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UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Department of Politics and International Relations

Optional Subject for the M.Phil. in International Relations, M.Phil. in Latin American Studies and

M.Sc. in Latin American Studies The International Relations of Latin America Academic Year 2003/2004 Course Provider: Laurence Whitehead (Nuffield College) and Ana Covarrubias (St Antony’s) Syllabus The syllabus as specified in the Examination Decrees and Regulations states: The course will examine the international relations of Latin America. Topics cover the evolution of the relations of the Latin American states with the United States (including hemispheric institutions such as the OAS); with other extra-regional powers (Europe, the USSR, and Japan); the changing place of the region in the global economy and the development of relevant doctrines and theories; the evolving character of intra-Latin American relations, covering inter-state conflicts, new security issues, and regional integration; and the foreign policy of the major states of the region. Students will become familiar with the broad historical development of the international relations of the region as well as the major theoretical perspectives that are relevant to the field. Organization of Teaching This optional subject can be taken by those studying for the M.Phil. in International Relations, the M.Phil. in Latin American Studies and the M. Sc. in Latin American Studies. In the academic year 2003/2004 it will be taught in a class to be held at the Latin American Centre, St Antony’s College, on Tuesdays in Michaelmas term from 2 pm to 4 pm. One or two papers will be presented each week, by the course provider, the students or special guests, and will form the basis for discussion. These presentations will be supplemented by individual tutorials and those taking the option are required to produce at least six pieces of written work. There is some scope for flexibility in the exact topics to be covered in the class. Course Assessment This subject is examined by means of an examination which forms part of the qualifying exam for the M. Phil. in Latin American Studies and the final exams of the M.Sc. in Latin American Studies and the M.Phil. in International Relations. Weeks 1 and 2: US Hegemony and Latin America Sample questions:

a) “If one wants to understand the cores of United States policy toward Latin America, one studies security” (Lars Schoultz). Discuss with reference to US policy EITHER from 1945 to 1977 OR from 1977 to 1989.

b) To what extent has the ending of the Cold War changed the determinants of US policy towards Latin America?

c) In what ways did Latin America benefit from the ending of the Cold War? Were there any offsetting disadvantages?

d) “Brazil and Cuba are the best examples of foreign policies defiant of the United States”. Discuss.

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e) “Throughout the Twentieth Century U.S.-Cuban relations have never stabilised anywhere between the two extremes of subordination and defiance”. Is this true, and if so why?

*The United States and Latin America Domínguez, Jorge I., To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba’s Foreign Policy, Cambridge,

Ma., Harvard University Press, 1989.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ‘U.S.-Cuban Relations: From the Cold War to the Colder War”, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 39, no. 3, fall, 1997, pp. 49-71.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ‘US-Latin American Relations during the Cold War and its Aftermath’, inVictor Bulmer-Thomas and James Dunkerley, ed., The United States and Latin America: The New Agenda, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University and Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, 1999. pp. 33-50.

Domínguez, Jorge I. and Rafael Hernandez, eds., U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s, Boulder, Westview, 1989,

Hartlyn, Jonathan, et al, The United States and Latin America in the 1990s. Beyond the Cold War, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1992.

Hurrell, Andrew, ‘The United States and Latin America: Neorealism Reexamined’, in Ngaire Woods ed., Explaining International Relations since 1945, 1996.

Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, Special Issue of US-Latin American Relations, vol. 39, no. 1, spring 1997.

Keal, Paul, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance, 1983.

Kenworthy, Eldon, America/Americas: Myth in the Making of US Policy toward Latin America, Pennsylvania State UP, 1995.

Lowenthal, Abraham, Partners in Conflict. The United States and Latin America, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

Lowenthal, Abraham and Gregory Treverton, eds., Latin America in a New World, Boulder, Westview Press, 1994.

Mastanduno, Michael, ‘Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and US Grand Strategy

after the Cold War’, in Unipolar Politics. Realism and State Strategies after the Cold War, 1999.

Middlebrook, Kevin J., and Carlos Rico, eds., The United States and Latin America in the 1980s: Contending Perspectives on a Decade of Crisis, Pittsburgh UP, 1986.

Morley, Morris H., Imperial State and Revolution: The US and Cuba, 1952-1986, 1987.

Morley, Morris and Chris McGillion, Unfinished Business: America and Cuba After the Cold War, 1989-2001, Cambridge, CUP, 2002.

Pastor, Robert A., ‘The Bush Administration and Latin America: The Pragmatic Style and the Regionalist Option’, Journal of Inter-American and World Affairs, vol. 33, no. 3, autumn, 1991, pp. 1-34.

Pastor, Robert A., Whirlpool: US Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean,

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Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992.

Pastor, Robert A., Exiting the Whirlpool: US Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd ed., Boulder, Westview, 2001.

Purcell, Susan Kaufman, ‘U.S. Foreign Policy Since September 11th and its Impact On Latin America’, paper prepared for a conference on “Power Asymmetry and International Security”, sponsored by PENT, September 6, 2002, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Ruggie, John G., Winning the Peace. America and World Order in the New Era, 1996.

Schoultz, Lars, Beneath the United States: A History of US Policy Toward Latin America, 1998.

Shifter, Michael, ‘Latin America’s New Political Leaders: Walking on a Wire’, Current History, February 2003, pp. 51-57.

Smith, Peter H., Talons of the Eagle. Dynamics of US-Latin American Relations, Oxford, OUP, 1996.

Smith, Wayne, The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic Account of US-Cuban Relations since 1957, 1987.

Triska, Jan F. ed., Dominant Powers and Subordinate States: The United States and Latin America and the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1986 (especially Part II).

Tulchin, Joseph and Rafael Hernández, eds., Cuba and the United States: Will the Cold War in the Caribbean End?, 1991.

Wohlforth, William, ‘The Stability of a Unipolar World’, International Security 24, 1, Summer

1999.

The series of ‘Eagle Volumes’ beginning with Eagle Entangled (1979) and most recently Robert Lieber ed., Eagle Adrift, American Foreign Policy at the End of the Century, 1997. These cover US foreign policy since Carter and each has a chapter on US-Latin American relations.

See also the series of relations between the United States and individual countries edited by Routledge (Contemporary Inter-American Relations series). *For more detail on the Cold War period see:

Blaiser, Cole, The Hovering Giant: US Responses to Revolutionary Change in Latin America, 1976.

Blasier, Cole, The Giant’s Rival: The USSR and Latin America, 1984.

Child, John, Unequal Alliance: The Inter-American Military system, 1938-78, 1980.

Rabe, Stephen G., Eisenhower and Latin America, 1988.

*On the US after September 11th in general see: Brooks, Stephen G. and William C. Wohlforth, ‘American Primacy in Perspective’, Foreign

Affairs, vol. 81, no.4, Jul/Aug. 2002, p. 20, 14 pp.

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Carothers, Thomas, ‘Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 82 no. 1,

Jan/Feb. 2003, p. 84, 14 pp. Hirsh, Michael, ‘Bush and the World’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5, Sep/Oct. 2002, p. 18, 27

pp. Ikenberry, G. John, ‘America's Imperial Ambition’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5, Sep/Oct. 2002,

p. 44, 18 pp. Mandelbaum, Michael, ‘The Inadequacy of American Power’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5,

Sep/Oct. 2002, p. 61, 14 pp. Weeks 3 and 4: Globalization and Regionalism (economic integration) Sample questions:

a) How have the Latin American countries adjusted to globalization? b) Has the international system been the driving force behind economic reform in the Latin

American countries since the 1980s? c) “Hegemony rather than interdependence is the more important concept for understanding

economic regionalism in the Western Hemisphere”. Discuss d) “The flaws at the heart of contemporary regional initiatives are essentially the same as those

which destroyed all earlier regional integration initiatives in Latin America”. Discuss. *On globalization

Held, David et. al., Global Transformations, 1999 (Introduction and Part I).

Permanent Secretariat of the Latin American Economic System (SELA) Dynamics of Latin America and the Caribbean, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Corregidor, 1998.

Scholte, Jan Art, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, 2000.

Woods, Ngaire ed., The Political Economy of Globalization, 2000. *On the debt crisis of the 1980s

Aggarwal, Vinod K., Debt Games. Strategic Interaction in International Debt Rescheduling, 1996.

Biersteker, Thomas ed., Dealing with Debt: International Negotiation and Adjustment Bargaining, 1988.

Cline, William R., International Debt and the Stability of the World Economy, 1983.

Griffith-Jones, Stephanie ed., Managing World Debt, 1988.

Kuczyinski, Pedro-Pablo, Latin American Debt, 1988. *On the political economy of economic reform

Frieden, Jeffry, Debt, Development and Democracy, 1991.

Geddes, Barbara Geddes, ‘The Politics of Economic Liberalization’, Latin American Research

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Review (review article) 30, 2, 1995.

Haggard, Stephan and Robert Kaufman eds., The Politics of Economic Adjustment, 1982 (especially chapters 1 and 2).

Haggard, Stephan, Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration, 1995 (especially chapters 1, 2 and 4).

Lustig, Nora, Mexico: The Remaking of an Economy, 2nd. ed., Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 1998.

Naim, Moises, ‘Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?’, Foreign Policy, Spring 2000.

Stephenson, Sherry, ed., Services Trade in the Western Hemisphere, 2000. *On the broader revival of regionalism:

Fawcett, Louise and Andrew Hurrell, eds., Regionalism in World Politics. Regional Organization and International Order, 1995.

Mansfield, Edward and Helen Milner eds., The Political Economy of Regionalism, 1999 and ‘The new wave of regionalism’, International Organization 53, 3, 1999.

Page, Sheila, Regionalism Among Developing Countries, 2000. *On Mercosur:

Casson, Jeffrey, ‘Democracy looks South: Mercosur and the Politics of Brazilian Trade Strategy’, in Peter R. Kingstone and Timothy J. Power eds., Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes, 2000.

Devlin, R and Ffrench-Davis, R, ‘Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s’, The World Economy 22, March 1999.

Fuentes, J. A., ‘Open Regionalism and Economic Integration’, CEPAL Review 53, 1994.

Mace, Gordon and Jean-Philippe Thérien, eds., Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1996.

Manzetti, L., ‘The Political Economy of Mercosur’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, 4, Winter 1993-94.

Roett, Riordan, Mercosur. Regional Integration, World Marke,s, 1999.

Solingen, Etel, ‘The Southern Cone: Argentina and Brazil’, in Regional Orders at Century’s Dawn, 1998.

Tussie, Diana, ‘In the whirlwind of globalization and multilateralism: the case of emerging regionalism in Latin America’, in William C. Coleman and Geoffrey R.D. Underhill eds., Regionalism and Global Economic Integration, 1998.

Weintraub, Sidney, Development and Democracy in the Southern Cone. Imperatives for US Policy in South America, 2000.

*On NAFTA:

Bouzaz, Roberto and Jaime Ross, eds., Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere, 1994.

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor and Sheila Page, ‘Trade Relations in the Americas: MERCOSUR, the FTAA, and the EU’, in Bulmer-Thomas and Dunkerley, eds., The United States and Latin America.

Corrales Javier and Richard Feinberg, ‘Regimes of Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Power,

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Interests and Intellectual Traditions’, International Studies Quarterly, 43, 1999.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ed., The Future of Inter-American Relations, 2000 (especially chapters 8 and 9).

Feinberg, Richard, Summitry in the Americas (1997).

Grinspun, Ricardo and Maxwell A. Cameron, ‘NAFTA and the Political Economy of Mexico’s External Relations’, Review article, Latin American Research Review 31, 3, 1996.

Mayer, Frederick W., Interpreting NAFTA. The Science and Art of Political Analysis, 1998.

O’Brien, Robert, ‘North American Integration and International Relations Theory’, Canadian Journal of Political Science 28, 4, 1995.

Pastor, Robert, Toward a North American Community. Lessons from the Old War for the New, Washington, D.C., Institute for International Economics, 2001.

Rochlin, James, Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America, 1994.

Saborio, Silvio, The Premise and the Promise. Free Trade in the Americas, 1992.

Smith, Peter H., ed., The Challenge of Integration. Europe and the Americas, 1993.

Weiler, J. H. H., The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA: Towards A Common Law of International Trade, 2000.

Wise, Carol, ed., The Post-NAFTA Political Economy, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

Week 5: Conflict and Insecurity Sample questions:

a) Why have international actors been able to support peace processes in Central America but not in Colombia?

b) The main sources of insecurity in the region are primarily of a domestic nature c) Is there a security agenda in the region? Would it be desirable to have one? d) Are the security concerns of the Latin American countries exclusive to the region? e) Does the presence of the regional hegemon affect the understanding and implementation of

security in Latin America?

*On the broader debates on security and the changing nature of security:

Ayoob, Mohammed, The Third World Security Predicament. State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System, 1995.

Holsti, Kalevi J., The State, War, and the State of War, 1996 (chapter 2).

Kaldor, Mary, New and Old Wars. Organized Violence in a Global Era, 1999.

Kaplan, Robert D., ‘The Coming Anarchy’, Atlantic Monthly, February 1994. *On Latin America:

Andreas, Peter and Thomas J. Biersteker, ed., The Rebordering of North America: Integration

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and Exclusion in a New Security Context, N. York, Routledge, 2003.

Arnson, Cynthia J. and Carlos Basimbrio, eds., Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America, 1999.

Brown, Michael ed., The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, 1996 (especially Chapter 6, Mark Chernick, ‘Peacemaking and Violence in Latin America’).

Centeno, Miguel, ‘The Peaceful Continent: War in Latin America’ in Gladys Varona Lacey and Julio López-Arias eds., Latin America: A Panorama, 1998.

Child, Jack, Geopolitics and Conflict in South America: Quarrels among Neighbours, Praeger, 1985.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ed., International Security and Democracy. Latin America and the Caribbean in the Post-Cold War Era, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.

Farer, Tom ed., Transnational Crime in the Americas, N. York, Routledge, 1999.

Girot, Pascal, ed., World Boundaries Vol. IV : The Americas, 1994.

Holsti, Kal, ‘Analyzing an Anomaly: War, Peace and the State in South America’, in Holsti, ed., The State, War and the State of War, 1996.

Hurrell, Andrew, ‘Security in Latin America’, International Affairs 74, 3, July 1998; and ‘An Emerging Security in South America?’ in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds., Security Communities, 1998.

Leogrande, William, M., Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America 1977-1992, 1998.

Marcella, Gabriel, ‘The Latin American Military, Low Intensity Conflict, and Democracy’ Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 32, no. 1, spring 1990, pp. 45-82.

Marcella, Gabriel and Downes, Richard, eds., Security Co-operation in the Western Hemisphere: Resolving the Ecuador-Peru Conflict, 1999.

Mares, David, ed., Civil-Military Relations: Building Democracy and Regional Security in Latin America, Southern Asia, and Central Europe (Latin American in Global Perspective Series)

Mares, David, ‘Regional Conflict Management in Latin America: Power Complemented by Diplomacy’, in David Lake and Patrick Morgan eds., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World Order, 1997.

Mares, David, Violent Peace, N. York, Columbia University Press, 2001.

Varas, Augusto and Isaac Caro eds., Medidas de Confianza Mutuas en América Latina, 1994. *On Central America: Arana, Ana, ‘The New Battle for Central America’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6, Nov/Dec.

2001, p. 88, 14 pp. Bagley, Bruce Michael, ‘Contadora: The Failure of Diplomacy’, Journal of Inter-American

Studies and World Affairs, vol. 28, no. 3, fall 1986, pp. 1-32.

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Bertram, Eva, ‘Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building’,

The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 39, no. 3, September 1995, pp. 387-418. Child, Jack, The Central American Peace Process 1983-1991: Sheathing Swords, Building

Confidence, Lynne Rienner, 1992. Feinberg, Richard E. ed., Central America: International Dimensions of the crisis, N. York,

Holmes and Meier, 1982. Feinberg, Richard, ‘Central America: No Easy Answers’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, 1980-81. Grabendorff, Wolf, et. al., Political change in Central America: internal and external

dimensions, 1984. Holden, Robert H., ‘Constructing the Limits of State Violence in Central America: Towards a New

Research Agenda’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, May 1996, pp. 435-459.

Lafeber, Samuel, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, N. York,

Norton, 1983. LeoGrande, William M., ‘From Reagan to Bush: The Transition in US Policy towards Central

America’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 22, no. 3, October 1990, pp. 595-621.

Purcell, Susan Kaufman, ‘Demystifying Contadora’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64(1), fall, 1985, pp.

74-96. Roberts, Kenneth, ‘Bullying and Bargaining: The United States, Nicaragua, and Conflict Resolution

in Central America’, International Security, vol. 15, no. 2, autumn, 1990, pp. 67-102. Stahler-Sholk, Richard, ‘El Salvador’s Negotiated Transition: From Low-Intensity Conflict to Low-

Intensity Democracy’, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 36, no. 4, winter 1994, pp. 1-59.

Wehr, Paul and John Paul Lederach, ‘Mediating Conflict in Central America’ Journal of Peace

Research, vol. 28, no. 1 (special issue on International Mediation), February 1991, pp. 85-98.

*On Colombia:

Bagley, Bruce and Juan G. Tokatlian, ‘Dope and Dogma: Explaining the Failure of US-Latin American Drug Policies’, in Hartlyn et. al., The United States and Latin America in the 1990s, 1992.

Buitrago, Francisco Leal, ed., Los Laberintos de la Guerra, 1999.

Bushnell, David, The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in spite of Itself, 1993.

Chapter by Daniel Pecaut, in Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruijt eds., Societies of Fear: The Legacy of Civil War, Violence and Terror in Latin America, 1999.

Deas, Malcolm, Intercambios Violentos, 2000.

Deas, Malcolm, and Maria Victoria Llorente eds., Reconocer la Guerra para Construir la Paz,

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1999.

Guillermoprieto, Alma, ‘Our New War in Colombia’, New York Review of Books (three parts beginning April 13 2000).

Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, special issue on drugs, 34, 3, 1992.

Joyce, Elizabeth and Carlos Malamud, eds., Latin America and the Multinational Drug Trade, 1998.

Radu, Michael, ‘The Perilous Appeasement of Guerrillas’, Orbis, spring 2000.

Rubio, Mauricio, Crimen e Impunidad: Precisiones sobre la Violencia, 1999.

Steiner, Roberto, ‘Hooked on Drugs: Colombian-US Relations’, in Bulmer-Thomas and Dunkerley eds., The United States and Latin America, 1999.

Sweig, Julia E., ‘What Kind of War for Colombia?’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 5, Sep/Oct. 2002, p. 122, 21 pp.

Thoumi, Francisco, ‘The Impact of the Illegal Drug Industry on Colombia’, in Farer, ed.,

Transnational Crime in the Americas, 1999. Week 6: Democracy and Human Rights Sample questions:

a) Why are the objectives of democracy promotion and human rights protection so relevant

now in the region? How new are they? b) Compare and contrast recent US policies of “democracy promotion” with earlier periods

such as the Alliance for Progress and/or the Carter presidency. c) The rise of human rights issues in the regional agenda demonstrates that external actors,

governmental or not, have a strong influence in the governments of the region

*On the broader evolution of human rights in international relations see:

Forsythe, David P., Human Rights in International Relations, Cambridge, CUP, 2000.

Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders. Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998.

Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Robb and Kathryn Sikkink, eds., The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change, 1999.

Whitehead, Laurence ed., The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, 1996.

*On the region see: Allison, Graham T., Jr., and Robert P. Beschel, Jr., ‘Can the United States promote democracy?’,

Political Science Quarterly, vol. 107, no. 1, Spring 1992, pp. 81-98.

Carothers, Thomas, Aiding Democracy Abroad, N. York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999.

Carothers, Thomas, In the Name of Democracy. US Policy Towards Latin America in the

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Reagan Years, 1991.

Carozza, Paolo G., ‘From Conquest to Constitutions: Retrieving a Latin American Tradition of the Idea of Human Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 25, 2003, pp. 281-313.

Coatsworth,, John H., ‘The United-States and Democracy in Mexico’, in Bulmer-Thomas and Dunkerley, eds., The United States and Latin America, 1999, pp. 141-155.

Farer, Tom ed., Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Feinberg, Richard, and Robin Rosenberg, eds., Civil Society and the Summit of the Americas: The 1998 Santiago Summit, 1999.

Harris, David, and Stephen Livingstone, The Inter-American System of Human Rights, 1998.

Lowenthal, Abraham, ed., Exporting Democracy. The United States and Latin America, 1991.

Mazza, Jacqueline, Don’t Disturb the Neighbors, The United States and Democracy in Mexico, 1980-1995, London, Routledge, 2001.

Middlebrook, Kevin and Carlos Rico, eds., The United States and Latin America in the 1980s, 1986, Part III.

Millett, Richard L., Beyond Sovereignty: International Efforts to Support Latin American Democracy’, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 36, no. 3 (special issue: The Summit of the Americas-Issues to Consider), autumn 1994, pp. 1-23.

Moir, Lindsay, ‘Law and the Inter-American Human Rights System’, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 25, 2003, pp. 182-212.

Muñoz, Heraldo, ‘Collective Action for Democracy in the Americas’, in Heraldo Muñoz and Joseph S. Tulchin eds., Latin American Nations in World Politics, 2nd. ed., Boulder, Westview, 1996.

Peceny, Mark, ‘Two Paths to the Promotion of Democracy during U.S. Military Interventions’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 3, September 1995, pp. 371-401.

Robinson, William I., Promoting Polyarchy. Globalization, US Intervention and Hegemony, 1996.

Schoultz, Lars, Human Rights and US Policy Toward Latin America, 1981.

Schoultz, Lars, ‘Blessings of Liberty: The United States and the Promotion of Democracy in Cuba’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 34, 2002, pp. 397-425.

Smith, Tony, America’s Mission. The United States and the Worldwide Study for Democracy in the 20th Century, 1994.

Vaky, Viron P. and Heraldo Muñoz, The Future of the Organization of American States, 1993.

Y, ‘On a certain impatience with Latin America’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 28, no. 4, July 1950, pp. 565-579.

Week 7 and 8: Foreign Policy Change

Sample questions:

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a) “The continued marked differences in the foreign policies of Latin American states in the 1990s shows that there is no relationship between economic neo-liberalism and foreign policy”. Discuss with reference to the foreign policies of TWO OR MORE Latin American states.

b) With reference to any ONE country, how are foreign policy priorities changing, and how well are the authorities adapting to the new challenges?

c) “Domestic processes of democratic transition and consolidation are irrelevant to a country’s foreign policy”. Discuss with reference to any TWO Latin American countries.

d) The end of the Cold War gave the Latin American countries the opportunity to become rule-makers instead of rule-takers in the international system. Do you agree?

e) After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s foreign policy has become again that of a “normal Caribbean country”. Do you agree?

Baumann, Renato ed., O Brasil e a Economia Global, 1996.

Blasier, Cole, ‘The End of the Soviet-Cuban Partnership’, in Carmelo Mesa-Lago, ed., Cuba after the Cold War, Pittsburgh, university of Pittsburgh Press, 1993, pp. 59-97.

Chabat, Jorge, ‘Mexican Foreign Policy in the 1990s: Learning to Live with Interdependence’, in Muñoz and Tulchin, eds., Latin American Nations, 1996, pp. 149-163.

Chabat, Jorge, ‘Mexico’s Foreign Policy after NAFTA: The Tools of Interdependence’, in Rodolfo

O. de la Garza and Jesús Velasco, eds., Bridging the Border: Transforming Mexico-U.S. Relations, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 33-47.

Chabat, Jorge, ‘Mexico’s Foreign Policy in the 1990: Electoral Sovereignty and Integration with the

United States’, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 33, no. 4, winter, 1991, pp. 1-25.

de Lima, Maria Regina Soares, ‘Brazil’s Response to the “New Regionalism”’, in Mace and Thérien, eds., Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas, 1996.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ‘Cuban Foreign Policy’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 1, fall 1978, pp. 83-108.

Domínguez, Jorge I., ‘Cuban Foreign Policy and the International System’, in Joseph S. Tulchin and Ralph H. Espach, eds., Latin America in the New International System, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2001, pp. 183-206.

Domínguez, Jorge I., To Make a World Safe for Revolution, 1989.

Duncan, W. Raymon, ‘Cuba: National Communism in the Global Setting’, International Journal, winter 1976-77, pp. 156-177.

Erisman, Michael and John Kirk, eds., Cuban Foreign Policy Confronts a New International Order, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1991.

Escudé, Carlos and Andrés Fontana, ‘Argentina’s Security Policies. Their Rationale and Regional Context’, in Domínguez, ed., International Security and Democracy, 1998, pp. 51-79.

Fonseca, Gelson and Sérgio Henrique Nabuco de Castro, eds., Temas de Política Brasileira.

1994 (two volumes).

Fonseca, Gelson, A Legitimidade e Outras Questões Internacionais, 1998 (Part III).

González, Guadalupe and Jorge Chabat, ‘Mexico’s Hemispheric Options in the Post-Cold War

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Era’, in Mace and Thérien, eds., Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas, 1996, pp. 39-51.

González, Guadalupe, ‘Foreign Policy Strategies in a Globalized World: The Case of Mexico’, in

Tulchin and Espach, eds., Latin America in the New International System, 2001, pp. 141-181.

Hakim, Peter, ‘Two Ways to Go Global’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 1, Jan/Feb. 2002, p. 148,

15 pp. Hirst, Monica, ‘The Foreign Policy of Brazil: From the Democratic Transition to its Consolidation’,

in Muñoz and Tulchin eds., Latin American Nations, 1996. Kingston, Peter R., and Timothy J. Power, Democratic Brazil. Actors. Institutions and

Processes, 2000. Klaveren, Alberto van, ‘Understanding Latin American Foreign Policies’, in Muñoz and Tulchin

eds., Latin American Nations, 1996.

Lafer, Celso, ‘Brazilian International Identity and Foreign Policy: Past, Present and Future’, in Daedalus special issue: ‘Brazil: Burden of the Past. Promise of the Future’, spring 2000.

Leiken, Robert S., ‘With a Friend Like Fox’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 5, Sep/Oct. 2001, p.

91, 14 pp. Perez, Louis A., ‘Fear and Loathing of Fidel Castro: Sources of US Policy Toward Cuba’, Journal

of Latin American Studies, vol. 34, 2002. Rich Kaplowitz, Donna, ed., Cuba’s Ties to a Changing World, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1993. Roett, Riordan, ‘Brazil Ascendant: International Relations and Geopolitics in the Late 20th. Century’,

Journal of International Affairs, vol. 29, no. 2, 1975, pp. 139-145. Russell, Roberto and Laura Zuvanic, ‘Argentina: Deepening Alignment with the West’, Journal of

Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 33, no. 3, fall 1981, pp. 113-134. Russell, Roberto, Política exterior y toma de decisiones en América Latina, Buenos Aires,

Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990. Seabra de Cruz, Calvacante and Pedone, ‘Brazil’s foreign policy under Collor’, Journal of Inter-

American Studies and World Affaris, 35, no. 1, 1993. Selcher, Wayne, ‘Brazilian-Argentine relations in the 1980s: from rivalry to friendly competition’,

Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, vol. 27, no. 2, 1985, pp. 25-53. Selcher, Wayne, ‘Current dynamics and future prospects of Brazil’s relations with Latin America:

Toward a pattern of bilateral cooperation’, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, 28, no. 2, 1986, pp. 67-99.

Smith, Tony, ‘The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra: Five Observations on Writing about Cuban Foreign

Policy’, World Politics, vol. 41, no. 1, October 1988, pp. 98-119.

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Suárez Salazar, Luis, ‘Cuba’s Foreign Policy in the “Special Period”’, in Archibald R. M. Ritter and John M. Kirk, eds., Cuba in the International System. Normalization and Integration, N. York, MacMillan, 1995, pp. 84-104.

Tulchin, Joseph S., ‘Continuity and Change in Argentine Foreign Policy’, in Muñoz and Tulchin,

eds., Latin American Nations, 1996, pp. 165-196.

**Other General texts:

Atkins, G. Pope, Handbook of Research on the International Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean, Boulder, Westview, 2001.

Atkins, G. Pope, Latin America and the Caribbean in the international system, Boulder, Westview, 1999.

Connell-Smith, Gordon, The Inter-American System, Oxford, OUP, 1966.

Lincoln, J.K. and Elizabeth Ferris, eds., The dynamics of Latin American Foreign Policies. Challenge for the 1980s, 1984.

Martz, John and Lars Schoultz, eds, Latin America, the United States and the inter-American System, 1980.

Miller, Nicola, Soviet relations with Latin America, 1959-1987, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Stoetzer, Carlos, The Organization of American States, 2nd ed., London, Praeger, 1993.

Varas, Augusto, Soviet-Latin American Relations in the 1980s, 1986.

**Journals:

Bulletin of Latin American Research

Current History

Daedalus

Estudios Internacionales

Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs en Español

Foreign Policy

Foro Internacional

Hispanic American Historical Review

International Affairs

International Organization

International Security

Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, now Journal of Inter-American Studies

Journal of Latin American Studies

Latin American Research Review

14

Millennium

Orbis

**Useful Web pages: Canadian Foundation for the Americas www.focal.ca Latin America Network Information Center http://lanic.utexas.ed Latin American Studies Association http:\\lasa.international.pitt.edu Organization of American States www.oas.org The Americas Society/Council for the Americas www.americas-society.org The Inter-American Dialogue www.iadialog.org Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars http://wwics.si.edu/ Working papers CIDE www.cide.edu