International Space Station Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station

International Space StationInternational Space Station

Origin: The international space station project began as a Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station for the benefit of the international orbital station for the benefit of the international participantsparticipants

Space Station Freedom Space Station Freedom was announced in 1983 as part of was announced in 1983 as part of President Regan’s space exploration initiativePresident Regan’s space exploration initiative

International participants included (as major International participants included (as major contributors):contributors): USAUSA ESAESA JapanJapan ItalyItaly BrazilBrazil

Space Station Freedom – Dual KeelSpace Station Freedom – Dual Keel

Space Station Freedom - BaselineSpace Station Freedom - Baseline

Space Station FreedomSpace Station Freedom

Budget problems inside and outside of NASA reduced Budget problems inside and outside of NASA reduced Space Station Freedom’s scale to the Phase 1 Space Station Freedom’s scale to the Phase 1 (Baseline)(Baseline)

Initial hardware fabrication for SSF started by 1990, so Initial hardware fabrication for SSF started by 1990, so the ISS design inherited many of the SSF featuresthe ISS design inherited many of the SSF features

Main truss assembly retainedMain truss assembly retained

Solar arrays attached to each end of the truss Solar arrays attached to each end of the truss remainedremained

Modular research module concept was retained and Modular research module concept was retained and based on Space Shuttle payload bay size limitationsbased on Space Shuttle payload bay size limitations


Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented both Russia and the U.S. with cooperative both Russia and the U.S. with cooperative space opportunitiesspace opportunities

The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF projectits SSF project

Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine the Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine the U.S. and Russian space station effortsU.S. and Russian space station efforts

Included the SSF international partnersIncluded the SSF international partners

International Space Station AlphaInternational Space Station Alpha

These agreements were the birth of the These agreements were the birth of the International Space Station AlphaInternational Space Station Alpha

Later renamedLater renamed International Space Station International Space Station


Implementation of the partnership between the U.S. and Russia Implementation of the partnership between the U.S. and Russia and the original SSF partners consisted of a 10-year assembly and the original SSF partners consisted of a 10-year assembly schedule divided into in three phasesschedule divided into in three phases

Phase One - Shuttle/Mir Flights Phase One - Shuttle/Mir Flights Shuttle-Mir Program would provide flight experience to Shuttle-Mir Program would provide flight experience to

reduce International Space Station assembly and reduce International Space Station assembly and operations risksoperations risks

Phase Two - Human-Tended CapabilityPhase Two - Human-Tended Capability Space station human-tended capability offered Space station human-tended capability offered

frequent, extended research lab access until frequent, extended research lab access until permanent operationspermanent operations

Phase Three - Permanent HabitationPhase Three - Permanent Habitation International Space Station begins permanent International Space Station begins permanent

habitation and operations with Soyuz crew vehicles habitation and operations with Soyuz crew vehicles docked for emergency return docked for emergency return


ISS preliminary specsISS preliminary specs

Orbital altitudeOrbital altitude 340-460 km340-460 km

Orbit inclinationOrbit inclination 51.651.6oo

On-orbit mass (complete)On-orbit mass (complete) 450,000 kg (980,000 lb)450,000 kg (980,000 lb)

Launches (assembly)Launches (assembly) 45+45+

Design lifetimeDesign lifetime 15 years15 years

Major modulesMajor modules 1010

Major componentsMajor components ~100~100

International International SpaceSpace Station Freedom – Complete Station Freedom – Complete

International Space Station AssemblyInternational Space Station Assembly

Next launched Next launched was the was the P5 P5 truss spacertruss spacer

Attached Attached outboard of outboard of the P3/P4 the P3/P4 PVA truss PVA truss elementelement

Provides Provides clearance for clearance for P6 attached P6 attached outboard of outboard of P3/P4P3/P4

Launched on Launched on STS-116 STS-116 December 7, December 7, 20062006




Assembly began with the Russian Assembly began with the Russian flight module flight module ZariaZaria

Design was from a Salyut Design was from a Salyut resupply module called TKSresupply module called TKS

Now called the Now called the FGB FGB – a Russian – a Russian acronym for acronym for Functional Cargo Functional Cargo BlockBlock

Launched on a Proton booster Launched on a Proton booster November 20, 1998November 20, 1998

First element of the ISS First element of the ISS launchedlaunched

Built in Russia, paid for by the Built in Russia, paid for by the U.S.U.S.


Next element launched was the connecting node identified Next element launched was the connecting node identified as as Node 1Node 1 and named and named UnityUnity

Docked to the Zaria module with a Pressurized Mating Docked to the Zaria module with a Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA)Adapter (PMA) Developed during the Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir flightsDeveloped during the Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir flights

Allowed Shuttle docking to the ISS with a small Russian Allowed Shuttle docking to the ISS with a small Russian docking portdocking port

Larger U.S. docking unit is called the Common Berthing Larger U.S. docking unit is called the Common Berthing AdapterAdapter

Launched on Launched on STS-88 December 4, 1998STS-88 December 4, 1998

Photo of Node 1 Unity attached to the forward and aft Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs) (left, or aft, is docked to the Zaria FGB)


Next element launched was Next element launched was the Russian the Russian Service Service Module (SM) named Module (SM) named ZvezdaZvezda

Zvezda provided flight Zvezda provided flight control and habitation control and habitation capabilitycapability

Painful delays in launch Painful delays in launch created friction between created friction between U.S. and RussiaU.S. and Russia

Launched on a Proton Launched on a Proton booster July 12, 2000booster July 12, 2000

Updated version of the Mir Updated version of the Mir core modulecore module

Sketch of Zvezda (left), docked to Zaria Sketch of Zvezda (left), docked to Zaria (center), which is docked to Unity (right)(center), which is docked to Unity (right)


Next element attached Next element attached to the ISS structure to the ISS structure was the was the Z1 truss Z1 truss segmentsegment

Housed CMGs and Housed CMGs and communications communications geargear

Berthed on Node I Berthed on Node I UnityUnity

Used as temporary Used as temporary mount for P-6 mount for P-6 photovoltaic arrayphotovoltaic array

Launched on STS-92 Launched on STS-92 October 11, 2000October 11, 2000


Next element launched Next element launched was the was the P6 P6 outboard outboard PVA arrayPVA array

Launched early to provide power for Destiny laboratory

Attached temporarily to the top of Z1

Launched on STS-97 November 30, 2000


Next element launched was the U.S. laboratory named Destiny

Launched on STS-98 February 7, 2001

Attached to Node 1 Unity

Attached directly to ISS truss structure (S0) and Unity as the primary mechanical connection between truss and modules

ISS Assembly – Destiny being extracted from the Payload Bay ISS Assembly – Destiny being extracted from the Payload Bay of Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-98)of Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-98)

ISS – Inside DestinyISS – Inside Destiny

International Space Station AssemblyNext launched

was Joint Airlock Quest

Attached to

Node 1 Unity

Quest provided EVA

capability Atmosphere

supply Hypobaric

and hyperbaric chamber

Space suit storage

Launched on STS-104 July 12, 2001


Next launched was the Next launched was the S0S0 truss segmenttruss segment

Center truss pieceCenter truss piece

Attached directly to the Attached directly to the Destiny laboratoryDestiny laboratory

Truss elements S1 and P1 Truss elements S1 and P1 attached to the ends of S0attached to the ends of S0

Launched on STS-110 Launched on STS-110 April 8, 2001April 8, 2001


Next launched was the Next launched was the S1S1 truss segmenttruss segment

S1 is starboard truss S1 is starboard truss element outboard of S0 element outboard of S0 (opposite to later P1 (opposite to later P1 segment)segment)

Includes radiator Includes radiator assembly (above S1 assembly (above S1 arrow)arrow)

Launched on STS-112 Launched on STS-112 October, 7 2002October, 7 2002

International Space Station – Mobile TransporterInternational Space Station – Mobile Transporter

Mobile Transporter Mobile Transporter Primary payload on Primary payload on STS-112STS-112

MT is designed to carry MT is designed to carry astronauts, equipment astronauts, equipment and Space Station and Space Station Remote Manipulator Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) along System (SSRMS) along the trussthe truss

Pictured in highlight Pictured in highlight being attached to the being attached to the S1 segment during S1 segment during assembly EVAassembly EVA


Next launched was the P1 truss segment

P1 is the port truss element outboard of S0 (opposite S1 already attached)

Includes radiator assembly

Launched on STS-113 November 23, 2002


Next launched was the Next launched was the P3/P4 PVA arrayP3/P4 PVA array

Attached outboard of Attached outboard of the P1 truss elementthe P1 truss element

Launched on STS-115 Launched on STS-115 September 9, 2006September 9, 2006

International Space Station Assembly

Next launched was the P5 truss spacer

Attached outboard of the P3/P4 PVA truss element

Provides clearance for P6 attached outboard of P3/P4

Launched on STS-116 December 7, 2006


Next in sequence was the S3/S4 PVA array

Attached to outboard end of S1 truss segment

Launched on STS-117 June 8, 2007


Next in sequence was the S5 truss spacer

Attached outboard of the S3/S4 truss element

Launched on STS-118 August 8, 2007


Next in sequence is Node 2 - Harmony

Attached to US Lab Destiny (PMA docking adapter moved from Destiny to outboard port of Node 1)

Launched on STS-120 October 23, 2007

Node 1 Harmony in Kennedy Space Center Node 1 Harmony in Kennedy Space Center Processing FacilityProcessing Facility


Next launched Next launched was the ESA was the ESA Columbus Columbus Orbital Facility Orbital Facility modulemodule

Attached to Attached to Node 2Node 2

Launched on Launched on STS-122 STS-122 January, 2008January, 2008

International Space Station Assembly – Columbus ModuleInternational Space Station Assembly – Columbus Module


Next launched was the Japanese Experiment Module – Experiment Logistics Module (JEM ELM PS)

Attached to Node 2

Launched on STS-123 March 11, 2008


Next launched was the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and Japanese Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS)

Attached to Node 2

Launched on STS-124 May 31, 2008


Next scheduled is the S6 PVA array truss assembly

Attached outboard of the S3/S4 truss element

Launched on STS-119 in March 15, 2009


Next scheduled was Next scheduled was the the Japanese Japanese Experiment Experiment Module Exposed Module Exposed Facility (ELM-ES)Facility (ELM-ES)

Attached to JEM Attached to JEM Pressuruized Pressuruized Module Module

Launched on STS-Launched on STS-127 July 15, 2009127 July 15, 2009


Six crew capability established at this pointSix crew capability established at this point

ISS crew capacity limited by ISS crew capacity limited by

1. Life support facilities1. Life support facilities

2. Emergency crew return vehicle capacity docked 2. Emergency crew return vehicle capacity docked to ISSto ISS

Emergency crew return vehicle is the Soyuz Emergency crew return vehicle is the Soyuz crew vehicle which has a capacity of 3crew vehicle which has a capacity of 3

22ndnd Soyuz vehicle docked to ISS for expanded Soyuz vehicle docked to ISS for expanded crew emergency return capabilitycrew emergency return capability


Next launched was Next launched was Node Node 3 Tranquility3 Tranquility

Attached to Node 2Attached to Node 2

Largest of ISS’ three Largest of ISS’ three connecting nodesconnecting nodes

Included 7-window Included 7-window cupolacupola

Connecting Node Connecting Node plus additional life plus additional life support functionssupport functions Water & urine Water & urine

recyclingrecycling Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

reduction reduction (Sabatier reactor)(Sabatier reactor)

Launched on STS-130 Launched on STS-130 February 8, 2010February 8, 2010


Seven-window Seven-window CupolaCupola

Launched on STS-130 Launched on STS-130

Mounted on the end of Node 3Mounted on the end of Node 3

Later moved to nadir (Earth-Later moved to nadir (Earth-facing) port of Node 3 during facing) port of Node 3 during the STS-130 missionthe STS-130 mission

Used primarily for remote Used primarily for remote operations of SSRMSoperations of SSRMS


STS-132STS-132

Launched 14 May, 2010 on the Atlantis Orbiter

Primary payload was a Russian Mini Research Module (MRM)

First Russian module First Russian module launched by U.S.launched by U.S.

Two Russian MRMs are Two Russian MRMs are berthed on the ISSberthed on the ISS


Last module attached to Last module attached to the ISS is a the ISS is a Permanent Permanent MPLMMPLM called the PMM (Permanent Multipurpose Module)

Launched on last STS mission STS-133 February 24, 2011


Next to last STS Next to last STS mission was STS-134 mission was STS-134 launched 16 May, 2011launched 16 May, 2011

Primary payload is the Primary payload is the Alpha Magnetic Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-2)Spectrometer (AMS-2)

Attached as an external Attached as an external experiment package on experiment package on the ISSthe ISS

Primary purpose is to Primary purpose is to search for antimatter, search for antimatter, dark matter, and dark matter, and measure cosmic raysmeasure cosmic rays


STS-135 was the STS-135 was the last Space Shuttle last Space Shuttle launchedlaunched

Included cargo Included cargo delivered in the delivered in the Raffaello MPLMRaffaello MPLM

Launched 8 July, Launched 8 July, 2011 with only a 4-2011 with only a 4-crew complimentcrew compliment

Backup flights were Backup flights were required for each required for each STS mission since STS mission since the Columbia the Columbia accident, except accident, except this onethis one


Equipment and supplies for U.S. Equipment and supplies for U.S. and partners carried in and partners carried in Multipurpose Logistics Module Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM)(MPLM)

Launched in Space Shuttle payload bay

Three built by Italian aerospace manufacturer Alenia Spazio (also built Columbus, Node 2, Node 3, Cupola)

MPLMs are namedMPLMs are named LeonardoLeonardo DonatelloDonatello RaffaelloRaffaello

ISS Complete

International Space Station – Support VehiclesInternational Space Station – Support Vehicles

ISS cargo vehicles ISS cargo vehicles Space Shuttle (crew & cargo, retired in 2011)Space Shuttle (crew & cargo, retired in 2011)Proton (cargo, Russian)Proton (cargo, Russian)Progress (cargo, Russian)Progress (cargo, Russian)Automated Transfer Vehicle (cargo, ESA)Automated Transfer Vehicle (cargo, ESA)

Inaugural launch on Ariane V March, 2008Inaugural launch on Ariane V March, 2008HTV (cargo, Japan, launched on H-2A)HTV (cargo, Japan, launched on H-2A)Dragon (cargo, under NASA’s Commercial Orbital Dragon (cargo, under NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract with SpaceX) Transportation Services (COTS) contract with SpaceX) first launched in 2012first launched in 2012Cygnus (cargo, under COTS contract with Orbital Cygnus (cargo, under COTS contract with Orbital Sciences) planned for launch in 2013/2014Sciences) planned for launch in 2013/2014

International Space Station – Support VehiclesInternational Space Station – Support Vehicles

ISS crew vehiclesISS crew vehicles

Soyuz (crew, Russian)Soyuz (crew, Russian)

Dragon (crew, under NASA’s Commercial Crew Dragon (crew, under NASA’s Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) contract with SpaceX)Development (CCDev) contract with SpaceX)

Boeing CST-100 (crew, CCDev)Boeing CST-100 (crew, CCDev)

Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (crew, CCDev)Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (crew, CCDev)

ISS Support Vehicles


ESA’s ATV cargo vehicleESA’s ATV cargo vehicle

Name: Jules VerneName: Jules Verne

First launched on 9 March, First launched on 9 March, 20082008

Length: 10.3 mLength: 10.3 m

Diameter: 4.5 mDiameter: 4.5 m

Power: Solar arrays with Power: Solar arrays with battery secondary supplybattery secondary supply

Two main modules:Two main modules: Integrated Cargo CarrierIntegrated Cargo Carrier ATV Service ModuleATV Service Module

Docking mechanism: RussianDocking mechanism: Russian


Japanese HTV cargo Japanese HTV cargo vehiclevehicle

Launcher: Launcher: Japanese H-2AJapanese H-2A

Length: 9.2 mLength: 9.2 m

Diameter: 4.4 mDiameter: 4.4 m

Mass: 15,000 kgMass: 15,000 kg

Payload: 7,000 kgPayload: 7,000 kg

ISS - Commercial Crew Transportation ISS - Commercial Crew Transportation

NASA’s Commercial Crew Development program NASA’s Commercial Crew Development program (CCDev)(CCDev)

Sponsors development of commercial vehicles to take Sponsors development of commercial vehicles to take crews to the International Space Stationcrews to the International Space Station

Boeing CST-100 (Atlas V launcher)Boeing CST-100 (Atlas V launcher) Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (Atlas V launcher)Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (Atlas V launcher) SpaceX Dragon (Falcon 9 launcher)SpaceX Dragon (Falcon 9 launcher)

Boeing CST-100

Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser

SpaceX Dragon

NASA is planning a new addition NASA is planning a new addition to the ISS to the ISS

•Expandable space habitat Expandable space habitat technology developed by technology developed by Bigelow AerospaceBigelow Aerospace

•Bigelow Expandable Activity Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)Module (BEAM)

•Scheduled for launch to the ISS Scheduled for launch to the ISS in 2015 for a two-year technology in 2015 for a two-year technology demonstrationdemonstration

Proposed Russian AdditionsProposed Russian Additions

Questions?

Documents

International Space Station Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station