InternationalizingInternationalizingthe the Dutch Dutch ... Structura sistemului...First Education Forum, Bucharest, May 13, 2010 All materials strictly copyright ©iE&D Solutions®BV

All materials strictly copyright © iE&D Solutions® BVENZ Workshops Auckland & Christchurch, March 2009First Education Forum, Bucharest, May 13, 2010

InternationalizingInternationalizingInternationalizingInternationalizing the the the the Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch higherhigherhigherhigher educationeducationeducationeducation systemsystemsystemsystem

Bucharest, May 13, 2010

Robert van KaniE&D Solutions BV

[email protected]

All materials strictly copyright © iE&D Solutions® BVFirst Education Forum, Bucharest, May 13, 2010


� Population:�16 million�486 people/km2�20% minorities

� Economy:�GDP: 595 billion�Services & trade: 74% of GDP�No natural resources�Economy depends on foreign trade�Average annual income: 25.000-30.000 EUR

� Social:�Multi-cultural�Tradition of tolerance

Some basic factsSome basic factsSome basic factsSome basic facts


The Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE system

Basic education ( 8 yrsBasic education ( 8 yrsBasic education ( 8 yrsBasic education ( 8 yrs ))))

PrePrePrePre----vocation vocation vocation vocation education VMBOeducation VMBOeducation VMBOeducation VMBO

(4 yrs(4 yrs(4 yrs(4 yrs ))))

General General General General advances advances advances advances secondary secondary secondary secondary education education education education

HAVO (5 yrs)HAVO (5 yrs)HAVO (5 yrs)HAVO (5 yrs)

Pre academic Pre academic Pre academic Pre academic educationeducationeducationeducation

VWOVWOVWOVWO(6 yrs(6 yrs(6 yrs(6 yrs ))))

Adult & Voc.Adult & Voc.Adult & Voc.Adult & Voc.Education MBOEducation MBOEducation MBOEducation MBO(0.5(0.5(0.5(0.5----4 yrs)4 yrs)4 yrs)4 yrs)

University of University of University of University of Applied Applied Applied Applied ScienceScienceScienceScience

(B, 4 yrs)(B, 4 yrs)(B, 4 yrs)(B, 4 yrs)

Prof. Master Prof. Master Prof. Master Prof. Master

Research Research Research Research universityuniversityuniversityuniversity

(BA/(BA/(BA/(BA/BScBScBScBSc, 3 yrs), 3 yrs), 3 yrs), 3 yrs)

Academic MasterAcademic MasterAcademic MasterAcademic Master

PhDPhDPhDPhD

IO IO IO IO institutesinstitutesinstitutesinstitutes

PhDPhDPhDPhD


� 14 Research-oriented universities (8 comprehensive, 3 TU’s, 1 agricultural, 1 open university, 1 business)

� Combine academic education & research� Bachelors (BA, BSc): 3 years (180 ECTS)� Academic Masters (MA, MSc): 1-2 years (60-120 ECTS)� PhD: 4 years� International academic orientation� Most postgraduate education in English� Highly ranked (eg. THES rankings)

Research UniversitiesResearch UniversitiesResearch UniversitiesResearch Universities


� 55 universities of applied sciences (or ‘hogescholen’) � Combine higher professional education & practice� Bachelors (B): 4 years (240 ECTS)� Professional Masters (M): 1-2 years (60-120 ECTS)� No PhD� Closely linked to industry & commerce� Require ½ to 1 year study or internship abroad� Many undergrad programmes in English

Universities of Applied SciencesUniversities of Applied SciencesUniversities of Applied SciencesUniversities of Applied Sciences


� 5 Institutes of International Education� Masters� PhD� Professional training� Exclusive focus on developmental disciplines� Almost exclusive focus on government officials and researchers from developing countries

� Most have merged with research universities� Primarily financed thru development cooperation funds

Institutes of IntInstitutes of IntInstitutes of IntInstitutes of Int’’’’l Educationl Educationl Educationl Education


The Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE systemThe Dutch HE system


Modern teaching methodsModern teaching methodsModern teaching methodsModern teaching methods

Group assignments

Small lecture groups

Individual work

Modern Facilities


� Primarily public institutions

� Budget Ministry of Education, Culture & Sciences:

�35 billion EUR

�5,8% of GDP

�18,1% of central government expenditures

� Three “money streams”:

�Lump-sum, based on number of students and graduates

�Research grants

�Contract activities

Financing Financing Financing Financing Dutch higher educationDutch higher educationDutch higher educationDutch higher education


� Tuition fees higher education:

�1600 EUR/year (Dutch and EER students)

�“cost covering” (non EER students)

�Monthly allowance (“portable”)

Financing Financing Financing Financing Dutch higher educationDutch higher educationDutch higher educationDutch higher education


� Higher education:

�Mergers into large scale institutions (Applied Sciences)

�Introduction Ba/Ma

�New accreditation system

�Abolish subsidizing non EER students

� Primary education

�Shortage of teachers

� Secondary education

�Basic skills (mathematics, language)

� Adult & Vocational education

�Early school leavers

�Relation to labour market

�Integration

Important developmentsImportant developmentsImportant developmentsImportant developments


� Long tradition:

�Post 2ndWorld War & post-colonialism & Cold War

�Institutes of Int’l Education established in 1950s

�Nuffic established in 1952

�First English language courses in 1950s

InternationalisationInternationalisationInternationalisationInternationalisation


� Four waves of internationalisations:

�Development cooperation (1950s)

�European mobility (1980s)

�Diploma mobility (1980s)

�Global education market (1990 and 2000s)



� Rapid development in the thinking on internationalisation during the 1990s

� From “idealism” to “realism”

� From “cooperation to competition””

� Driven by economic motives

� Global competition for talent

� Shortage of “knowledge workers” in the Dutch labour market

� Internationalisation of the labor market

� Global problems need global solutions

� Global imbalance between supply and demand in HE

� Sharp increase in private funding in HE



� Quality

� Autonomy of institutions, education professionals and students

� Government “stimulates and facilitates”

� Strengthen competitive position of Dutch HE

� International orientation

� Contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development (development cooperation)

Goals & objectives (Goals & objectives (Goals & objectives (Goals & objectives (govgovgovgov’’’’tttt))))


� Quality

� Create international environment for own students

� Create study abroad opportunities for own students

� Internationalise the curriculum

� Enhance international reputation

� Compensate for low domestic or regional demand

� Make money!

Goals & objectives (institutions)Goals & objectives (institutions)Goals & objectives (institutions)Goals & objectives (institutions)


� “Stimulate and facilitate”:

� Policy guidelines and coordination

� Laws and regulations

� International agreements (bi/multilateral)

� Infrastructure

� Funding

� Information & promotion

� Mobility obstacles (“Mobstacles”)

Role of governmentRole of governmentRole of governmentRole of government


� Fully autonomous:

� What means internationalisation for my institution?

� What goals & objectives? What strategies?

� How to measure?

� What forms of internationalisation?

� Priorities? (Type of students, countries, counterparts institutions, etc)

� How to fund?

Role of institutionsRole of institutionsRole of institutionsRole of institutions


� Umbrella organisations

�Association of Universities (VSNU)

�Association of Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO Raad)

� Nuffic (Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education)

� Royal Academy of Sciences/Netherlands Scientific Organisation (NWO)

� “Platforms”

�Platform International Education

�Dutch Higher Education Network for Int’l Marketing (Dhenim)

GovGovGovGov’’’’tttt –––– institutions cooperationinstitutions cooperationinstitutions cooperationinstitutions cooperation


� Mobility of Dutch students

� International orientation of Dutch universities

� “Brain circulation”

� Living and working climate for international students and “knowledge workers”

� Development cooperation

What they do: governmentWhat they do: governmentWhat they do: governmentWhat they do: government


� Enhance quality of higher education, not only at the top but also at the bottom

� Create “international classroom”

� International students are our future “ambassadors”

� Shortage of “knowledge workers”

� Direct economic gain

Why attract intWhy attract intWhy attract intWhy attract int’’’’l students?l students?l students?l students?


� Create more transparency

�Bologna

�Accreditation

�Rankings

� Marketing and promotion

�Netherlands Education Support Offices (Neso’s)

�Study in Holland campaign

�Holland branding

How to attract intHow to attract intHow to attract intHow to attract int’’’’l students?l students?l students?l students?


� Funding

�Scholarships (NFP, HSP, Talent Scholarships, etc.)

�Subsidizing EER students

� Improve legal framework

�Joint degrees

�“Off-shore” education

�Remove “mobstacles”

How to attract intHow to attract intHow to attract intHow to attract int’’’’l students?l students?l students?l students?


� Difficult to make generalisations: internationalisationcomes in all shapes, forms and colors!

� What institutions say and do not always the same!

� Main challenge: how to translate policy objectives into concrete activities and actual results?

� Who is responsible: central vs. de-central

� Academics difficult to manage!

What they do: institutionsWhat they do: institutionsWhat they do: institutionsWhat they do: institutions


� Three stages

� First stage:

�Development coop.: concentrated in few institutions

�European mobility: modest levels

� Second stage:

�Recruiting non EER students (China, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.)

�Emphasis on quantity, and thus

�Serious quality problems occurred



� Third stage: consolidation & diversification

�Better integration

�Priority & choices

�Niche marketing

�Professionalized (know-how, procedures, quality control, services)

�Joint standards (“Code of Conduct”)

�Recruitment more structured

�Joint/dual degree programmes

�2+2, 3+1 etc programmes

�Off-shore education

�More interest in development cooperation



ResultsResultsResultsResults


IntIntIntInt’’’’l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)


IntIntIntInt’’’’l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)l students in NL (2008/09)


IntIntIntInt’’’’l students in the NLl students in the NLl students in the NLl students in the NL










Dutch students abroad (2006/07)Dutch students abroad (2006/07)Dutch students abroad (2006/07)Dutch students abroad (2006/07)


Dutch students abroadDutch students abroadDutch students abroadDutch students abroad






� Only 2,3% do full-degree study abroad

� Only 17% do part of study or internship abroad

� Target: 25% in 2013

� How?

�Scholarships (Erasmus, HSP, etc.)

�“Portable study financing”

�Internships

�Promotion campaign “Wilweg” (“Want to get out!”)

Mobility of Dutch studentsMobility of Dutch studentsMobility of Dutch studentsMobility of Dutch students


� Impact internationalisation on quality difficult to measure

� Dutch universities have become very “international”institutions

� Employment:

�Universities of Applied Sciences: 97%

�Research universities: 92%

QualityQualityQualityQuality


� QS Times Higher World ranking of universities 2009:

�University of Amsterdam 49

�Leiden University 60

�Utrecht University 70

�TU Delft 83

�Erasmus University Rotterdam 108

�University Maastricht 116

�TU Eindhoven 120

�University of Groningen 138

�Wageningen University 155

�Free University Amsterdam 165

�Twente University 200

QualityQualityQualityQuality


� Highly developed education system, delivering both high quality research and highly qualified labor force

� In many respects an impressive track-record in internationalisation (see the numbers, rankings, reputation)

� Complex system of governance of the education system and internationalisation agenda, with all stakeholders having a place at the table

� Broad support for national visions and strategies, and the role everyone plays in it

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions


� Dutch students not keen on going abroad

� Difficult to attract top-level researchers

� Falling behind in terms of international competitive position, capacity to innovate, attractive environment

� Universities think top-down or inside-out, internationalisation is often driven bottom-up or outside-in

� Who “owns” internationalisation, within the institution?

� How to establish an internationalisation agenda that makes sense in relation to the primary education/research process? And how to measure that?

� Never enough funding

ChallengesChallengesChallengesChallenges


Thank you!

Robert van Kan

[email protected]

Documents

InternationalizingInternationalizingthe the Dutch Dutch ... Structura sistemului...First Education Forum, Bucharest, May 13, 2010 All materials strictly copyright ©iE&D Solutions®BV