmopolitans due to international trade. Meetings of this working group are dominated by presentations on stored product pest biology, monitoring and biological control which is probably the most obvious difference to other conferences in post-harvest protection. Another characteristic is the strong presence of Mediterranean scientists in this group which supports the pan-European and international dialogue on stored product protection problems.

Observation: There is strong interest from participants outside the WPRS, because problems are similar, because biological control stirs attention and because there exists no such group in other regional sections of the IOBC. Storage technology may differ greatly, e.g. between traditional farmers and a modern food factory, while the influence of climate and geographical location is less pronounced in a storage environment than in the field.

Difficulties: How to calculate printing costs ahead of a meeting, ordering extra copies of IOBC Bulletins.

94


pp. 95 - 98

95

Study group “Integrated protection in oak forests”

Claire Villemant ESA8043, Entomologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Research activities are focused on adverse factors involved in oak decay in the Mediterra-nean region and on biological control in European and North African oak stands. Though most of the research is focused on cork-oak forests, one of the most fragile Mediterranean ecosystems, the group persists to pay attention to all oak species because they endure several identical pests and decay factors. Studies on cork-oak are carried out in Sardinia, Corsica, north-eastern Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia and those concerning deciduous Quercus species in Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Oak forest degradation appeared considerably intensified in the Maghreb’s countries by climatic conditions, human overpressure and inappropriate forest management. The group aims to facilitate contacts between European and North African scientists in order to encourage the application of collective strategies for oak forest exploitation, conservation and integrated protection.

The main research activities concern: • decay factors (climatic, biotic, anthropic, etc.) and their impact on oak forests biodiversity and

conservation, • biology and impact of pathogenous fungi with particular emphasis on Diplodia mutila which

induces a high oak mortality in Morocco, Portugal and Sardinia, • oak regeneration and acorn conservation: sowing procedures and seedlings protection, modes

and efficiency of cutting back practices, • biology and impact of insect pests (defoliators, xylophagous insects, cockchafers), • insect natural enemies, biological and integrated control, • modelling and forecasting of the pest population dynamics, • forest management. A directory list of 112 European and North African scientists and managers involved in oak forest

protection was drawn up. It would be published on internet. Other future common projects of the pathologists and entomologists concern: • The creation of a service for identification of the cork-oak pathogenous fungi. • The creation of a survey grid of oak forest in Maghreb countries. This grid would be elaborated

on the basis of the European one to which it would be connected. • The elaboration an action plan concerning the strategies of planning, development and

protection of the oak forests principally in the Mediterranean region. The study group plays an important role in making both the authorities and the public aware about

the serious and widespread decline of cork-oak forests. It is necessary to ensure an effective and efficient integrated protection of this precious natural resource. However, protective measures to safeguard forest ecosystems in Maghreb’s countries could not be applied without taking into account the real needs of the populations living along the forests.

Introduction

The phenomena named “Oak decline” is a complex syndrome whose actual spreading in North African countries is disastrous. Its aetiology is difficult to define because of the variety of the involved biotic and abiotic factors whose interactions predispose the trees to a progressive deterioration and death. Though most of the research is focused on cork-oak forests, one of the most fragile Mediterranean ecosystems, the group persists to pay attention

96

to all oak species because they endure several identical pests and decay factors. Studies on cork-oak are carried out in Sardinia, Corsica, north-eastern Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia and those concerning deciduous Quercus species in Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. It appeared necessary to better analyse the complex relationships existing between the various factors involved in oak decline and particularly between fungous and insect pest attack.

More than 10 species of fungi are considered as cork-oak pathogens inducing leaf diseases and occasionally total defoliation, or producing drying-up and cankers on trunk and branches or ruts on roots and collar. A particular emphasis is given in Morocco, Portugal and Sardinia to Diplodia mutila which induces a high cork-oak mortality even on young seedlings. The host-pathogens relations and the role played by biotic and abiotic factors which predispose the trees to fungi attack should become subject of intense study.

Infestations of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar are regularly registered in the Mediterranean region and more occasionally in Northern European countries. Though it is a highly polyphagous herbivore, its development is greatly influenced by the host plant and is optimal on cork-oak foliage. In Southern countries, chronic defoliation induced by its outbreaks limits the productivity and the regeneration of the cork-oak. On the contrary, gypsy moth populations remain sparse and rarely cause severe defoliation in holm and pubescent oak forests. In Sardinia and Morocco, excellent results have been obtained in controlling the pest by Bacillus thuringiensis. Effect of Bt showed similar effects on non-target Lepidoptera than those determined by a total defoliation by the gypsy moth. In Northern European oak forests, where the impact of the defoliator is less important, biological control is generally limited to infested suburban stands.

Studies on modelling and forecasting gypsy moth population dynamics are going on, notably in Sardinia. Interesting results were obtained in Austria and Alsace (France) in comparing the parasitic complex at low and high density levels of pest populations. Similarly, the study of the parasitic complex is considered in Tunisia, where the pest populations are actually in latency. Testing the efficiency of the release of gypsy moth naturals enemies seems to be advisable. Species concerned are those known for their action in limited environments (as for example egg predators in Morocco) as well as parasitoids multiplied on artificial diets (such as Exorista larvarum and Brachymeria intermedia in Italy). The comparison of the natural enemy complex of the gypsy moth in North Africa and Southern Europe shows that several species playing a major role in Europe do not occur in North Africa. Therefore, the introduction into North Africa of some of European natural enemies of the gypsy moth should be considered.

In declining cork-oak stands, serious damage are induced by bark insects (beetles such as Coraebus florentinus and C. undatus or the cork-ant Crematogaster scutellaris) and moreover by xylophagous beetles (Platypus cylindrus and Cerambyx cerdo). Population dynamics of these xylophagous pests is surveyed in Portugal, Morocco and Algeria. These preliminary studies are indispensable to perform eventual biological control methods. Future research would be focused on the interactions between xylophagous pests and fungi (beetles as fungi vectors or fungi as agents of beetle development).

Attention is also paid to oak regeneration and acorn conservation with peculiar regards to sowing procedures, seedlings protection, modes and efficiency of cutting back practices. Studies carried out in Tunisia showed that the storage conditions play an important role in the control of pathogenous fungi whose development set against acorn conservation. Biological control methods are tested in Morocco against cockchafer grub larvae that induce serious damage to cork-oak seedlings in parcels of artificial regeneration.

97

In order to avoid conditions of plant stress, greater attention should be paid to the forest management of the oak areas concentrating particularly on the density of trees and undergrowth. Grazing in North African oak forests is not limited to herbaceous stratum but extends to anarchic and generalized pollarding of shrub and tree strata particularly during the actual drought years. Rationalisation of grazing and agricultural exploitation is essential to allow natural regeneration of the forest and to maintain the soil adequately fertile. Sylvo-pastoral planning is necessary to safeguard forest ecosystems but it must be adapted to the real needs of the populations living along these forests. In cork-oak stands attention should also be paid to the quality of cork removal and to its forgoing in the driest years as well as in case of strong attack by pests or pathogenous agents.

Contacts made during the meetings either through their proceedings allowed improvement of common sampling methods aiming at elaborating models for surveillance and forecasting of pest infestations. The establishment of a survey grid of oak forest in Maghreb countries is considered; it would be elaborated on the basis of the European one to which it would be connected. The creation of a service for identification of the cork-oak pathogenous fungi is also considered. Further group projects concern the continuation of these researches by integrating more scientific and technical competency from all the Mediterranean countries where oak forest areas gradually reduced. To facilitate the contacts, a directory list of 112 European and North African scientists and managers involved in oak forest protection was drawn up and will be published on internet.

Accordingly, the study group plays an important role in making both the authorities and the public aware about the serious and widespread decline of Mediterranean oak forests. Its purpose is to ensure an effective and efficient integrated protection in order to preserve this precious natural resource for the future generations.

Activities

The formation of the study group was approved by the IOBC/WPRS council in early 1993. The founder and first convenor was Pr. Pietro Luciano from the Agicultural Entomology Institute of the Sassari University (Italy). In 1997 the convenor-ship was entrusted to Dr. Claire Villemant from the National Museum of Natural History (Paris, France).

The first meeting of the group was held in the cork-oak experimental station in Tempio Pausania, Sardinia, from 15 to 17th September 1994. 22 participants came from Sardinia, Corsica, North-eastern Spain, Portugal and Morocco. Their studies focused on cork-oak forests which are one of the most fragile Mediterranean ecosystems, largely due to their high anthropisation.

The second meeting took place from 26 to 29th October 1998, in the Forestry Engineer National School of Salé, in Morocco. The meeting location was chosen in order to increase the involvement of North Africa in the IOBC/wprs, the Maghreb’s countries, where a large part of the cork manufactured in Europe is produced, being particularly concerned with the aggravation of the oak forest decline. 36 participants came from 6 European and 3 North African countries. Even if most of the research programs focused on cork oak, the group persisted to pay attention to all oak species because they endure several identical pests and decay factors.

The third meeting will be held from 1st to 4th October 2001 in the National Agronomical Station (National Institute of Agricultural Research) in Oeiras, Portugal. About sixty participants are registered. As the preceding ones, the aim of the next meeting is to assess the actual health status of the Quercus spp. stands, to share the results of the recent works, and to reinforce the contacts between European and North African scientists in order to encourage the pursue of common research programs and collective management strategies.

98

The fourth meeting is planned in 2004.

References

Luciano, P. (ed.). 1995: Integrated protection in cork-oak forests. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin 18(6): 114 pp.

Villemant, C. (ed.). 1999: Integrated protection in oak forests. – IOBC/wprs Bulletin 22 (3): 198 pp.


pp. 99 - 100

99

Study Group "Critical Assessment of Quantitative Approaches in IPM" Walter Rossing (coordinator), Wopke van der Werf, Rudy Rabbinge Group Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected]

Bo Secher Denmark, until 1998 Structure The group was established in 1995 by request of the IOBC/WPRS council. The convening committee consults with commodity-oriented IOBC/WPRS workshop convenors on relevant issues to be addressed. This has resulted in two joint meetings to elaborate new issues at commodity-oriented working group meetings. Aim The two goals of the group are: 1. to investigate and overcome reasons for low adoption rates of research-based IPM

decision support systems in growers’ practice; 2. to critically evaluate the scientific contents of research models on pest dynamics, damage

and management, and their usefulness in applied research. The overall aim of the Study Group was to investigate the need for establishing a

Working Group in the area of modelling. Main achievements In discussions with a number of working group convenors and active members of IOBC/WPRS working groups, two joint activities were identified in order to assess the usefulness of pursuing the status of Working Group: • Co-organisation of a session with the WG “Integrated control in protected crops,

temperate climate” in Vienna in 1996; • Co-organisation of a session during the 5th International Symposium on “Computer

Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management” in Wageningen in 1998. The first meeting focused on process-based models and decision support systems in

greenhouses, the second on similar approaches in orchard management. In both meetings a selection of participants was asked to hand in papers before the meeting. These papers were then critically analysed and summarised by a single presenter, resulting in a number of challenging propositions and discussion issues. In addition to this less conventional format, the invitation to the meeting of sociologists specialised in learning processes added new issues to the discussion, and enabled fruitful, unexpectedly vivid discussions among participants.

100

An excerpt of the meetings’ conclusions: ● Decision support systems and process-based models are altogether different things.

Effective DSS need not be based on a process-based-model, and Decision Support is generally not a strong point of process-based models, due to their information-hungriness.

● There is a need for better and clearer documentation of process-based models, both at the technical and at the conceptual level. Checklists were developed and published that give suggestions for preparing clear accounts of modelling studies.

● Validation has been reduced too much to a search for statistical correspondence between simulation results and observed field data. The value of process-based models is also in the accuracy of concepts. A broader and richer interpretation of modelling purpose and therefore, model validity is needed, in view of complexities of real systems in the open field and the impossibilities of including all the details in a process-based model.

● Decision Support Systems must be developed with a diversity of users in mind; this can best be realised by means of user participation in the design process. Top-down approaches are replaced by networking approaches.

● The need for learning from DSS may be greater than the need for decision support as such. Supporting learning poses different demands on a system than supporting decision-making, particularly in terms of adaptability and accommodation of communication and debate. Results of the sessions have been published jointly with the co-organisers as part of the

IOBC/wprs Bulletin (issues 19(1) 1996: 206 pp., and 22(6), 1999: 303 pp.), and in issues of “Profile”. Evaluation The Study Group has taken a methodological approach and set out to contribute in this way to various commodity-oriented themes. The added value of this approach was acknowledged and appreciated by the co-convenors and participants of the two meetings that were organised. The addition of sociological perspective proved innovative.

At the same time, the approach requires relatively much preparation by the convening committee, since it cuts across disciplinary and commodity oriented borders. For this reason, a planned meeting for 2001 had to be cancelled. More importantly, aspects of ‘learning’ as part of modelling for IPM have gained widespread attention, e.g. in a special issue of Agricultural Systems to be published early 2002.

We, therefore, conclude that, although productive during its first phase, the Study Group should not be continued. Rather, Working Groups may be encouraged to dedicate specific attention to the question of how to structure our knowledge of systems and learn from it, as is the aim of research- and decision support oriented models.


p. 101

101

Study group “Induced Resistance in Plants Against Insects and Diseases” 1999 - 2001

Annegret Schmitt Institute for Biological Control, BBA, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany e-mail: [email protected]

In December 1999, the first meeting of the organising committee took place in Darmstadt. Members of the organising committee are:

Ian T. Baldwin, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany Marcel Dicke, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Erkki Haukioja, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Annegret Schmitt, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Darmstadt, Germany

In this meeting the first conference was structured and planned and organisational arrangements were made.

In 2001, the newly formed study group on “Induced resistance in plants against insects and diseases” held its first meeting from April 26 to 28, at the Wageningen International Congress Centre (WICC), Wageningen, The Netherlands. The conference was attended by about 115 scientists from 17 countries. It was the first time that entomologists, phytopatholo-gists and plant physiologists met to discuss a common subject: the reaction that herbivore arthropods and plant pathogens induce in attacked plants. The conference brought researchers together working on fundamental, as well as applied aspects of induced resistance. It had set its goal to augment the understanding of the general and causal processes involved in induced defence reaction of plants against both, insects and plant pathogens, and to discuss their potential for practical plant protection.

The congress ran over three days and was structured into three sessions: 1. Cross-talk among herbivore- and pathogen-induced signal cascades. 2. Risks and benefits of induced resistance and induced tolerance. 3. General aspects of induced resistance and tolerance. A total of 36 oral contributions and 27 posters covering theses topics were presented.

One evening, a workshop was organised with the title “Practical implication of induced resistance / induced tolerance into crop protection programmes: Were are we and were can we go?”

All participants agreed that the concept of bringing together entomologists, phyto-pathologists, as well as plant physiologists proved to be very fruitful. The discussion with colleagues in other, but related, fields of research created many new ideas and laid ground for new links and co-operations.

The study group will have the next meeting in summer 2003, in Switzerland.

102

General Assembly

Recommendations etc.

100


pp. 105 - 108

105

General Assembly of IOBC/WPRS

All the reports are reproduced in this Bulletin. Only the votes of the General Assembly are indicated here.

9.00 Presidential address and report: P. Esbjerg 9.30 Tresaurer report: C Gessler

Report of the auditing committee: D. Royle Based on the report of the auditing committee the treasurer report was approved by applause.

9.50 Report of the General Secretary: C. Alabouvette 10.15 Report of the commission Guidelines: H. Boller 11.05 Report of the commission Publications: H. Bathon

J. Huber is chairing the management board of “BioControl” as representative of IOBC/WPRS.

11.25 Report of the commission Identification of entomophagous insects : H. Baur 11.35 Report of the commission Promotion: J. Freuler 11.40 Results of the elections of the new Council Members 13.15 Professor Delucchi is elected Honorary Member of IOBC/WPRS 13.30 Vote of the modifications of the statutes and bye-laws 15.00 Discussion and approval of the suggestions by individual members. 15.45 Closing of the General assembly 16.30 Council Meeting

1. Approval of the elections of new convenors: J. Avila for the commission “Guidelines” J. Cross for the WG “Orchards” A. Mexia for the WG “Protected Crops Mediterranean Climate”

2. Presentation of the budget by C. Gessler and approval by the council after a few changes. It was decided to wait until the next council meeting in January 2002 to decide the budget of the WG “Cereals” and of the new groups to be created.

Suggestions by Individual Members

The following recommendations were proposed by individual members; they have been

discussed during the General Assembly and have been retained as “Suggestions” by individual members.

Promotion of IOBC/WPRS activities:

IOBC/WPRS members should continuously promote IOBC/WPRS in their country institutions, considering namely changes and reorganisations in institutional members in their countries

Based on the fact that there is a strongly increased interest for pesticide-free food and considering that many methods developed during the history of the Organization are ready for implementation, IOBC/WPRS should:

● Be active in promoting biocontrol and IPM at international (EU) and national levels

106

● Consider to build up contacts with organizations (e;g; COPA and IFOAM) which have great influence on EU Commission to stress the importance of Integrated Production and organic farming

● Organize a meeting on “safe and sufficient food in an attractive, biodiverse environment”, giving, in addition to scientific achievements, special emphasis on the success of European biocontrol and IPM, on the production of safer food and on increasing biodiversity for policy makers, progressive supermarket chains, consumer organizations, politicians and the science press.

● A short message for the press on the aim of the IOBC/WPRS and how it can play a key role on the production of pesticide free or pesticide poor food should be prepared.

Regarding General Assembly and Council To improve the quality and allow for an efficient discussion in the General Assembly, reports of convenors of all WGs should be:

● Made according to a certain format to allow a proper evaluation of the activities ● Prepared in time and circulated among participants at least one month before the

General Assembly ● Council should give more attention on the evaluation of the activities of the WGs ● Proposals for creating, finishing or merging WG should be announced at least one

month before the council meeting ● Consider adoption of a 6-year period for the convenors (instead of 5 years) for WG

with less frequent meetings ● The new elected convenors should be confirmed without delay.

Regarding reorganization of WG ● Merge the WG “host plant resistance” with the SG “induced resistance” ● Consider the position of the “cereals” WG (merge with another WG, e;g; landscape

ecology) ● Consider creating a WG “multitrophic soil group” ● Adapt the titles of the WG to the new concepts in plant protection: change “Integrated

control” to “Integrated protection” or “Integrated protection and production” where appropriate.

Regarding “Publications”

● Reconsider the function of bulletins, they should be seen as a kind of progress reports and working papers.

Discussions Regarding Closing and Creating Commissions, Working Groups, Study Groups

As this question of creating, closing Groups has been the main question discussed during the council meetings and the General Assembly, I am just presenting here a synthesis of these discussions. Several questions are still opened and a new council meeting will have to make the decisions.

Commission “Promotion of IOBC”: Our colleague, J. Freuler, who has been the chairman of this commission will retire soon. J. Freuler is congratulated for his involvement in IOBC/WPRS activities. Considering that promotion of IOBC activities is the duty of the executive committee it has been decided to close this commission.

107

Study Group “Oak forest”: Considering that under the leadership of its convenor Claire Villemant , this study group has proved that it is an active and very useful group, it has been decided to make it a Working Group.

Three working groups: “Fruit flies”, “Citrus” and “Olive” did nor show any activity since the last General Assembly in Vienna (October 1997). Despite efforts made by several members of the executive committee, it has not been possible to convince the convenors to re-start activities. Thus several members of the council are in favour of closing these groups. However several other members of the council would prefer to declare that these WG are suspended, and would like to contact colleagues, willing to become convenors of these groups. Finally, R. Albajes, M. Besri and A. Mexia declared that they will contact colleagues, and will propose names of new convenors before the next meeting in January.

Working Group “Stone fruits”: A few colleagues asked why this group is not part from the “Orchards” group. A suggestion to include “Olive” in this group was made.

Working Group “Soil Pests”: This group is splitted in three sub-groups with three sub-convenors. Each sub-group is active, but the sub group “Slugs and Snails” does not produce Bulletins. R. Sikora, the convenor of this Soil-Pests WG has proposed to create a new sub-group, or a new study group entitled “Tritrophic Interactions in the Rhizosphere”. R. Sikora organized a first meeting in Bonn, which was really successful and a Bulletin was produced (IOBC/wprs Bulletin 24(1), 2001). R. Sikora proposed the creation of this study group, but with a “better” name, that could be “Multitrophic Interactions in the Rhizosphere”. A long discussion took place, several colleagues insisted that the soil-borne pests and diseases are very important especially in Mediterranean countries and will be worst with the banishment of methyl bromide. R. Sikora accepted to make a written proposal that will be discussed in January.

Working Group “Breeding for Resistance”: This group should be opened to plant pathologists and it was proposed to change the name to “Breeding for Resistance to Pests and Diseases”.

Working Group “Cereals”: H.M. Poehling complained that editing the Bulletins is becoming a very time consuming duty for convenors. He also said that more and more colleagues are interested in biodiversity and do not attend any more the meetings of the WG “Cereals”. H.M. Poehling asked the question whether a new group dealing with “Landscape management” should be created, in relation with the WG “Farming Systems” and “Oilseed Rape”. This new group will better fit with the concepts of the new European Agriculture Policy. It was decided to discuss again the possibility to create this new group during the council meeting in January.

Working Group “Field vegetables”: The convenor, S. Vidal suggested creating a new study group dealing with “Functional Biodiversity”. The topic of functional biodiversity was already introduced during our council meeting in Gent; it is necessary to make a decision, the discussion will be closed during the next meeting in January.

Working group “Quantitative Approaches”: W. Rossing estimated that this group should not exist any more; each group should take into account the quantitative approaches. The new group “Landscape Management”, if created, could also take into account the modelling approach.

Study group “Side-Effets of GMO’s”: The interest of creating such a group has already been discussed during the council meeting in Gent. As such a group exists at the level of the “Global” there was some disagreement on the necessity to create our own group at the WPRS level. No decision has been taken.

108

General Questions Regarding all the Working Groups

Every body claimed that there should be a better integration between entomologists and plant pathologists in all the groups. Historically most of the groups were created by entomologists , but plant pathologists are welcome any time. A way to improve this collaboration would be to organize joint meetings, for example between the groups “soil pests” “plant pathogens” and “protected crops”. In fact the group “plant pathogens” was created because some specific problems were not covered by the existing groups, but integrated production has to take into account all the problems, and thus specific groups should not have been created.

More generally the question to discuss is: how should we adapt the structure of IOBC/WPRS to fit with the new problems posed by the fast changing European Agriculture? The answer to this question will have to be discussed in the coming years. It is clear that “biological control” as it appears in the name of the organization is no more the best adapted and single answer.

It has been decided to change the names of all the WGs to replace “Biological Control” by “Integrated Control” or “Integrated Production”.

Other Topics Discussed During the General Assembly and Satellite Meetings

Bulletins A long discussion took place regarding the Bulletins, since several convenors have the feeling that editing the Bulletins according to the recommendations of the convenor’s handbook is a difficult, time consuming charge. Many different suggestions were made, including publishing “proceedings of the workshops”, replacement of the Bulletins by pdf files of the papers on the home page of IOBC/WPRS, publishing books, etc… Cesare insisted that receiving the Bulletins represents a service that IOBC/WPRS gives to its members.

There was no clear agreement for one or another proposal; it seems that most of the convenors admitted that they have to review the papers for the format but not to peer review the papers on the content. One proposal was to reserve the Bulletin for peer reviewed papers and to create a new series for “Workshop Proceedings”. No decision has been taken.

Home Page Cesare introduced the web master: Madeleine Buehler who presented the new home-page of IOBC/WPRS. More information will be available on our site at

http://www.IOBC-WPRS.org Please consult the website!

Problems specific to Mediterranean countries

M. Besri, but also other participants emitted the regret that most of the guidelines for integrated production are not adapted to the developing countries, and that our organization should make an effort to help solving the specific problems, especially the soil-borne problems of the Mediterranean countries from North Africa.

One suggestion was to address in the new group “multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere” the problem posed by the suppression of methyl-bromide soil disinfestations.

Dijon, le 20 janvier 2002 C. Alabouvette General Secretary of IOBC/WPRS

109

Commissions, Working Groups, Study Groups Date of last corrections: July, 2003

Commissions Convener Liaison

Publications Bathon, H. Tirry, L. –

Determination and identification of entomophagous insects Baur, H. –

Guidelines for integrated production Avilla, J. Albajes, R.

Working Groups

Integrated protection of fruit crops Cross, J. Malavolta, C. Pesticides and beneficial organisms Vogt, H. Bigler, F. Breeding for plant resistance to pests and diseases Birch, A. Tirry, L. Pheromones and other semio-chemicals in integrated

production Witzgall, P. Bathon, H.

Multitrophic interactions in soil Sikora, R. Kerry B. Integrated protection in viticulture Lozzia, C. Gessler, C. Integrated protection of oilseed crops Paul, V.H. Alabouvette, C Integrated protection of field vegetables Vidal, S. Esbjerg, P. Integrated control in protected crops, temperate climate Enkegaard, A. Bluemel, S. Integrated control in protected crops, mediterranean

climate Castañé, C. Bluemel, S.

Insect pathogens and entomoparasitic nematods Papierok, B. Huber, J. Integrated control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens Elad, Y. Alabouvette, C. Integrated protection in oak forests Villemant,C. Vieira, M.M. Integrated protection of stored products Navarro, S. Bathon, H.

Study groups

Integrated protection of olive crops Kalaitzaki, A. Malathrakis, N.Integrated protection of citrus crops Garcia-Mari,

F. Besri, M.

Induced resistance in plants against insects and diseases Schmitt, A. Huber, J. GMO’s in integrated plant production NN Bigler, F. Landscape management for functional biodiversity Poehling, H.M.

/ Rossing, W. Van Lenteren, J.

110

IOBC/WPRS Officers and Their Addresses 1 – Executive Committee Esbjerg, Prof. Dr. Peter (President), Zoology Section, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural

University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C., Copenhagen (Denmark), Tel +45-35282686, Fax +45-35282670, e-mail: [email protected]

Albajes, Prof.Dr. R. (Vice-President), Universita de Lleida, Centre UdI-IRTA, Rovira Roure, 177, E-25006 Lleida (Spain), Fax +34-73-238301, e-mail: [email protected]

Huber, Dr. Jürg (Vice-President), Institute for Biological Control, BBA, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany), Tel +49-6151-407220, Fax +49-6151-407290, e-mail: [email protected]

Tirry, Prof.Dr. Luc (Vice-President), University of Gent, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent (Belgium), Tel +32-9-2646152, Fax +32-9-2646239, e-mail: luc.tirry@ rug.ac.be

Alabouvette, Dr. Claude (General Secretary), INRA, Laboratoire de recherches sur la flore pathogène du sol, 17, rue Sully, BP 1540, F-21034 Dijon Cedex (France), Tel +33-3-80693041, Fax +33-3-80693226, e-mail: ala@dijon. inra.fr

Gessler, Dr. Cesare (Treasurer), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Plant Sciences Phytomedicin-Pathology, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 ETH-Zürich (Switzerland), Tel +41-1-6323871, Fax +41-16321108, e-mail: [email protected]

2 – Council

Bathon, Dr. Horst, Institute for Biological Control, BBA, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany), Tel +49-6151-407-225, Fax +49-6151-407290, e-mail: [email protected]

Besri, Prof. Dr. M., Département de Phytopathologie, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco, Tel: +212-3777-8364, Fax: +212-3777-8364 / -8135, e-mail: [email protected]

Bigler, Dr. Franz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich (Switzerland), Tel +41-1-3777111, Fax +41-1-3777201, e-mail: [email protected]

Blümel, Dr. Sylvia, AGES, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, P.O.Box 400, A-1126 Wien (Austria), Tel +43-1-73216-5154, Fax +43-1-73216-5194, e-mail: [email protected]

Kerry, Dr. Brian, IACR Rothamsted, Entomology and Nematology Department, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ (UK), Tel +44-1582-763133, e-mail: [email protected]

111

Malathrakis, Dr. Nikolaos, Technological Education Institute, Stauromenos, G-71500 HERAKLIO, Crete, Greece, Tel: +30-81-379459, Fax: +30-81-411714, e-mail: [email protected]

Malavolta, Dr. C., Servizio Sviluppo Sistema Agroalimentare, Viale Silvani, 6, I-40122 Bologna (Italy), Tel +39-51-284267, -284111, Fax +39-51-284524, e-mail: [email protected]

Van Lenteren, Prof. Dr. Joop Coert, Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands, Tel: +31-317-482327, Fax: +31-317-484821, e-mail: joop.vanlenteren@ users.ento.wau.nl

Vieira, Dr. Maria Margarida, Direcçao-Geral de Protecçào das Culturas, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-155 Oeiras, Portugal, Tel: +351-21-4464057, Fax: +351-21-4420616, e-mail: [email protected]

Council: Deputy Members

El Titi, Dr. Adel, State Institute for Plant Protection, Reinsburgstrasse 107, D-70197 Stuttgart,

Germany, Tel: +49-711-6642478, Fax: +49-711-6642498, e-mail: [email protected]

Pommier, Dr. Jean-Jacques, IREF, Lanxade, Prigonrieux, F-24130 La Force, France, Tel: +33-553221510 / -553829031, e-mail: [email protected]

Den Belder, Dr.E., Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Tel: +31-317-476105, Fax: + 31-317-410113, e-mail: [email protected]

3 – Auditing Committee Freuler, Dr. Jost A., Station Fédérale de Recherche en, Production végétale de Changins,

Route de Duillier, Case postale 254, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-3634383, Fax: +41-22-3634394, e-mail: [email protected]

Lavadinho, Dr. Antonio Manuel Pereira, Direcção-Geral de Protecção das Culturas, Quinta do Marquês, P-2780 - 155 Oeiras, Portugal, Tel: 351-214464058, Fax: 351-214420616, e-mail: [email protected]

Rezapanah, Dr. Mohammadreza, Biocontrol Control Research Dept, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Instiute (PPDRI), Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO), P.O. Box: 19395-1454, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98-21-2420224 / +98-21-2420225, Fax: +98-21-2403691, e-mail: [email protected], http:// www.areeo.or.ir

Royle, Dr. David J., East End Stable, Nowhere Lane, Nailsea, Bristol BS48 2PT, UK, Tel: +44-12-75857197

Adler, Dr. Cornel, BBA, Institute for Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, Tel: +49-30-83042503, Fax: +49-30-83042502, e-mail: [email protected], URL: www.bba.de

112

4 – Conveners of Commissions, Working Groups, Study Groups Avilla, Dr. Jesus, Centre UdL-IRTA de Lleida, Area de Proteccio de Conreus, Alcalde Rovira

Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, Spain, Tel: +34-973-702581, Fax: +34-973-238301, e-mail: [email protected]

Bathon, Dr. Horst, Institute for Biological Control, BBA, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany), Tel +49-6151-407225, Fax +49-6151-407290, e-mail: [email protected]

Baur, Dr. Hannes, Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern (Switzerland), Tel: +41-31-3507264, Fax +41-31-3507499, e-mail: hannes.baur@ nmbe.unibe.ch, http://www.nmbe.ch

Birch, Dr. N., Scotish Crop Research Institute, Invergowri, Dundee DD2 5DA (Scotland, UK), Tel +44-1382-562731, Fax +44-1382-562426, e-mail: [email protected]

Boller, Dr. Ernst F., Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt Obst-, Wein- & Gartenbau, CH-8820 Wädenswil (Switzerland), Tel +41-1-7836330, Fax +41-1-7836379, e-mail: [email protected]

Castañé, Dr. Cristina, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Carretera de Cabrils s/n, E-08248 Cabrils (Barcelona)Spain, Tel +34-93-7507511, Fax +34-93-7533954, e-mail: [email protected]

Cravedi, Dr. Piero, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Instituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza (Italy), Fax +39-523-599235, e-mail: [email protected]

Cross, Dr. Jerry, Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, Horticultur Research International, East Malling, West Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK, Tel: +44-1732-843833, e-mail: [email protected]

Elad, Dr. Yigal, A.R.O. The Volcani Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Bet Dagan 50250 (Israel), Tel +972-3-9683580, Fax +972-3-9683688, e-mail: [email protected]

Enkegaard, Dr. Annie, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Protection, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse (Denmark), Tel +45-58113300, Fax +45-58113301, e-mail: [email protected]

Garcia-Mari, Ferran, Dept. Ecosistemes Agroforestales, E.T.S. Enginyers Agronoms, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera 14, E-46022 Valencia (Spain), Tel +34-9638-79250, Fax +34-9638-79269, e-mail: [email protected]

Kalaitzaki, Argyro, Division of Agricultural Development, Prefecture of Rethymno, Dimitrakaki 17, 74100 Rethymno (Greece), Tel: +30 8210 98173, Fax: +30 821 92711 e-mail: [email protected]

Lozzia, Dr. Carlo, Istituto die Entomologia Agraria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, I-20123 Milano (Italy), Tel +39-2-2369191, Fax +39-2-26680320, e-mail: [email protected]

Navarro, Dr. Shlomo, The Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Department of Stored Products, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, Tel: +972-3-9683587 / -9683552, Fax: +972-3-9683583, mobile +972-56-220587, e-mail: [email protected]

113

Papierok, Dr. Bernard, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, Tel +33-1-45688226, Fax +33-1-40613044, e-mail: [email protected]

Paul, Prof.Dr. Volker H., Universität-GH Paderborn, Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft, Lübecker Ring 2, D-59494 Soest (Germany), Tel +49-2921-378233, Fax +49-2921-378200, e-mail: [email protected]

Poehling, Prof.Dr. Hans Michael, University of Hannover, Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover (Germany), Tel +49-511-7622641, Fax +49-511-7623015, e-mail: [email protected]

Rossing, Dr. Walter A.H., Biological Farming Systems Group Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen (The Netherlands), Tel +31-317-478210, Fax ++31-317-478213, e-mail [email protected]

Schmitt, Dr. Annegret, Institute for Biological Control, BBA, Heinrichstrasse 243, D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany), Tel +49-6151-407-241, Fax +49-6151-407290, e-mail: [email protected]

Sikora, Prof.Dr. Richard, Universität Bonn, Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten, Nussallee 9, D-53115 Bonn (Germany), Tel +49-228-732439, Fax +49-228-732432, e-mail: [email protected]

Vidal, Prof.Dr. Stefan, Georg-August-University, Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Entomological Section, Grisebachstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Tel +49-551-399744, -393730, Fax +49-551-393730, -3934187, e-mail: [email protected]

Villemant, Dr. Claire, Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Laboratoire d’entomologie, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris (France), Tel +33-1-40793841, Fax +33-1-40793699, e-mail: [email protected]

Vogt, Dr. Heidrun, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops, BBA, Schwabenheimer Strasse 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Tel +49-6221-8680530, Fax +49-6221-8680515, e-mail: [email protected]

Wijnands, Dr. F.G., Experimental Station of Arable Farming, P.O.Box 430, NL-8200 AK Lelystad (The Netherlands), e-mail: [email protected]

Witzgall, Dr. Peter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Sciences, Box 44, S-23053 Alnarp (Sweden), Tel +46-40-415307, Fax +46-40-462166, e-mail: [email protected]

114

List of Participants

ADLER, Cornel Institute for Stored Product Protection; BBA; Königin-Luise-Strasse 19; D-14195 Berlin (Germany); Tel +49-30-8304-2502; Fax +49-30-8304-2503; e-mail: [email protected]

AERTS, Rudi Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen vzw; Campus HIK; Kleinhoefstraat 4; B-2440 Geel (Belgium); Tel +32-14-562310; Fax +32-14-584859; http://www.khk.be

ALABOUVETTE, Claude INRA; Laboratoire de recherches sur la flore pathogène (General Secretary) du sol; 17; rue Sully; BP 1540; F-21034 Dijon Cedex

(France); Tel +33-3-80693041; Fax +33-3-80693226; e-mail: ala@dijon. inra.fr

ALBAJES, Ramon Universita de Lleida; Centre UdI-IRTA; Rovira Roure; 177; E-25006 Lleida (Spain); Fax +34-73-238301; e-mail: [email protected]

AMARO, Pedro Instituto Superior de Agronomia; Tapada da Ajuda; 1349-017 Lisboa (Portugal); Tel: 214 430 992; Fax: 213 653 430

ARZONE, Alessandra Dipartimento Entomologia agraria; Via L. Da Vinci 44; Grugliasco/TO (Italy)

AZIZBEKYAN, R. Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms; 1-st Dorozhny proezd. bld.1; 113545; Moscow (Russia); Fax: +7-095-3150501; e-mail: [email protected]

BAAYEN; R.P. Research Institute for Plant Protection (IPO-DLO); Binnenhaven 5; P.O.Box 9060; NL-6700 GW Wageningen (Netherland); Tel +31-317-496830; Fax +31-317-421701; e-mail: [email protected]

BARIC, Bozena Vida Dosena 44; 10080 Zagreb (Croatia)

BATHON, Horst Institute for Biological Control; BBA; Heinrichstrasse 243; D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Tel +49-6151-407-225; Fax +49-6151-407290; e-mail: [email protected]

115

BAUR, Hannes Natural History Museum; Berstrasse 15; CH-3005 Bern (Switzerland); Fax +41-31-3507499; e-mail: [email protected]

BEDNAREK, Andrzej ROL-EKO Ltd; Pietraszewicza 9/2a; PL-02 790 Warszawa (Poland)

BESRI, Mohamed Département de Phytopathologie; Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; B.P. 6202 Rabat-Instituts (Maroc); Tel: +212-37-778364; Fax: +212-37-778364 / 778135; e-mail: [email protected]

BIGLER, Franz Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy; Reckenholzstrasse 191; CH-8046 Zürich (Switzerland); Tel +41-1-3777111; Fax +41-1-3777201; e-mail: [email protected]

BIRCH, N. Scottish Crop Research Institute; Invergowri; Dundee DD2 5DA (Scotland, UK); Tel +44-1382-562731; Fax +44-1382-562426; e-mail: [email protected]

BLÜMEL, Silvia Federal Office & Research Centre for Agriculture; Institute of Phytomedicine; Spargelfeldstrasse 191; P.O.Box 400; A-1126 Wien (Austria); Tel +43-1-73216-5154; Fax +43-1-73216-2205; e-mail: [email protected]

BOLLER, Ernst F. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Obst- Wein- & Gartenbau; CH-8820 Wädenswil (Switzerland); Tel +41-1-7836330; Fax +41-1-7836434; e-mail: [email protected]

BUCHELOS, C.T. Agricultural University of Athens; Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology; Jera Odos 75; Votanikos; G-11855 Athens (Greece); Tel +30-1-5294582; Fax +30-1-5294577; e-mail: [email protected]

CIGLAR, Ivan Mazuranicev; Trg 6; 1000 Zagreb (Croatia)

CRAVEDI, Piero Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Instituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale; Via Emilia Parmense 84; I-29100 Piacenza (Italy); Fax +39-523-599235; e-mail: [email protected]

DE SCHLUTTER, Burt Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen vzw; Campus HIK; Kleinhoefstraat 4; B-2440 Geel (Belgium); Tel +32-14-562310; Fax +32-14-584859; http://www.khk.be

116

DELUCCHI, Vittorio Strada da Vissin; CH-6822 Arogno (Switzerland); Tel +41-91-6497780; Fax +41-91-6494003

EL TITI, Adel Reinsburgstrasse 107; D-70197 Stuttgart (Germany); Tel + 49-711-6642478; Fax + 49-711-6642498; e-mail:[email protected]

ELAD, Yigal A.R.O. The Volcani Center; Department of Plant Pathology; Bet Dagan 50250 (Israel); Tel +972-3-9683580; Fax +972-3-9683688; e-mail: [email protected]

ENKEGAARD, Annie Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crop Protection; Research Centre Flakkebjerg; DK-4200 Slagelse (Denmark); Tel +45-58113300; Fax +45-58113301; e-mail: [email protected]

ESBJERG, Peter Zoology Section; Royal Veterinary and Agricultural (President) University; Thorvaldsensvej 40; DK-1871

Frederiksberg C.; Copenhagen (Denmark); Tel +45-35282686; Fax +45-35282670; e-mail: [email protected]

FORBES, Gregor Equador; International Potato Center (CIP); P.O. 17-21-1977; Quito (Ecuador); Tel. +593-2-690362; Fax +593-2-692604;

FREULER, Jost A. Station Fédérale de Recherches en Production végétale de Changins; Case postale 254; CH-1260 Nyon (Switzerland); Tel +41-22-3634383; Fax +41-22-3634394; e-mail: [email protected]

GASSMANN, André CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland; CH-2800 Delémont (Switzerland); Tel +41-32-4214873; e-mail: [email protected]

GESSLER, Cesare Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Institute (Treasurer) of Plant Sciences, Phytomedicine-Pathology;

Universitätstrasse 2; CH-8092 Zürich (Switzerland); Tel +41-1-6323871; Fax +41-16321572; e-mail: [email protected]

GUILLON, Michel Calliope/NPP SA; Boite Postale 80 Route d'Artix; 64150 Noguères (France); Tel : +33-559-609118; Fax +33-559-609119; e-mail: [email protected]

HEINIGER, Ursula Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, CH-8093 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Tel +41-1-7392270; Fax +41-1-7392488; e-mail: [email protected]

117

HELLAL, Hamadi Societe ERRAFRAF; Ain-Chiquoua; Raf-Raf Plage 7045 (Tunisia)

HUBER, Jürg Institute for Biological Control; BBA; Heinrichstrasse (Vice-President) 243; D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany);

Tel +49-6151-407220; Fax +49-6151-407290; e-mail: [email protected]

KERRY, Brian IACR Rothamsted; Entomology and Nematology Department; Harpenden; Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ (UK); Tel +44-1582-763133; e-mail: [email protected]

LAVADINHO, Antonio M.P. Direcçao-Geral de Protecçao das Culturas; Quinta do (Vice-President) Marquês; P-2780 Oeiras (Portugal);

Tel +351-1-4412822; Fax +351-1-4420616; e-mail: [email protected]

LOZZIA, Carlo Istituto die Entomologia Agraria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Celoria; I-20123 Milano (Italy); Tel +39-2-2369191; Fax +39-2-26680320; e-mail: [email protected]

MALATHRAKIS, Nikos Technological Eduction Institute of Crete; 71500 Heraklion Crete (Greece)

MALAVOLTA, Carlo Servizio Sviluppo Sistema Agroalimentare; Viale Silvani 6; I-40122 Bologna (Italy); Tel +39-51-284267; -284111; Fax +39-51-284524; e-mail: [email protected]

MEXIA, Antonio EAN; Quinta do Marques; Av Republica Nova Oeiras 2784.505 Oeiras (Portugal)

OUKIL, Salah INPV BP 80; Avenue Hacene Badi; ElHarrach (Algeria)

PAPIEROK, Bernard Institut Pasteur; 25; rue du Dr Roux; F-75015 Paris; Tel +33-1-45688226; Fax +33-1-40613044; e-mail: [email protected]

PAUL, Volker H. Universität-GH Paderborn; Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft; Lübecker Ring 2; D-59494 Soest (Germany); Tel +49-2921-378233; Fax +49-2921-378200; e-mail: [email protected]

POEHLING, Hans Michael University of Hannover; Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection; Herrenhäuser Strasse 2; D-30419 Hannover (Germany); Tel +49-511-7622641; Fax +49-511-7623015; e-mail: [email protected]

118

POLESNY, Fritz Federal Office & Research Centre for Agriculture (BFL); Institute of Phytomedicine; Spargelfeldstrasse 191; A-1220 Wien (Austria); Tel +43-1-73216-5177; Fax +43-1-73216-2205; e-mail: [email protected]

REZAPANAH, Mohammadreza Head of Biocontrol Res. Dept.; Plant Pests & Diseases; Res. Inst.; Theran (Iran)

ROMBOUTS, Lieve Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen vzw; Campus HIK; Kleinhoefstraat 4; B-2440 Geel (Belgium); Tel +32-14-562310; Fax +32-14-584859; http://www.khk.be

ROSENBERGER, Ulrike Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); (secretarial services) Institute of Plant Sciences, Phytomedicine-Pathology;

Universitätstrasse 2; CH-8092 Zürich (Switzerland); Tel +41-1-6323848; Fax +41-1-6321572; e-mail: [email protected]

ROSSING, Walter A.H. Wageningen Agricultural University; Department of Theoretical Production Ecology; P.O.Box 430; NL-6700 AK Wageningen (Netherlands); Tel +31-317-484766; Fax +31-317-484892; e-mail: [email protected]

ROYLE, David East End Stable; Nowhere Lane; Nailsea; Bristol BS48 2PT (UK); Tel: +44-1275-857197

SALAMA, H.S. National Research Centre; El Tahrir Street; EG - Cairo Dokki (Egypt)

SCHMITT, Annegret Institute for Biological Control; BBA; Heinrichstrasse 243; D-64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Tel +49-6151-407-241; Fax +49-6151-407290; e-mail: [email protected]

SESAN, Tatiana Res Inst. for Plant Prot. Bdul., Jon Jonescu nr 8, 71592 Bucharest (Romania); e-mail: [email protected]

SIKORA, Richard Universität Bonn; Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten; Nussallee 9; D-53115 Bonn (Germany); Tel +49-228-732439; Fax +49-228-732432; e-mail: [email protected]

TIRRY, Luc University of Gent; Laboratory of Agrozoology; Department of Crop Protection; Coupure Links 653; B-9000 Gent (Belgium); Tel +32-9-2646152; Fax +32-9-2646239; e-mail: [email protected]

119

VAN LENTEREN, J.C. P.O. Box 8031; 6700 EH Wageningen (Netherlands); Tel: +31-317-482327; Fax: +31-317-484821; e-mail: [email protected]

VIDAL, Stefan Georg-August-University; Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection; Entomological Section; Grisebachstrasse 6; D-37077 Göttingen (Germany); Tel +49-551-399744; Fax +49-551-393730; e-mail: [email protected]

VILLEMANT, Claire Museum national d’Histoire naturelle; Laboratoire d’entomologie; 45 rue Buffon; F-75005 Paris (France); Tel +33-1-40793841; Fax +33-1-40793699; e-mail: [email protected]

VOGT, Heidrun Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops; BBA; Schwabenheimer Strasse 101; D-69221 Dossenheim (Germany); Tel +49-6221-8680530; Fax +49-6221-8680515; e-mail: [email protected]

WIJNANDS, F.G. Experimental Station of Arable Farming; P.O.Box 430; NL-8200 AK Lelystad (Netherlands); e-mail: [email protected]

WITZGALL, Peter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Plant Protection Sciences; Box 44; S-23053 Alnarp (Sweden); Tel +46-40-415307; Fax +46-40-462166; e-mail: [email protected]

120

Statuts OILB/SROP

Statutes IOBC/WPRS

2


pp. 123 - 129

123

STATUTS OILB/SROP

– VERSION FRANCAISE –

ART. I : Titre et Siège 1. La Section Ouest Paléarctique (SROP) - appelée par la suite Section - est une association

liée à l'Organisation scientifique Internationale de Lutte Biologique contre les animaux et les plantes nuisibles (OILB). Ses activités couvrent les pays européens et du Proche Orient ainsi que ceux d'Afrique du Nord, de préférence ceux appartenant à la région biogéographique ouest paléarctique.

2. Le siège de la Section est à Zurich (Suisse), Institut des Sciences des Plantes, Section Phytomédecine, à l'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich. Son secrétariat peut être dans le pays où réside le Secrétaire Général.

3. La Section dispose de la personnalité morale au sens de l'Art. 60 du Code Civil Suisse.

ART. II : Définition, Tâche et But 1. La Section se propose de:

a) encourager et développer la lutte biologique contre les déprédateurs animaux et végétaux et, d'une manière plus générale, la protection intégrée dans la perspective d'une production intégrée pour l'ensemble des cultures; assurer la coordination internationale à cet effet,

b) recueillir, évaluer et diffuser l'information sur la lutte biologique et intégrée,

c) promouvoir sur le plan national et international la recherche, la formation du personnel, la coordination de l'application à grande échelle; sensibiliser l'ensemble des publics intéressés à l'importance économique, écologique et sociale de nouvelles approches de protection des plantes,

d) organiser des conférences, réunions, colloques et susciter toute autre action capable d'apporter une contribution aux objectifs généraux de l'Organisation.

2. La Section collabore avec les organismes nationaux et internationaux, gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux.

ART. III : Membres 1. Peut devenir membre de la Section, toute personne ou toute organisation publique ou

privée désireuse de contribuer à la réalisation des objectifs définis à l'Art. II.

2. Il existe quatre catégories de membres:

a) les membres individuels qui s’intéressent à la lutte biologique et intégrée,

b) les membres institutionnels comprenant toutes les institutions et incluant les services officiels, académies, universités, instituts et sociétés savantes, etc.

c) les membres bienfaiteurs comprenant toutes personnes ou institutions qui désirent promouvoir les objectifs définis à l'Art. II.

124

d) les membres honoraires comprenant les personnes qui, ayant acquis des mérites particuliers dans le domaine de la lutte biologique et intégrée, sont désignés comme tels par le Conseil.

ART. IV : Demande d'Admission Comme Membre 1. La demande d'admission doit être adressée au Président de la Section. Le Conseil décide

de l'admission des membres institutionnels, le comité exécutif de l'admission des membres individuels et bienfaiteurs.

2. En acquérant la qualité de membre de la Section le nouveau membre devient en même temps membre de l'Organisation globale OILB, et bénéficie des avantages qui s'y attachent.

ART. V : Retrait 1. Tout membre peut se retirer de la Section par une notification de retrait adressée par écrit

au Président.

2. Tout membre n'ayant pas payé sa cotisation pendant une année est considéré comme démissionnaire et perd donc sa qualité de membre.

ART. VI : Ressources et Financement 1. Les ressources de la Section sont constituées par :

a) des cotisations annuelles,

b) des fonds de concours ou fonds de programme,

c) des dons et contributions de toute nature.

2. Les cotisations annuelles sont versées par chaque membre dans les conditions prévues au règlement intérieur. Le montant de la cotisation minimale fait l'objet d'un vote de l'Assemblée Générale pour la durée de l'exercice, sur une proposition présentée par le Conseil au moins un an avant l'Assemblée Générale. Le Comité exécutif fixe les modalités de versement des cotisations.

3. Les cotisations versées à la Section constituent son budget ordinaire. Elles sont destinées à assurer son fonctionnement ainsi qu'à régler les contributions régulières à l'Organisation mondiale.

4. En dehors des ressources précitées la section peut recevoir des fonds spéciaux ou fonds de concours. Ces fonds sont destinés à financer des études ou des recherches particulières. Le Comité exécutif décide de la recevabilité de ces subsides, en accord avec l'esprit des statuts.

5. Seuls les propres biens de la Section répondent pour les obligations contractées par elle. Toute responsabilité personnelle des membres est exclue.

ART. VII : Structure Administrative

La Section comprend :

a) une Assemblée Générale

b) un Conseil

c) un Comité Exécutif qui peut être assisté d'un Sous-Comité des Programmes

125

d) un Commission de contrôle

e) des organes chargés de réalisations scientifiques ou techniques tels qu'ils sont définis dans le règlement intérieur.

ART. VIII : Assemblée Générale 1. Participent à l’Assemblée Générale :

a) les représentants des membres institutionnels,

b) les membres du Conseil et du Commission de contrôle,

c) les responsables des groupes, commissions, des conseillers scientifiques, des spécialistes ou experts des différentes disciplines de la lutte biologique et intégrée invités en raison de leurs compétences personnelles

d) les membres individuels et les membres bienfaiteurs.

ART. IX : Session de l'Assemblée Générale 1. L'Assemblée Générale se réunit en session ordinaire une fois toutes les quatre ans.

2. Une session extraordinaire doit être convoquée lorsqu’au moins un tiers des membres institutionnels en fait la demande au président, ou sur décision du Conseil.

3. Le lieu et la date de réunion de l’assemblée générale sont fixés par le Conseil sur proposition du comité exécutif.

4. Les convocations sont envoyées au moins cinq mois avant la date de la réunion.

ART. X : Attributions de l’Assemblée Générale 1. L'Assemblée Générale sur vote des membres (10 voix pour chaque membre

Institutionnel, 1 voix pour chaque membre individuel et honoraire, pas de voix pour les membres bienfaiteurs) :

a) désigne le Président, les Vice-présidents, le Secrétaire Général, le Trésorier, les Membres Titulaires et Suppléants du Conseil pour la durée de l'exercice,

b) nomme les membres du Commission de contrôle,

c) décide de toute modification des statuts,

d) décide la dissolution de la Section (cf. Art. XXI),

e) prend acte de la gestion du Conseil et du Comité Exécutif et approuve les comptes sur rapport du Commission de contrôle,

f) se prononce sur le apport du Comité Exécutif concernant l'activité de la Section depuis la dernière session ordinaire,

g) décide du programme général de travail pour l'exercice suivant,

h) fixe le montant de la cotisation de base pour l'exercice suivant,

i) approuve le règlement intérieur présenté par le Conseil.

ART. XI : Conseil 1. Outre le Président, les Vice-Présidents, le Secrétaire Général et le Trésorier, le Conseil

est composé au minimum de six membres et de trois suppléants élus pour l'exercice et

126

recrutés parmi les membres de la Section. Les membres titulaires du Conseil ne peuvent être rééligibles pour plus de deux mandats que si ceux-ci sont différents et que si l'intérêt de l'organisation le requiert. Aucun pays ne peut disposer de plus de deux sièges dans le Conseil.

2. En règle générale, le Conseil se réunit au moins tous les deux ans, mais certaines décisions particulières, telles que l’ordre du jour de l’assemblée générale, peuvent être prises par correspondance avec le comité exécutif.

3. Les responsables des organes chargés des réalisations scientifiques et techniques peuvent être appelés à la demande du Comité Exécutif à siéger aux réunions du Conseil à titre consultatif

4. Les convocations sont envoyées au moins un mois avant la date de la réunion.

ART. XII : Attributions du Conseil 1. Le Conseil :

a) approuve et supervise les programmes de travail de la Section ,

b) assure le bon fonctionnement de la Section et exécute le programme d'activité arrêté par l'Assemblée Générale,

c) décide de la création et de l’annulation de tous les organes chargés de réalisations scientifiques ou techniques.

d) nomme et/ou approuve la nomination des responsables des organes chargés des réalisations scientifiques et techniques, délimite leur tâche et prend toutes les mesures nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des organes mis en place,

e) nomme les conseillers scientifiques, les spécialistes et les experts prévus à l'Art. VIII et selon des modalités fixées par le règlement intérieur du Conseil,

f) nomme, s'il y a lieu et sur proposition du Comité Exécutif, un sous-comité des programmes et des administrateurs adjoints, chargés d'assister le Secrétaire Général et le Trésorier. Ces deux derniers peuvent être remplacés par les adjoints en cas d'empêchement ou de démission,

g) établit le budget et répond de la gestion financière de la Section ,

h) nomme le personnel temporaire,

i) approuve les règlements intérieurs présentés par les organes qu’il gère,

j) décide des installations temporaires exigées par les travaux sur la lutte biologique et intégrée une fois le financement assuré,

k) prépare ou approuve l'ordre du jour des sessions de l'Assemblée Générale,

l) entreprend toute autre tâche que l'Assemblée Générale peut lui confier,

m) nomme parmi ses membres le représentant de la section auprès de l'organisation globale,

n) adopte sa propre procédure, et désigne les personnes autorisées à signer pour la Section.

127

ART. XIII : Comité Exécutif 1. Le Comité exécutif est composé du Président, d'un à trois Vice-Présidents, du Secrétaire

Général et du Trésorier.

2. Il conduit l'activité de la Section conformément aux décisions du Conseil.

3. Il se réunit aussi souvent que le nécessitent les affaires courantes de la Section et selon une procédure fixée par le règlement intérieur.

4. Il rend compte au Conseil de ses actes et lui demande d'entériner les décisions qu'il doit prendre en cas d'urgence.

ART. XIV : Commission de contrôle 1. Le Commission de contrôle est composé de trois membres et de deux suppléants nommés

pour l'exercice par l'Assemblée Générale et choisis en dehors du Conseil

2. Les membres du Commission de contrôle sont rééligibles. Une répartition équitable des mandats entre les pays représentés à la Section doit être assurée. Aucun pays ne peut disposer de plus d'un mandat.

3. Le Commission de contrôle est chargé du contrôle de la gestion financière de la Section. Il peut recourir aux services d'experts-comptables.

ART. XV : Autres Organes 1. Pour atteindre les buts définis à l'Art II des présents statuts, le Comité Exécutif engage la

mise en place des organes (groupes d'experts, commissions, groupes de travail, groupes d'études, etc.) chargés de réalisations scientifiques ou techniques. Le fonctionnement de ces organes est défini par le règlement intérieur.

ART. XVI : Quorum et Vote 1. Le Quorum en Assemblée Générale ordinaire est atteint lorsque les membres présents ou

représentés constituent un tiers au moins des votes potentiels. Pour la modification des statuts, le quorum est atteint lorsque la moitié des votes potentiels des membres sont présents ou représentés. Si le quorum n'est pas atteint, une nouvelle réunion doit être tenue et celle-ci statue valablement quel que soit le nombre de membres présents ou représentés. Sont considérés comme représentés, les membres qui font parvenir au Président, avant l'ouverture de la réunion, un pouvoir désignant leur mandataire.

2. Tous les membres ayant droit de vote (membres institutionnels, membres individuels, membres honoraires) participeront à l'élection du nouveau conseil et commission de contrôle, ainsi qu'au vote concernant les modifications de statut avec application de la règle 10 voix pour chaque membre institutionnel, une voix pour chaque membre individuel et honoraire. Le scrutin est valable si un tiers des votes est exprimé pour l'élection du conseil et la moitié pour les modifications de statuts. Les votes peuvent être organisés par correspondance (si le quorum n'est pas atteint même disposition qu'à l'alinéa précédent).

3. Sauf dispositions contraires (Art. XX, 3 et X)G, 1 des présents statuts), les décisions sont prises à la majorité absolue des voix.

4. En cas d'égalité des votes au sein du Conseil ou du Comité Exécutif, le Président décide.

128

5. Les élections ont lieu à bulletin secret.

ART. XVII : Statuts du Personnel 1. Toute fonction au sein de la Section est honorifique et n'est donc pas rétribuée, exception

faite des indemnités prévus à l'Art. XVIII.

2. La Section ne recrute aucun personnel permanent, mais elle peut s'adjoindre du personnel temporaire technique, dont l'affectation et la rétribution éventuelle sont fixées par le Conseil.

3. La limite d'âge des membres ayant des responsabilités au sein de la SROP est fixée par le règlement intérieur.

ART. XVIII : Indemnités 1. Les membres du Conseil, du Comité Exécutif et du Commission de contrôle sont

indemnisés par la Section pour les séances auxquelles ils participent, selon un barème fixé par le règlement intérieur et approuvé par l'Assemblée Générale .

2. Les experts invités aux réunions peuvent être remboursés par la section des indemnités et frais de déplacement selon les modalités établies par le Comité Exécutif.

3. La participation à une Assemblée Générale ne donne pas droit automatiquement à une indemnité de la Section .

ART. XIX : Ordre du Jour de l'Assemblée Générale 1. Le Président établit l'ordre du jour en accord avec le Conseil.

2. Chaque membre de la Section peut demander l'inscription de proposition d'intérêt général à l'ordre du jour de l'Assemblée. A cette fin, il remet une note au Président, au moins trois mois avant la date de l'Assemblée Générale.

3. L’Assemblée Générale ne peut prendre de décision que sur les questions portées à l'ordre du jour.

ART. XX : Modification des Statuts

1. Les modifications des statuts peuvent être proposées par le Conseil ou par un des membres institutionnels de la SROP.

2. Les textes de propositions de modification des statuts sont communiqués aux membres trois mois avant leur examen par l'Assemblée Générale.

3. Les modifications des statuts sont adoptées à la majorité des votes émis par l'Assemblée Générale.(cf Art. XVI. 1).

ART. XXI : Dissolution 1. La dissolution de la Section est acquise par un vote à la majorité des deux tiers des voix

émises à l'Assemblée Générale .

2. Les biens de la Section seront affectés conformément à une décision de l'Assemblée Générale .

129

ART. XXII : Validité

Le texte français est considéré comme faisant foi en cas de contestation dans l'interprétation des statuts.

Les statuts de l'OILB ont été déposés aux Archives Fédérales Helvétiques le 21 juin 1957. Ils ont été précédemment modifiés par l'Assemblée Générale tenue à Paris du 26 au 28 février 1958 et à Montreux du 16 au 1 8 septembre 1965.

Les modifications souhaitées à l'article XI, lors de l'Assemblée Générale de Madrid, en 1974, sont incluses dans la présente version.

Les modifications de l'Assemblée Générale tenue à Lisbonne (1993) sont incluses dans cette version.

Les modifications adoptées lors de l'assemblée générale de Vienne (1997) sont incluses dans cette version.

Les modifications adoptées lors de l'assemblée générale de Monte Verita (2001) sont incluses dans cette version.

Ascona (Monte Verita), 18 September 2001

130


pp. 131 - 137

131

STATUTES IOBC/WPRS

– ENGLISH VERSION –

ART. I: Name and Seat 1. The West Palearctic Section (WPRS), herein after referred to as the Section, is a

scientific association connected with the International Organisation for Biological Control of noxious animals and plants (IOBC). Its activities cover European and Near East countries as well as North African countries, belonging preferably to the West Palearctic bio-geographical region.

2. The seat of the Section shall be at Zurich at the Institute of Plant Sciences Section Phytomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zürich : ETH Zürich). The Secretariat may be in the country where the General Secretary is resident.

3. The Section has responsibilities as described in Art. 60 of the Swiss civil code.

ART. II: Functions 1. The Section shall :

a) promote the development of biological control of pests and diseases and in a more general way, integrated protection in the context of integrated crop production; also to promote international co-operation to these ends,

b) collect, evaluate and disseminate information on biological and integrated controls,

c) promote national and international research, training, coordination of large scale application and maintain public awareness of the economic, ecological and social importance of new development in plant protection,

d) arrange conferences, meetings and symposia, and take any other action to implement the general objective of the Organization,

2. The Section may consult, collaborate, or make arrangements with international or national, governmental or non-governmental organisations.

ART. III: Membership 1. Membership of the Section shall be open to all individuals and all organisations, public

or private, that desire to promote the objectives as defined in Art. II.

2. There are four categories of membership.

a) Individual membership is open to all who are interested in biological and integrated control.

b) Institutional membership is open to any institution and includes official organisations, academies, universities and learned societies, etc.

c) Supporting membership is open to any person or institution interested in promoting the objectives defined in ART. II.

132

d) Honorary membership may by conferred by Council on anyone who has made outstanding contributions in the fields of biological and integrated control.

ART. IV: Application for Membership 1. Application for membership shall be addressed to the President of the Section. The

Council decides on the propriety of admission of institutional members, the executive committee on the propriety of admission of the supporting and individual members.

2. In becoming a member of the Section, a new member at the same time becomes a member of the global IOBC with its associated benefits.

ART. V: Withdrawal of Membership 1. Members may resign from the Section by a written notice sent to the General Secretary

or any member of the Executive Committee.

2. Any member whose contribution is one year in arrears is assumed to have resigned and thus lost membership.

ART. VI: Finances 1. The revenue of the Section shall consist of :

a) annual contributions

b) special funds

c) gifts and contributions of any nature.

2. The annual contribution shall be paid by each member according to the conditions described in the bye-laws. Any change in this amount must be accepted by the General Assembly for the duration of the session following proposals made to the Council at least one year beforehand. The Executive Committee shall determine the conditions of remittance of the contributions.

3. The contributions remitted to the Section shall constitute its normal revenue. They shall be used to fulfil its function and also to provide regular contributions to the Global Organisation.

4. In addition to the above resources, the Section may receive special funds for financing particular research. The Executive Committee will be responsible for allocation of such funds according to the spirit of the statutes.

5. Only the assets of the Section may be used to cover its obligations. Individual personal responsibility is excluded.

ART. VII: General Structure 1. The Section shall comprise

a) a General Assembly,

b) a Council,

c) an Executive Committee, if necessary assisted by a Sub-Committee for Programmes,

d) an Auditing Committee,

e) bodies given scientific and technical responsibilities according to the bye-laws.

133

ART. VIII: General Assembly 1. Participants at the General Assembly

a) the representatives of the Institutional Members

b) the members of Council and the Auditing Committee

c) convenors of Groups and Commissions and specialists invited because of their personal competence.

d) individual members and supporting members.

ART. IX: Meetings of the General Assembly 1. An ordinary session is held every four years.

2. The General Assembly may meet in special session if requested through the President, by at least a third of Institutional Members or on the decision of the Council.

3. Place and date of the General Assembly shall be fixed by the Council on proposal of the Executive Committee.

4. The notices convening the General Assembly shall be sent at least five months beforehand.

ART. X: Responsibilities of the General Assembly

1. The General Assembly, on the members' vote (institutional members 10 votes each, individual and honorary members 1 vote each; supporting members have no vote):

a) elect the President, the Vice-Presidents, the Secretary General, the Treasurer, the members and deputy members of the Council for the duration of the following session;

b) elect the members of the Auditing Committee;

c) decide on modifications of the Statutes;

d) decide on the dissolution of the Section (cf. Art. XXI) ;

e) consider the activities of the Council and the Executive Committee and shall approve the accounts on the advice of the Auditing Committee;

f) discuss the report of the Executive Committee concerning the activities of the Section in the period following the previous ordinary meeting ;

g) decide on the general work programme for the following session;

h) fix the amount of the subscription for the following session,

i) approve the bye laws prepared by Council.

ART. XI: Council 1. Apart from the President, the Vice-Presidents, the Secretary General and the Treasurer,

the Council shall consist of at least 6 members and 3 deputies elected for the following session and recruited among the members. The titular Council members shall be re-

134

eligible for more than two terms only if their mandate is different and the interest of the organisation so requires it. No country may have more than two members.

2. In general, the Council meets every two years, but approval for specific matters such as agenda for the General Assembly asked for by the Executive Committee by mail.

3. The persons responsible for the bodies charged with scientific and technical tasks may be asked by the Executive Committee to assist as advisers at the Council meeting.

4. The notices convening a meeting shall be sent at least one month beforehand.

ART. XII: Responsibilities of the Council 1. The Council shall

a) approve and supervise the work programmes of the Section

b) ensure the functioning of the Section and execute the programme of activities established by the General Assembly

c) decide on the establishment and termination of all the bodies charged with scientific or technical tasks;

d) appoint or/and approve the persons responsible for the bodies charged with scientific and technical tasks, define these tasks and take all the measures necessary for the proper functioning of these bodies

e) appoint the scientific counsellors and specialists according to ART. VIII and to the bye-laws

f) appoint if necessary, and after proposal by the Executive Committee, a Sub-Committee for Planning and administrators to assist the Secretary-General and the Treasurer. The latter two can be replaced by the assistant administrators in case of absence or resignation

g) draw up the budget and oversee the financial management of the Section.

h) nominate temporary personnel

i) approve the bye-laws of the bodies under it

j) decide on temporary installations necessary for work on biological and integrated control once the finance is assured

k) approve the agenda for the meetings of the General Assembly

l) undertake any other task assigned to it by the General Assembly

m) appoint from among its members the representative of the Section to the Global Organization

n) adopt its own procedure and designate persons authorized to sign for the Section.

ART. XIII: Executive Committee

1. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, one to three Vice-President(s), the Secretary General and the Treasurer.

2. It shall conduct the business of the Section according to the decisions of Council.

3. It shall meet as often as necessary, according to a procedure described in the bye-laws.

135

4. It shall report on its activities to Council and ask Council to confirm emergency measures.

ART. XIV: Auditing Committee 1. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three members and two substitutes nominated

for the following session by the General Assembly and chosen from outside the Council.

2. The members of the Auditing Committee may be re-elected. An equitable distribution of the membership between the countries represented in the Section must be guaranteed. No country may have more than one member.

3. The Auditing Committee is required to check on the financial management of the Section. It may request the help of a professionnal auditor.

ART. XV: Other Bodies 1. To achieve the aims defined in Art. Il of the present Statutes, the Executive Committee

may take the initiative in establish the bodies (Expert Groups, Committees, Working Groups, Study Groups, etc.) charged with scientific or technical tasks. The operating methods of these bodies shall be defined by the bye-laws.

ART. XVI: Quorum and Votes 1. The quorum at the ordinary General Assembly will be reached when at least one third of

the potential votes of members are present or represented. For modifications of the statutes, the requested quorum is of half of the potential vote of members. If the quorum is not attained, a new General Assembly shall be held, and shall constitute the quorum, independently of the number of members, present or represented. Members are considered as represented if they have designated their representatives by writing to the President before the meeting.

2. All voting members (i.e. institutional, individual and honorary members) shall participate in the election of the new council and Auditing Committee, as well as in the vote concerning the modifications of the statutes. The rule shall consist of 10 votes for each institutional member, one vote for each individual and honorary member. The voting shall be validated by one third of the expressed votes at least for the election of the Council, and by one half for the modifications of the statutes. Votes may take place by mail (if the quorum is not attained same disposition as in the previous paragraph).

3. The decisions of all the bodies of the Section are taken by a majority of the votes, except in the cases covered by Art. XX, 3 and Art. XXI, 1 of the present Statutes.

4. In case of equality of votes in the Council or Executive Committee, the President decides.

5. Voting shall be secret.

ART. XVII: Statutes of Personnel 1. Members of statutory bodies of the Section shall receive no payment for services, except

the allowances cited in Art. XVIII.

2. The Section may recruit no permanent personnel but may appoint temporary technical workers, whose appointment and payment shall be decided by Council.

136

3. The age limit for members having responsibilities under WPRS shall be fixed by the bye-laws.

ART. XVIII: Allowances 1. Members of the Council, the Executive Committee and the Auditing Committee

attending official meetings on behalf of the Section may receive travelling expenses and a subsistence allowance fixed by the bye-laws and approved by the General Assembly.

2. Experts invited to meetings may receive from the Section subsistence allowances and travelling expenses fixed by the Executive Committee.

3. Attendance at a General Assembly shall not automatically entitle a member to subsistence or travelling expenses from the Section.

ART. XIX: Agenda for the General Assembly 1. The President decides on the agenda in agreement with the Council.

2. Any proposal arising from a member of the Section and intended for discussion in the General Assembly shall be transmitted to the President at least three months before that meeting for inclusion on the Agenda.

3. The General Assembly may only take decisions on matters placed on the agenda.

ART. XX: Changes in Statutes 1. Changes in the Statutes can be proposed by the Council or by the institutional members

of WPRS.

2. The texts of proposals for modifications of the Statutes shall be transmitted to the Members three months before the General Assembly.

3. Changes in the Statutes shall be adopted following an absolute majority of the votes cast in the General Assembly.

ART. XXI: Dissolution 1. Dissolution of the Section shall be effected by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast in

the General Assembly.

2. The assets of the dissolved Section shall be assigned according to a decision taken by the General Assembly.

ART. XXII: Validity

The French text so deposited shall be authoritative in respect of any disputes arising from interpretation of the Statutes.

The original Statutes of the "Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique contre les animaux et les plantes nuisibles (OILB)" were deposited in the ARCHIVES FEDERALES HELVETIQUFS on 21 June, 1957. The Statutes were amended by the first General Assembly (Paris, 26-28 February 1958) and by the third General Assembly (Montreux, 16-18 September 1965).

The article XI modifications wishes in 1974 during the General Assembly in Madrid are included in the present version.

137

The modifications from the General Assembly in Lisboa (1993) are included in this version.

The modifications adopted by the General Assembly in Vienna (1997) are included in this version.

The modifications adopted by the General Assembly in Monte Verita (2001) are included in this version.

Ascona (Monte Verita), 18 September 2001

138

Reglement Interieur de l'OILB/SROP

Bye Laws of the IOBC/WPRS

2


pp. 141 - 143

141

REGLEMENT INTERIEUR DE L'OILB/SROP

Membres 1. Les nouveaux membres institutionnels et honoraires sont affiliés à la SROP à la majorité

simple des votes des membres du Conseil, l’affiliation des membres individuels et des membres bienfaiteurs est décidée par le comité exécutif.

Contributions

2. Le montant de la cotisation pour les membres bienfaiteurs et individuels est fixé par le Comité Exécutif.

3. Les cotisations des membres devront, en principe, être réglées à l'avance au début de

chaque année.

Charges 4. Les règlements financiers requièrent normalement la signature du Trésorier ou celle du

Président ou du Secrétaire Général . 5. Le Président et le Secrétaire Général de la Section ont à leur disposition un crédit pour

frais de représentation n'excédant pas 1.000 Euros par an. En outre, le Président peut, à sa discrétion, autoriser le remboursement des frais de représentation supportés par d'autres membres du Comité Exécutif.

Cotisations versées à l’OILB globale

6. La cotisation de la Section à l’OILB globale (Voir règlement intérieur de l'OILB) est payée à la fin de chaque année selon le nombre des cotisations réglées.

Trésorerie

7. Un bilan financier est présenté par le trésorier à l'Assemblée Générale de la SROP. A chaque réunion du Conseil de la SROP, les comptes sont présentés et adoptés.

8. Un des trois membres du Commission de contrôle (Art. XIV des Statuts) est nommé

président du Commission de contrôle par le Conseil. Il reçoit avant l'Assemblée Générale les comptes du trésorier de la Section ainsi que les pièces comptables correspondantes.

Nominations

9. Le Conseil sortant, ainsi que tous les membres ayant droit de vote, peuvent présenter des candidats à l'élection du futur Conseil et du Commission de contrôle. Les candidatures ne seront retenues que si elles sont soutenues par au moins 2 autres membres ayant droit de vote et si elles sont remises au Secrétaire Général au moins 4 mois avant l'Assemblée Générale. Tout candidat doit être en activité professionnelle dans le secteur de la Protection des plantes au moment de l'élection.

142

10. La liste des candidats pour la composition du futur Conseil sera établie d'une façon définitive par le Conseil et envoyée aux membres ayant droit de vote au moins 2 mois avant l'Assemblée Générale.

11. Si un candidat à l'élection au Conseil n'obtient pas la majorité simple des voix,

l'Assemblée Générale élira un autre candidat. 12. Le scrutin à l'Assemblée Générale sera contrôlé par deux participants non votants,

proposés par le Président et agréés par l'Assemblée Générale. 13. Tout membre empêché de participer peut désigner un autre membre qui votera pour lui.

Cela doit être notifié au Secrétaire Général, avant le vote, en Assemblée Générale.

Organes techniques 14. Les Commissions, Groupes de Travail et Groupes d'Etudes (Art. XV des Statuts) doivent

être composés de scientifiques membres de l’OILB/SROP et originaires d’ au moins 3 pays différents.

15. Une Commission est un groupe d'experts qui définit des programmes à long terme pour

le développement des stratégies de lutte biologique et de lutte intégrée, ou met en place l'organisation nécessaire pour répondre aux services demandés par les membres de la Section

16. Un Groupe de Travail correspond à un domaine de recherche spécifique, son objectif est

d'accélérer l'obtention de résultats et l’échange d’informations dans ce domaine de recherche. Chaque groupe de travail est animé par un coordinateur élu selon la procédure décrite dans le "manuel du coordinateur". Le coordinateur est nommé pour une période initiale de 5 années, ou 6 années dans le cas des groupes de travail se réunissant tous les 3 ans, renouvelable une seule fois pour 5 années ou 3 années respectivement. Le conseil assisté de son "officier de liaison" supervise les activités des groupes de travail.

17. Un Groupe d'Etudes doit être considéré comme un groupe de travail en devenir. Il fait un

rapport dans un délais de un ou deux ans.

Allocations financières 18. Toute demande de fonds présentée par les Commissions, Groupes de Travail ou Groupes

d'Etudes sera instruite par le Comité Exécutif sur une base établie au budget par le Conseil. Les fonds accordés seront utilisés selon les directives du Comité Exécutif.

Rapports

19. Les Commissions et les Groupes de Travail remettent Secrétaire Général un rapport annuel incluant un rapport financier. Les commissions et les groupes présentent un compte-rendu de leur activité à chaque Assemblée Générale.

Publications

20. Chaque membre de la Section reçoit le bulletin de liaison, les publications de la SROP et la revue scientifique de l'Organisation Centrale.

143

Langues officielles 21. L'anglais et le français sont les langues officielles de la SROP.

Amendements au règlement intérieur 22. Toute modification du présent règlement intérieur peut être demandée par tout membre

ayant droit de vote.

Ascona, 18 Septembre 2001

144


pp. 145 - 147

145

BYE LAWS OF THE IOBC/WPRS

Members 1. New institutional and honorary members will be affiliated to IOBC/WPRS by a simple

majority of votes of the Council members, affiliation of individual and supporting members will be decided by the Executive Committee.

Contributions

2. The minimum annual contributions are 2000 Euros for institutional members. The minimum annual contributions for supporting members and for individual members will be established by the Executive Committee.

3. Payment of member contributions shall normally be at the beginning of each calendar

year.

Charges 4. Financial transactions shall normally require the signature of the Treasurer, or the

President or the Secretary-General 5. The President and the Secretary General of the Regional Section may have at their

disposal a representational credit amount, which shall not exceed 1000 Euros per annum. Moreover, the President can at his discretion allow reimbursement of expenses done by other members of the Executive Committee.

Contributions to IOBC Global

6. The membership contributions of the Section to IOBC Global (see internal statutes of the IOBC) shall be paid at the end of each year, according to the number of contributions established for WPRS.

Treasurer

7. A financial balance shall be submitted by the Treasurer to the General Assembly of the WPRS. At each meeting of the WPRS Council, the budget situation shall be presented for approval.

8. One of the three members of the Auditing Committee (Art. XlV of Statutes) is nominated

for President of this Committee by the Council. Before the General Assembly, he shall receive the financial report from the Treasurer of the Regional Section as well as the corresponding account documents.

Nominations

9. For election to the next Council and Auditing Committee, the current Council as well as every voting member can propose candidates. The candidates shall not be considered further unless they are supported by at least two voting members, and notified to the

146

Secretary-General at least four months in advance of the General Assembly. The candidates should be actively engaged in Plant Protection at the time of the election.

10. The candidate list for the new Council shall be determined by the current Council and

sent to the voting members at least two months before the General Assembly. 11. If an eligible candidate for Council does not obtain a simple majority of votes cast, the

General Assembly shall elect another candidate 12. The poll in the General Assembly shall be carried out by two non-voting participants,

appointed by the President in agreement with the General Assembly. 13. Any member unable to participate can appoint another member to vote instead, provided

this is notified to the Secretary General before the votes are cast in the General Assembly.

Technical bodies

14. Commissions, Working Groups, Study Groups (ART. XV of the statutes) shall be composed of scientists covered by an IOBC/WPRS membership and coming from at least three different countries.

15. A Commission is an expert group, which either defines long term programmes for the

development of biological and integrated control strategies, or else establishes an adequate system to satisfy services requested by the Regional Section members.

16. A Working Group is related to a particular research area; its aims is to promote exchange

of information and results within this area. Each working group is leaded by a convenor nominated after an election procedure as described in the convenor’s handbook. A convenor shall be nominated initially for a period of five years, or six years for working groups having meeting every three years, renewable for a further period of five years, or three years respectively, after which this mandate cannot be renewed. The Council assisted by its liaison officer shall supervise its activities.

17. A Study Group must be regarded as a potential emerging working group. It shall produce

a report after one or two years’ work.

Financial allocations 18. Funds requested by the Commissions, Working Groups or Study Groups shall be

allocated by the treasurer in accordance to the budget established by the Council. The use of allocated funds shall be used according to the guidance of the Executive Committee.

Reports

19. The Commissions and the Working Groups shall submit an annual report including a financial report to the Secretary-General. Groups shall report their activities to every General Assembly.

147

Publications 20. Every member of the Regional Section shall receive Profile, the news letter of

IOBC/WPRS, The News Letter from IOBC/Global, and other IOBC/WPRS publications will be provided according to the membership category.

Official languages

21. Both French and English are official languages of WPRS

Amendment to the bye-laws 22. Any modification to the present bye-laws may be proposed by any voting member.

Ascona, 18 September 2001

Documents

International Organization for Biological and Integrated ... · Development of biological control of diseases has started recently, and the first practical successes have been obtained