INTERNATIONAL POLmCAL ECONOMY SERIES

General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor ofPolitieal Scienee and International Development Studies and Director of the Centre for Foreign Poliey Studies, Dalhousie University, Nova Seotia, Canada

The global political economy is in a profound crisis at the levels ofboth production and poliey. This series provides overviews and ease-studies of states and sectors, classes and companies, in the new international division oflabour. These embrace politieal economy as both focus and mode of analysis; they advance radical scholarship and scenarios.

The series treats polity-economy dialeeties at global, regional and national levels and examines novel eontradictions and eoalitions between and within each. There is a special emphasis on national bourgeoisies and eapitalisms, on newly industrial or influential countries, and on uneven patterns of power and produetion, authority and distribution, hegemony and reaetion. Attention will be paid to redefinitions of class and security, basie needs and self-relianee and the range of critieal analysis will include gender, population, resources, environment, militarization, food and finanee. This series constitutes a timely and distinetive response to the continuing intellectual and existential world crisis.

Recent titles include:

Mahvash Alerassool FREEZING ASSETS: THE MOST EFFECTIVE ECONOMIC SANCTION

Robert Boardman PESTICIDES IN WORLD AGRICULTURE

Inga Brandell (editor) WORKERS IN THIRD-WORLD INDUS1RIALIZA TION

Riehard P. C. Brown PUBLIC DEBT AND PRN A TE WEAL TH

Bonnie K. Campbell (editor) POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEBT CRISIS

Bonnie K. Campbell and lohn Loxley (editors) S1RUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN AFRICA

lerker Carlsson and Timothy M. Shaw (editors) NEWL Y INDUS1RIALIZING COUNTRIES AND THE POLmCAL ECONOMY OF SOUTH-SOUTH RELATIONS

Steen Folke, Niels Fold and Thyge Enevoldsen SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

David P. Forsythe (editor) HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT TIIE UNITED NATIONS IN TIIE WORLD POLmCAL ECONOMY

David Glover and Ken Kusterer SMALL FARMERS, BIG BUSINESS

William D. Graf (editor) TIIE INTERNATIONALIZA TION OF TIlE GERMAN POLmCAL ECONOMY

Betty J. Harris TIIE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TIIE SOUTHERN AFRICAN PERIPHERY

Steven Kendall Holloway TIIE ALUMINIUM MULTINATIONALS AND TIIE BAUXITE CARTEL

Matthew Martin TIIE CRUMBLING FA<:ADE OF AFRICAN DEBT NEGOTIA TIONS

James H. Mineiman OUT FROM UNDERDEVELOPMENT

Paul Mosley (editor) DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND POLICY REFORM

Dennis C. Pirages and Christine Sylvester (editors) TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE GLOBAL POLmCAL ECONOMY

Jorge Rodrfguez Beruff, J. Peter Figueroa and J. Edward Greene (editors) CONFLICT, PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN TIIE CARIBBEAN

Frederick Stapenhurst POLmCAL RISK ANALYSIS AROUND TIIE NORTII A TLANTIC

Peter Utting ECONOMIC REFORM AND TIlIRD-WORLD SOCIALISM

Fiona Wilson SWEATERS: GENDER, CLASS AND WORKSHOP-BASED INDUSTRY IN MEXICO

David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (editors) TIIE POLmCAL ECONOMY OF FOREIGN POLICY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World

Edited by

Bahgat Korany Professor of Political Science Director of the Arab Studies Program Universite de Montreal

Paul Noble Associate Professor of Political Science Co-founder ofthe Middle East Studies Program McGiII University, Montreal

and

Rex Brynen Assistant Professor of Political Science Chairperson ofthe Middle East Studies Program McGiII University, Montreal

Palgrave Macmillan Consortium interuniversitaire pour les etudes arabes

Inter-University Consortium for Arab 5tudies ~~j ""L-I.,;..ill J'-::r~ ""L.....l ~ ..lb.:;!

(Montre.al)

ISBN 978-0-333-57222-1 ISBN 978-1-349-22568-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22568-2

© Bahgat Korany, Paul Noble and Rex Brynen 1993

All rights reserved. For infonnation, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1993

ISBN 978-0-312-08368-7 (cl.) ISBN 978-0-312-08378-6 (pbk.)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The many faces of national security in the Arab world / edited by Bahgat Korany, Paul Noble, Rex Brynen. p. cm. Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-312-08368-7 - ISBN 978-0-312-08378-6 (PbkJ I. Arab countries-National security. I. Korany, Bahgat. 11. Noble, Paul. III. Brynen, Rex. DS39.M36 1993 355'.0330174'927-dc20 92-19906

CIP

To Margaret, Sheilah and Alex for their understanding and support

Contents

List 0/ Tables List 0/ Abbreviations Notes on the Contributors Introduction Map 0/ the Arab World

I The Analysis of National Security in the Arab Context: Restating the State of the Art Bahgat Korany, Rex Brynen and Paul Noble

PART ONE SECURITY CONCERNS OLD AND NEW

ix

x xii

xvii

xxiv

Introduction 26

2 Unravelling the Concept: 'National Security' in the Third World 31 Mohammed Ayoob

3 The Security Dilemma in the Middle East: A Prognosis for the Decade Ahead 56 Janice Gross Stein

4 Dilemmas of Security and Development in the Arab World: Aspects of the Linkage 76

Ali E. Hillal Dessouki

PART TWO UNDERDEVELOPMENT AS INSECURITY

Introduction

5 Neglected Aspects of the Security Dilemma

Fred H. Lawson

vii

92

100

viii Contents

6 Does Food Security Make a Difference? Aigeria, Egypt and Turkey in Comparative Perspective 127 Karen Pfeifer

7 From the Mirage of Rent to the Burden of Debt: Adjustment and Insecurity in Arab Economies 145 Michel Chatelus

8 National Integration and National Security: The Case of Yemen 169 Manfred W. Wenner

9 Resources, Wealth and Security: The Case of Kuwait 185 Mehran lVak},ifavani

PARTTHREE SECURITY AS DEVELOPMENT? STATE-BUILDING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE MILITARY

Introduction 206

10 Arab Military Industrialization: Security Incentives and Economic Impact 214 Yezid Sayigh

11 State-Building and the Military in Arab Africa 239 l. Wi/liam Zartman

12 State and Society in the Arab World: Towards a New Role for the Security Services? 258 Elizabeth Picard

13 Conc1usion: The Changing Regional Security Environment 275 PaullVoble, Rex Brynen and Bahgat Korany

Appendix: Basic Data 303 Index 310

List of Tables

5.1 Machinery as a percentage of total imports 5.2 Foodstuffs as a percentage of total imports 5.3 Export concentration indices 5.4 Capital accounts 6.1 Agricultural population 6.2 Agricultural production and food supply 6.3 Agricultural exports and imports 6.4 Cereal imports and food aid 7.1 OAPEC oil revenues 7.2 Receipts of workers' remittances

APPENDIX

A.l Social data A.2 Economic data A.3 Military data A.4 OPEC oil production A.5 W orId oil reserves

ix

112 113 114 115 129 130 131 133 150 151

303 304 305 307 308

List of Abbreviations

ANP AOI BP cw CENTCOM EC FAR FIS FLN FY GCC GDP GNP IBRD

IISS IMF KFAED KlO KOC KPC NATO OAPEC OECD

OPEC PDRY PLO R&D RDF RFFG SPLA SSM UAE UN UNCTAD

National People's Anny (Algeria) Arab Organization for Industrialization British Petroleum chemical weapons/warfare Central Command (US) European Community Royal Anned Forces (Morocco) Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria) National Liberation Front (Algeria) financial year Gulf Cooperation Council . gross domestic product gross national product International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Institute for Strategie Studies International Monetary Fund Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development Kuwait Investment Office Kuwait Oil Company Kuwait Petroleum Company North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization of Arab Oil Producing Countries Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South) Palestine Liberation Organization research and development Rapid Deployment Force Reserve Fund for Future Generations (Kuwait) Sudanese People's Liberation Anny surface-to-surface missile United Arab Emirates United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

x

UNDP UNEF US USSR YAR

List 0/ A.bbreviations

United Nations Development Programme United Nations Emergency Force United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Yemen Arab Republic (North)

xi

Notes on the Contributors

Bahgat Korany is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Arab Studies Program at the Universite de Montreal. For 1991-92 he was at St Antony's College, Oxford University. His most recent books as author or co-author are The Foreign Policies of Arab States; Regimes Politiques Arabes; How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World; and Analyse des Relations Internationales. He has also contributed more than fifteen book chapters and thirty articles in such periodicals as Revue FranFaise de· Science Politique; Etudes Internationales; the International Social Science Journal; the Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies; Third World Affairs Yearbook; and World Politics.

Paul Noble is Associate Professor of Political Science and co-founder of the Middle East Studies Pro gram at McGilI University. He has contributed chapters on the international relations of the Arab world to The Foreign Policies of Arab States; Echoes of the Intifada; and Canada and the Arab World; and articles to such journals as Interna­tional Perspectives and Arab Studies Quarterly.

Rex Brynen is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Chairperson of the Middle East Studies Program at McGilI University. He is the author of Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lehanon and editor of Echoes of the Intifada: Regional Repercussions of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. His articles on security and development in the Arab world have appeared in Arah Studies Quarterly; the Canadian Journal of Political Science; the Journal of Palestine Studies; the Journal of Refugee Studies; International Perspectives; and elsewhere.

Mohammed Ayoob is Associate Professor of International Relations, James Madison College, Michigan State University, and former SSRC-MacArther Foundation Fellow at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University. He specializes in Third-World security issues, with particular emphasis on the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. His latest book is India and Southeast Asia: Indian Perceptions and Policies. He is also editor of Leadership Perceptions and National Security: The Southeast Asian Experience; Regional

xii

Notes on the Contributors xiii

Security in the Third World; and The Middle East in World Polities. He has also published widely in such journals as World Polities; International Studies Quarterly; Foreign Policy; World Policy Journal; Asian Survey; International A//airs; and the International Journal.

Michel Chatelus is Professor of Economics at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques at the Universitt~ de Grenoble 11, and Research Associate at the Institut d'Economie et Politique de )'Energie (IEPE-CNRS Grenoble). He is editor of L'Industrialisation du bassin mediterraneen, and has contributed articles and book chapters to the International Journal 0/ Middle Eastern Studies; Maghreb-Machrek; and The Rentier State; among others.

All E. Hillal Dessouki is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Political Research and Studies at Cairo University. He has also taught at UCLA, Princeton, and the American University in Cairo. Among his extensive writings on security and development in the Arab world are Egypt and the Great Powers; The Iraq-Iran War; Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World; and the Foreign Policies 0/ Arab States.

Fred H. Lawson is Associate Professor of Government at Mills College in Oakland, California. He is author of Social Origins 0/ Egyptian Expansionism; and Bahrain: The Modernization 0/ Autocracy. His essays on the political economy and foreign policy of the Arab world have appeared in International Organization; the International Journal 0/ Middle East Studies; the International Journal; Arab Studies Quarterly; Orient; the Journal 0/ Peace Research; and the International History Review.

Karen Pfierer is Associate Professor of Economics at Smith College and a contributing editor of Middle East Report, part of the Middle East Research and Information Project. She is the author of Agrarian Reform under State Capitalism in Aigeria and of articles on economic transformation in the Middle East that have appeared in Research in Economic History; the Journal of Economic History; and the Quarterly Bulletin of Third World Studies (Japan).

Mehran Nakhjavani is an economic consultant specializing in oil and Middle Bast afTairs, and teaches in the Department of Economics at McGill University. Formerly Associate Editor of the Cyprus-based

xiv Notes on the Contributors

Middle &st Economic Survey, he is the author of Arab Banks in the International Financial Markets; Iraq: What if Sanctions Fail?; the EIU's Country Reports for Kuwait and Iraq; and numerous articles and monographs.

Elizabeth Picard is Charge de recherches at the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (paris). She is the author of Liban, Etat de Discorde, contributor to The Arab State, and editor of La Question Kurde. Her articles on Middle East politics and society have appeared in Awraq; Revue Franpaise de Science Politique; Maghreb-Machrek; Orient; Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranee; and else­where.

Yezid Sayigh is MacArthur Scholar and Research Fellow at St Antony's College, Oxford, working on international relations and Third-World security. His most recent publications include Confront­ing the 1990s: Security in the Developing Countries; Arab Military Industry: Technical Capabilities, Industrial Performance and Economic Impact; and Quest for Palestine: The Politics, Organization and Military History of the Palestinian Armed Struggle 1949-88.

Janice Gross Stein is Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. She is co­author (with Raymond Tanter) of Rational Decision Making: Israel's Security Choices, 1967 and (with Robert Jervis and Richard Ned Lebow) of Psychology and Deterrence; and editor of Getting to the Table: Processes of International Prenegotiation; Peacemaking in the Middle East; and The Middle East at the Crossroads.

Manfred W. Wenner is Professor of Political Science at Northern Illinois University, specializing in the Arabian peninsula (particularly Yemen), Western European politics, and environmental politics. He is one of the founders of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies, and his most recent book is The Yemen Arab Republic.

I. William Zartman is the Jacob Blaustein Professor of International Organization and Conflict Resolution and Director of the African Studies Pro gram at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University. His recent books include Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa, and such edited or co-authored works as Negotiating Internal Conjlicts; The Political

Notes on the Contributors xv

Economy of Reform in Tunisia; The Political Economy of M orocco; and State and Society in the Contemporary Maghreb. He is president of the American Institute for Maghreb Studies and past president of the Middle East Studies Association.

Introduction

This book is a meeting point of two scholarly subfields: security studies and Arab (or Middle Bastern)1 studies.

Both are presently in astate of flux. Strategie studies (now modernized as security studies) are as old as the nation-state if not older, and have their modem origins in the 1648 Westphalia Treaty that institutionalized the present inter-state system. If we limit our eonsideration to the post-1945 period, security studies went through a golden age in the 1950s, followed by a relative decline in the 1960s.2

They have re-emerged in the 1980s, however, with a firmer footing in the social sciences. 3

The subfield's recent advance is mainly due to its capacity to adapt to a ehanging international eontext. For a eonsiderable period, for example, it had as its adage Karl Clausewitz's maxim that war is the eontinuation of politics by other means.4

War was so mueh apart of international relations that rules by whieh astate was justified in going to war and by which hostilities themselves should be eondueted were eodified under the Law of War. Even the roles for those who wanted to stay out of a fight were defined under the Law of Neutrality. In other words, war was not seen as an aberration but as an inherent feature of a system that had yet to ereate any viable method of regulating but especially of preventing its outbreak. Internationallaw was not designed to stop war, just to render it somewhat less horrible.s

But with the inereasing predominance of nuelear weapons, a general war threatened to bring the discontinuation of polities and of every­thing else. Concern with this dilemma spurred the establishment of university research centres and an influx of eivilian strategists, leading to the development of sophisticated theories of deterrence, that is, the antithesis of war.

These, however, were the 1960s, and the 1980s represented a different global context. Again, the field has responded by attempting to adapt. Thus even in established and traditional periodieals in the field, minority voices have expressed doubt about the basie assump­tions of seeurity or strategie studies:

xvii

xviii Introduction

We are, of course, accustomed to thinking of national security in terms of military threats arising from beyond the borders of one's own eountry. But that emphasis is doubly misleading. It draws attention away from the non-military threats that promise to undermine the stability of many nations during the years ahead. And it presupposes that threats arising from outside astate are somehow more dangerous to its seeurity than threats that arise within it.6

This military assumption leads to a 'false image' of reality, whieh

First causes states to concentrate on military threats and to ignore other and perhaps even more harmful dangers. Thus it reduces their total security. And second, it contributes to a pervasive militariza­tion of international relations that in the long run ean only inerease global insecurity.7

Others have argued that, amid the growing salience of issues of interdependence, it is desirable to deal not only with 'national' but also with 'international' security:

The 1990s will demand aredefinition of what eonstitutes national security. In the 1970s the concept was expanded to inelude interna­tional economics as it became elear that the US economy was no longer the independent force it had once been, but was powerfully affected by economie policies in dozens of other countrles. Global developments now suggest the need for· another analogous, broad­ening definition of national security to include resource, environ­mental and demographie issues.8

And despite impressive technological advances in the world of today, these ean still be deficient in overeoming the huge social, politieal and institutional barriers. As a result, we might very weIl think of devising social and institutional inventions comparable in scale to what took place after the Second World War.9

In all these attempts at adaptation of security or strategie studies, the discussion is still terrlbly US-centrle. Moreover, the problems of the majority of the global system - the Third World - were not dealt with directly. Thus, in Stephen Walt's systematie review of the field, Third-World problems do not impinge on the analysis nor appear in

Introduction xix

the references.10 Moreover, there seems to be little awareness among many specialists of security studies - even the most open-minded - of the specific historical-sociological context of issues of state-building11

in these countries and how they could affect the pattern of their conflicts.

This is why this book takes as its starting point state properties in the Arab world. Rather than continuing the tradition by limiting itself to inter-state wars, the book aims to investigate the link between the specificities of these states and various types of security problems existing in the region. The aim is not only to draw attention to other types of threat to national security, and thus widen the definition of this basic concept, but also potentially to add to the explanation of the various inter-state wars that plague the region.

The field of Arab studies is also going through an academic change. 12 It is true that in many fields of social analysis the Arab world or the Middle Bast has - in comparison with Latin American, Asian or African studies - lagged behind.13 The reason might be an uncritical acceptance of orientalist approaches14 in explaining the region. Orientalism reduced the explanation of socio-political struc­tures and processes to the influence of culture, and particularly Islam. But the opening to the social sciences does not quite solve the problem:1S

The social sciences are part and parcei of the world order, through which the developed nations and their institutional infrastructures continue to dominate and shape that order. Paradigms of social structure and social change, of economic development and of associated values, ideologies, and institutions have been exported to the Third World regions in the context of Western economic, political, military, and ideological penetration into these areas. Ideas and models of socio-economic change, no less than commodities and armaments, have been packaged for export. Conceptions of social, economic, and political development have been exported through institutional means. 16

Hence the insistence on adaptation of these models in all the social sciences: their indigenization.17 For instance, in political science - even though there is still cause for concern - advances are certainly taking place. The entrance of an increasing number of younger scholars, more open-minded and better-trained in the various social sciences, should help consolidate these advances.

xx Introduction

We think that it is important to build on these advances rather than being tempted by a position of tabula rosa. Thus, since the region has been so war-prone, it is unwise to avoid what the field of present security studies can offer. After aIl, in the 116 inter-state or civil wars that took place in the past decade, twenty-nine (or 2S per cent) involved one or more states of this region. IB A relevant research strategy, then, is not to avoid the subfield of security or strategie studies, but rather to reformulate and widen its basic concept of national security to make it more adaptable to the region's problems.

Certainly, in such efforts at reformulation and conceptual widening, there is the risk of losing a focus so that the concept becomes so elastic as to be imprecise. But should we worship precision at the price of being irrelevant? For if the sociallandscape changes frequently, and if our conceptual apparatus - the supposed reflection on and explanation of this landscape - lags behind this change, do we not risk being irrelevant?19 This is the problem that specialists in security studies and the Third World must debate in coming years: what exactly is the most profitable trade-off point? In this volume, we have tried to be both critical and constructive in our efforts to reformulate the study of security in the Arab context.

Though a coIlective work, the book's main argument emphasizes the linkage between the problems of national security (understood by us as state and societal survival) and problems arising in the specific context of state-building and societal development. The emphasis, then, is on opening up the state rather than 'black-boxing' it in order to draw attention to how state-society relations as weIl as resource levels affect a country's national security.

Chapter 1 starts with a limited survey of (classical) definitions of national security, situates them within their conceptual and epistemo­logical context, and makes the case for the widening of the concept. The rest of the book is divided into three parts, aIl emphasizing the linkage between the problems of national security and those of development. At the beginning of each part, we have written a short introduction to situate the contributions that follow within this central problematique. In the book's last chapter, we come back to restate the argument, link it to the present context of the region in the post-Gulf War era, and encourage others to join us and look ahead. Finally, a series of appendix tables provides relevant empirical data on security and development in the region. .

This book is the first volume produced by the Inter-University Consortium for Arab Studies (Montreal), established jointly by

Introduction xxi

faculty at McGill University and the Universite de Montreal. We would like to thank our two universities for their financial and moral support in carrying out and institutionalizing this collaboration. Tbe chapters published here were initially submitted to a conference organized by ICAS in Montreal in November 1989. We heartily thank our co-authors who contributed to the success of this con­ference, and who gladly agreed to make the revisions necessary for this book. Both the conference and the book would not have been possible without the financial support of the Canadian Institute for Interna­tional Peace and Security, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. We would also like to thank the SSHRC for its support of individual research projects, which have helped set the stage for this current endeavour. Gratitude is also due to the students of the Arab Studies and Middle East Studies programmes at the Universite de Montreal and McGill University respectively, who assisted with the original conference; to the ever-eflicient Christiane Aubin (secretary of Arab Studies, Universite de Montreal); to Eric Laferriere, Hamish Telford, and especially Adam Jones (McGill); and to Alex Brynen for providing the index.

Notes

I. In using such a relative and ambiguous term as the Middle East ('middle' from whose point of view, and who is exactly in it and who is out?), we are following conventional usage. For us, the Middle East is composed of all twenty-one members of the Arab League, in addition to Iran, Turkey and Israel. For our approach to regional politics, see Bahgat Korany, Ali E. H. Dessouki et al., The Foreign Polieies 0/ Arah States, 2nd edn. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1991).

2. Ken Booth, 'Tbe Evaluation ofStrategic Tbinking', in John Baylis et al., Contemporary Strategy, Volume I, 2nd edn (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987).

3. Stephen Walt, 'The Renaissance of Security Studies" International Studies Quarterly, 35, 2 (June 1991).

4. On this Prussian general and bis influence on contemporary strategie thinking, see Raymond Aron, Penser la guerre: Clausewitz (Paris: Gallimard, 1976), 2 vols; Michael Howard, Clausewitz (Oxford Univer­sity Press, 1983); Peter Paret, 'Clausewitz', in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers 0/ Modern Strategy (princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Paret, Clausewitz and the State (princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).

5. William Olson, The Theory and Praetiee 0/ International Relations, 8th edn (Englewood ClifTs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991) pp. 217-24.

6. Richard Ullman, 'Redefining Security', International Seeurity, 8, 1 (Summer 1983).

xxii Introduction

7. Ullman, 'Redefining Security'. 8. Jessica Mathews, 'Redefining Security', Foreign Affairs, 68, 2 (Spring

1989). 9. Mathews, 'Redefining Security'.

10. Walt, 'Tbe Renaissance of Security Studies'. For some works that do emphasize issues of Third-World security, see Mohammcd Ayoob, 'The Security Problematie of the Third World', World Polities, 43, 2 (January 1991); Yezid Sayigh, Confronting the 199Os: Security in the Developing Countries, Adelpbi Paper 251 (London: International Institute of Strate­gie Studies, 1990); Edward Azar and Chung-In Moon, (cds), National Security in the Third World (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988); Nicole Ball, Security and Eeonomy in the Third World (Princcton, NJ: Princcton University Press, 1988); Caroline Thomas, In Seareh 0/ Security: The Third World in International Relations (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Abdel-Monem Al-Mashat, National Security in the Third World (Boulder: Westview Press, 1985); Bahgat Korany, 'Vers une rcdefinition des etudes strategiques', in Charles-Pbilippe David et al., Les Etudes strategiques: Approehes et Coneepts (paris and Quebec: Fondation pour les Etudes de Defense Nationale et Centre Quebecois de Relations Internationales, 1989); and Bahgat Korany, 'Strategie Studies and the Third World: A Critical Evaluation', International Social Seienee Journal, 110 (December 1986).

11. In addition to the somees mentioncd in ehapter I, see Su-Hoon Lee, State-Building in the Contemporary Third World (Boulder, CoI. and Seoul: Westview Press and Kyungnam University Press, 1988).

12. For an inventory and for evaluation of Middle Eastern studies at different periods in time, see, for instance: Arab Culture and Society in Change, by the Center for the Study of the Modem Arab World, St Joseph's University, Beirut (Dar EI-Mashreq Publishers, 1973); G. Fener, Le Moyen-Orient eontemporain (paris: Presses de la fondation nationale de science politique, 1975); Leol)ard Binder (cd.), The Study 0/ the Midd1e &st (New York: John Wiley, 1976); Ann G. Drabeck, The Polities 0/ A/rican and Middle &stem States (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1976); Mille et un livres sur le monde arabe: eatalogue d'ouvrages edites en Franee (paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1984); Tareq Ismaei (cd.), Midd1e East Studies (New York: Praeger, 1989); Hisham Sharabi (cd.), Theory, Polities, and the Arab World (New York: Routlcdge, 1990); Earl L. Sullivan and Jacqueline S. Ismael (cds), The Contempor­ary Study 0/ the Arab World (Edmonton: Alberta University Press, 1991).

13. Lisa Anderson, 'Policy-Making and Theory-Building: American Political Science and the Islamie Middle East', and Judith Tucker, 'Taming the West: Trends in the Writing of Modern Arab Soeial History in Anglophone Academia', both in Sharabi (cd.), Theory, Polities, and the Arab World; see also Rex Brynen, 'Tbe State ofthe Art in Middle Eastern Studies: A Research Note on Inquiry and the American Empire', Arab Studies Quarterly, 8, 4 (Autumn 1986).

14. Tbc basie eritical reference in this connection is still Edward Said. See bis Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), and 'Orientalism

Introduction xxiii

Reconsidered' in Sullivan and Ismael (eds.), The Contemporary Study 0/ the Arab World.

15. For examples of this epistemological problem in some areas of the social sciences, see the chapters by Halim Barakat, Samih Farsoun and Lisa Hajjar, and Peter Gran in Sharabi (ed.), Theory, Politics, and the Arab World; and also the chapters by Mark Kennedy, Janet Abu Lughod, Nadia Farah, and Cynthia Nelson in Sullivan and Ismael (eds.), The Contemporary Study 0/ the Arab World.

16. Farsoun and Hajjar, 'Tbe Contemporary Sociology of the Middle Bast', in Sharabi (ed.), Theory, Politics, and the Arab World.

17. Soheir Morsy, Cynthia Nelson, Reem Saad and Hania Shalkamy, 'Anthropology and the Call for Indigenization of Social Science in the Arab World', and Babgat Korany, 'Biased Science or Dismal Art? A Critical Evaluation of the State of the Art of Arab Foreign Policies' Analysis', in Sullivan and Ismael (eds.), The Contemporary Study 0/ the Arab World.

18. Michael Kidron and Dan Smith, The New State 0/ War and Peace (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991) pp. 12-15.

19. Terence Ball, James Farr and Russei Hanson (eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1-6. .

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