VVPCE BULLETIN 1

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

VVPCE BULLETIN

INTERNET ASSIGNED NUMBER AUTHORITY SUDOKU

WHY VOTE!!! IANA SORTING ALGORITHM

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT VOIP VOICE OVER

INTERNET PROTOCOL

NEWS LETTER – Department of Computer Engineering

V.V.P. Engineering College

V.V.P. Engineering College

Virda Vajadi,

Kalawad Road,

Rajkot, Gujarat – 360005

Ph.: (0281)2783394, (0281)2783486

Fax.: (0281)2783487

Write to us : vvp_2003@indiatimes.com

Visit : www.vvpedulink.ac.in

VVPCE BULLETIN 2

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet

protocols that are published as RFC documents. These documents describe methods, behaviours, research, or

innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. IANA also maintains a close

liaison with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.

In the case of the two major Internet namespaces, namely IP addresses and domain names, extra administrative policy

and delegation to subordinate administrations is required because of the multi-layered distributed use of these

resources.

IP addresses

IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for

a different area of the world. Collectively the RIRs have created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body

to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.

The RIRs divide their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them in their respective operating

regions to Internet service providers and other organizations. Since the introduction of the CIDR system, IANA typically

allocates address space in the size of /8 prefix blocks for IPv4 and /23 to /12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/3 IPv6 block

to requesting regional registries as needed.

Domain names

IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which form the top of the hierarchical DNS tree. This task involves

liaising with top-level domain operators, the root nameserver operators, and ICANN's policy making apparatus.

ICANN also operates the .int registry for international treaty organizations, the .arpa zone for Internet infrastructure

purposes, including reverse DNS service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.

Protocol parameters

IANA administers many parameters of IETF protocols. Examples include the names of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

schemes and character encodings recommended for use on the Internet. This task is undertaken under the oversight

of the Internet Architecture Board, and the agreement governing the work is published in RFC 2860.

Time zone database

The IANA time zone database holds the time zone differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows

this information to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to keep accurate track of time

zones through the Internet.

VVPCE BULLETIN 3

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

IANA resumed operation of the database on October 16, 2011, after the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. lawsuit and the

database's eventual shutdown.

Number puzzles appeared in newspapers in the late 19th century, when French puzzle setters began experimenting

with removing numbers from magic squares. Le Siècle, a Paris-based daily, published a partially completed 9×9 magic

square with 3×3 sub-squares on November 19, 1892. It was not a Sudoku because it contained double-digit numbers

and required arithmetic rather than logic to solve, but it shared key characteristics: each row, column and sub-square

added up to the same number.

On July 6, 1895, Le Siècle's rival, La France, refined the puzzle so that it was almost a modern Sudoku. It simplified the

9×9 magic square puzzle so that each row, column and broken diagonals contained only the numbers 1–9, but did not

mark the sub-squares. Although they are unmarked, each 3×3 sub-square does indeed comprise the numbers 1–9 and

the additional constraint on the broken diagonals leads to only one solution.

These weekly puzzles were a feature of French newspapers such as L'Echo de Paris for about a decade but disappeared

about the time of World War I.

According to Will Shortz, the modern Sudoku was most likely designed anonymously by Howard Garns, a 74-year-old

retired architect and freelance puzzle constructor from Connersville, Indiana, and first published in 1979 by Dell

Magazines as Number Place (the earliest known examples of modern Sudoku). Garns's name was always present on

the list of contributors in issues of Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games that included Number Place, and was always

absent from issues that did not. He died in 1989 before getting a chance to see his creation as a worldwide

phenomenon. It is unclear if Garns was familiar with any of the French newspapers listed above.

The puzzle was introduced in Japan by Nikoli in the paper Monthly Nikolist in April 1984 as Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru

(数字は独身に限る?), which also can be translated as "the digits must be single" or "the digits are limited to one

occurrence." (In Japanese, dokushin means an "unmarried person".) At a later date, the name was abbreviated to

Sudoku (數獨) by Maki Kaji (鍜治 真起 Kaji Maki?), taking only the first kanji of compound words to form a shorter

version.[10]

Sudoku is a registered trademark in Japan and the puzzle is generally referred to as Number Place. In 1986,

Nikoli introduced two innovations: the number of givens was restricted to no more than 32, and puzzles became

SUDOKU

VVPCE BULLETIN 4

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

"symmetrical" (meaning the givens were distributed in rotationally symmetric cells). It is now published in mainstream

Japanese periodicals, such as the Asahi Shimbun.

The Times of London began featuring Sudoku in 2004.

VOIP VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

VoIP (voice over internet protocol) is a communication

protocols and transmission techniques that use for

delivery voice communication and multimedia session

over internet protocol networks.

VoIP also refers to IP telephony or Internet telephony

which use for communication

services like SMS, Voice, fax

that are transport via the

internet rather than the

conventional PSTN (public

switched telephone network).

VoIP Protocols::

VoIP can be implemented

using both the proprietary

and open protocols. Some

protocols are listed here

which are used in VoIP.

H.323

IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem)

MGCP(Media Gateway Control Protocol)

SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)

RTP(Real-Time Transport Protocol)

SDP(Session Description Protocol)

IAX(Inter-Asterisk exchange)

How VoIP works??

In the VoIP, the IP packets send on packet-switched

network rather than circuit-switched network in PSTN.

Hence the cost of the tolls charge from service

providers can be reduced in an efficient way using

VoIP. In all of above

protocols the most widely

used protocol is SIP because

it is signaling protocol that is

used in transfer of voice and

video calls over IP. Using SIP,

you can create or terminate

point to point or multipoint

sessions.

Software that used VoIP:

In your day-to-day life, you

often do text chatting, voice

chatting or video chatting

through any software. All this

kind of software are mostly based of VoIP. Some of the

software are listed below with their compatible

operating system.

Or you can make your own VoIP server using some

application like Asterisk operating system based on

Linux

Software Operrating System

Skype Linux,Mac OS X,Windows

BitWise IM Linux,Mac OS X,Windows

Brosix Windows

Fring Nokia S60

Google Talk Windows

MS Netmeeting Windows

Twinkle Linux

Yahoo Messenger Linux,Mac OS X,Windows

SIPSet Linux

VVPCE BULLETIN 4

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used

orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other

algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require sorted lists to work correctly; it is also often useful for

canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions:

1. The output is in non-decreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the

desired total order);

2. The output is a permutation (reordering) of the input.

Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the

complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar

statement. For example, bubble sort was analyzed as early as

1956.[1]

Although many consider it a solved problem, useful new

sorting algorithms are still being invented (for example, library sort

was first published in 2006). Sorting algorithms are prevalent

in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of

algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to

a variety of core algorithm concepts, such as big O notation,

divide and conquer algorithms, data structures, randomized

algorithms, best, worst and average case analysis, time-space

tradeoffs, and upper and lower bounds.

Classification

Sorting algorithms used in computer science are often classified by:

Computational complexity (worst, average and best behaviour) of element comparisons in terms of the size of

the list (n). For typical serial sorting algorithms good behaviour is O(n log n), with parallel sort in O(log2 n), and

bad behaviour is O(n2). (See Big O notation.) Ideal behaviour for a serial sort is O(n), but this is not possible in

the average case, optimal parallel sorting is O(log n). Comparison-based sorting algorithms, which evaluate

the elements of the list via an abstract key comparison operation, need at least O(n log n) comparisons for

most inputs.

Computational complexity of swaps (for "in place" algorithms).

Memory usage (and use of other computer resources). In particular, some sorting algorithms are "in place".

Strictly, an in place sort needs only O(1) memory beyond the items being sorted; sometimes O(log(n))

additional memory is considered "in place".

Recursion. Some algorithms are either recursive or non-recursive, while others may be both (e.g., merge sort).

Stability: stable sorting algorithms maintain the relative order of records with equal keys (i.e., values).

Whether or not they are a comparison sort. A comparison sort examines the data only by comparing two

elements with a comparison operator.

General method: insertion, exchange, selection, merging, etc. Exchange sorts include bubble sort and quick

sort. Selection sorts include shaker sort and heap sort. Also whether the algorithm is serial or parallel. The

SORTING

ALGORITHM

VVPCE BULLETIN 5

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

remainder of this discussion almost exclusively concentrates upon serial algorithms and assumes serial

operation.

Adaptability: Whether or not the presortedness of the input affects the running time. Algorithms that take this

into account are known to be adaptive.

Stability

Stable sorting algorithms maintain the relative order of records with equal keys. (A key is that portion of the record

which is the basis for the sort; it may or may not include all of the record.) If all keys are different then this distinction

is not necessary. But if there are equal keys, then a sorting algorithm is stable if whenever there are two records (let's

say R and S) with the same key, and R appears before S in the original list, then R will always appear before S in the

sorted list. When equal elements are indistinguishable, such as with integers, or more generally, any data where the

entire element is the key, stability is not an issue. However, assume that the following pairs of numbers are to be

sorted by their first component:

(4, 2) (3, 7) (3, 1) (5, 6)

In this case, two different results are possible, one which maintains the relative order of records with equal keys, and

one which does not:

(3, 7) (3, 1) (4, 2) (5, 6) (order maintained)

(3, 1) (3, 7) (4, 2) (5, 6) (order changed)

Unstable sorting algorithms may change the relative order of records with equal keys, but stable sorting algorithms

never do so. Unstable sorting algorithms can be specially implemented to be stable. One way of doing this is to

artificially extend the key comparison, so that comparisons between two objects with otherwise equal keys are decided

using the order of the entries in the original data order as a tie-breaker. Remembering this order, however, often

involves an additional computational cost.

Sorting based on a primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. sort key can be done by any sorting method, taking all sort keys

into account in comparisons (in other words, using a single composite sort key). If a sorting method is stable, it is also

possible to sort multiple times, each time with one sort key. In that case the keys need to be applied in order of

increasing priority.

Example: sorting pairs of numbers as above by second, then first component:

(4, 2) (3, 7) (3, 1) (5, 6) (original)

(3, 1) (4, 2) (5, 6) (3, 7) (after sorting by second component)

(3, 1) (3, 7) (4, 2) (5, 6) (after sorting by first component)

On the other hand:

(3, 7) (3, 1) (4, 2) (5, 6) (after sorting by first component)

(3, 1) (4, 2) (5, 6) (3, 7) (after sorting by second component, order by first component is disrupted).

VVPCE BULLETIN 6

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of

demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the

amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes,

and to assimilate associated waste. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth (or how

many planet Earths) it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle. For 2007, humanity's

total ecological footprint was estimated at 1.5 planet Earths; that is, humanity uses ecological services 1.5 times as

quickly as Earth can renew them. Every year, this number is recalculated to incorporate the three-year lag due to the

time it takes for the UN to collect and publish statistics and relevant research.

Although the term ecological footprint is widely used and well known, the methods used to calculate it vary greatly.

However, standards are now emerging to make results more comparable and consistent.

Overview

The first academic publication about the ecological footprint was by William Rees in 1992. The ecological footprint

concept and calculation method was developed as the PhD dissertation of Mathis Wackernagel, under Rees'

supervision at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, from 1990–1994 Originally, Wackernagel and

Rees called the concept "appropriated carrying capacity".[ To make the idea more accessible, Rees came up with the

term "ecological footprint", inspired by a computer technician who praised his new computer's "small footprint on the

desk". In early 1996, Wackernagel and Rees published the book Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on

the Earth.

Ecological footprint analysis compares human demands on nature with the biosphere's ability to regenerate resources

and provide services. It does this by assessing the biologically productive land and marine area required to produce

the resources a population consumes and absorb the corresponding waste, using prevailing technology. Footprint

values at the end of a survey are categorized for Carbon, Food, Housing, and Goods and Services as well as the total

footprint number of Earths needed to sustain the world's population at that level of consumption. This approach can

also be applied to an activity such as the manufacturing of a product or driving of a car. This resource accounting is

similar to life cycle analysis wherein the consumption of energy, biomass (food, fiber), building material, water and

other resources are converted into a normalized measure of land area called global hectares (gha).

Per capita ecological footprint (EF), or ecological footprint analysis (EFA), is a means of comparing consumption and

lifestyles, and checking this against nature's ability to provide for this consumption. The tool can inform policy by

examining to what extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available within its territory or to what extent the nation's

lifestyle would be replicable worldwide. The footprint can also be a useful tool to educate people about carrying

capacity and over-consumption, with the aim of altering personal behaviour. Ecological footprints may be used to

argue that many current lifestyles are not sustainable. Such a global comparison also clearly shows the inequalities of

resource use on this planet at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

VVPCE BULLETIN 7

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

In 2006, the average biologically productive area per person worldwide was approximately 1.8 global hectares (gha)

per capita. The U.S. footprint per capita was 9.0 gha, and that of Switzerland was 5.6 gha, while China's was 1.8

gha.[10][11]

The WWF claims that the human footprint has exceeded the bio capacity (the available supply of natural

resources) of the planet by 20%.[12]

Wackernagel and Rees originally estimated that the available biological capacity for

the 6 billion people on Earth at that time was about 1.3 hectares per person, which is smaller than the 1.8 global

hectares published for 2006, because the initial studies neither used global hectares nor included bio productive

marine areas.

A number of NGOs offer ecological footprint calculators.

Ecological footprint analysis is now widely used around the globe as an indicator of environmental sustainability. It can

be used to measure and manage the use of resources throughout the economy. It can be used to explore the

sustainability of individual lifestyles, goods and services, organizations, industry sectors, neighborhoods, cities, regions

and nations. Since 2006, a first set of ecological footprint standards exist that detail both communication and

calculation procedures. They are available at www.footprintstandards.org and were developed in a public process

facilitated by Global Footprint Network and its partner organizations.

WHY VOTE!!!!

If you check out the polls, you will see that in most constituencies, a max of 60% people go and vote (shocking!). Now

this 60% of the votes is typically shared between 4-6 candidates who may be contesting the election for that place.

Even assuming that only 3 are the popular ones, the vote distribution will be approximately 10-15% each (of the 60)

among the popular ones and the rest among the others. So we will usually have a victory with just 15-20% of the votes

of a given constituency! So a person will come into power with a “majority” vote of just 15-20%, usually much less,

maybe even 10-12%!!! This in itself is pretty flawed according to me, you will have a very hard time convincing me that

49% is a majority, let alone 12-20%.

Our politicians seem to be pretty good at maths, and they have done this calculation, and so know that to win an

election, they need to worry ONLY about getting 20% of the votes. So they divided the country into OBC, and SC/ST

VVPCE BULLETIN 8

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

and minority castes and so on, so that they could see a clear 20% of the population they would need to take care of

(appease) so that they would be able to secure their vote and stay/get into power.

When you see it this way, almost every single government policy will make perfect sense.

Now how can you confound this happy little scheme? Well, if more than 90% of the population goes and votes, then

just securing that cozy 20% of the votes is not going to get them into power. Then, they will have to actually take care

of everyone… the majority as well as the minority, which they should have been doing in the first place, but don‟t, coz

the majority DOESN‟T VOTE!

So to force the hand of the government to be “by the people, for the people and of the people” more PEOPLE need to

vote.

DEVOLUTION OF HUMANS

we, the humans, frequently brag about our

phenomenal evolution from apes to what we are. We

often cherish the successful journey that we have

accomplished through crossing this massive path of

development and growth. But where are we really

going? Has anyone really on this planet given a

thought to it?

Humans are considered the most intelligent, smart and

shrewd species of the planet. This fact is obviously the

one to take pride in as we have developed these

qualities after a long route of evolution. From

something ordinary, we have become so capable that

“extra-ordinary” can be used synonymously to human-

beings. Evolution up to humans was good, in fact

great. But what lies beyond? Apes to humans…but

humans to what? The answer is easily visible in our

lifestyles. It‟s there…in plain sight…yet hidden, or shall I

say ignored?

We, the humans, are devolving to

ROBOTS. This process of devolution is

already under way

A real human, in its true sense, is characterized by

superior intelligence, articulate speech, kindness,

considerateness and greater emotional quotient. While

Robots are mechanical devices that sometimes

resemble a human and are capable of performing a

variety of often complex human tasks on command or

by being programmed in advance.

There is no animosity between humans and robots.

There shouldn‟t be, for former has invented the latter

and the latter is quite helpful to the inventor species. In

today‟s world, machines define life-styles and lay roads

to advancement. They have provided new dimensions

to our existence and development. As Sir Arthur C.

Clarke has said, “Any sufficiently advanced technology

is indistinguishable from magic.” We have seen the

evolution of automation from wheel to space-shuttles.

All of these inventions have served wonders in our

VVPCE BULLETIN 9

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

lives. Life without these mechanical wonders has

become unimaginable, perhaps impossible.

The problem is not how far the technology advances

or how much inseparable they become in our lives, but

the catch is that we, the so-called human-beings, are

becoming like them. Efforts are being made to imbue

human qualities in robots, but the process seems to be

moving the other way round.

In the race to superiority, sublime characteristics which

define a human-being are being neglected. Altruism,

love, mercy, sympathy, sentiment – they are no longer

the concepts that drive a human life. Instead, the

forces which control our lives are greed, lust,

materialistic pleasures, violence and hatred.

In the following paragraphs, some light has been

flashed on the characteristics that we share with

robots.

We are programmed: Life has become monotonous

and automated. The program is already written in our

brains and we „execute’ it day by day.

Command and function: If we are lucky (or unlucky),

we get a promotion – „system upgrade‟. We receive

more salaries, but we have to be more productive and

efficient than the previous „configuration’ of ourselves.

At your service round the clock: Working timings are

set like we have nothing else to do in life. Robots don‟t

sleep, likewise, we stay up during nights taking pills to

stay awake and finish the job.

Social life!!? Do we have one? We have time to earn a

few more bucks doing over-time, but can‟t arrange an

hour to take our children to amusement park. We sit

for hours with business partners, but can‟t even attend

a call of a friend.

Do we mean what we speak? Some of the students

just read the matter and store it in their memory bank

without understanding them. Then in the examinations

they just „output’ it like recovering some data from the

retrieval system.

“Unemotionality”: If you are upset, robot will not

console you. If anyone has programmed the tin-box to

do so, it is just cosmetic with no heart involved. We are

following the same course today. There is no room for

true feelings, compassion and values. If there are any

traces of them, they are just superficial.

Forced labor: The word “robot” is derived from a

Czech word – “robota”, which means “forced labor”.

Children are forced to study like maniacs; adolescents

are compelled to concentrate on their professional

courses.

Change: We change our boyfriends/girlfriends, life-

partners, houses, jobs and what not. We just keep

asking for newer and advanced „versions’ all the time.

Conclusion: It was good if becoming robotic meant

becoming more accurate, precise, highly memory-

powered, quick and efficient. But we have not

transformed ourselves in that sense. The above

mentioned qualities make a robot an admirable figure.

These are the very qualities which we should learn

from them, and not the adverse ones like stiffness and

unemotional behavior.

This devolution has to stop. We have to roll our sleeves

up to combat this deterioration. By using our

conscience to its best effect, this silent but definite

conversion of humans to robots has to be curbed.

LIFE IS A GIFT

Today before you think of saying an unkind word–

think of someone who can’t speak.

Before you complain about the taste of your food–

think of someone who has nothing to eat.

Before you complain about your husband or wife–

think of someone who is crying out to God for a companion.

Today before you complain about life–

think of someone who went too early to heaven.

VVPCE BULLETIN 10

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394

Before you complain about your children–

think of someone who desires children but they’re barren.

Before you argue about your dirty house, someone didn’t clean or sweep–

think of the people who are living in the streets.

Before whining about the distance you drive–

think of someone who walks the same distance with their feet.

And when you are tired and complain about your job–

think of the unemployed, the disabled and those who wished they had your job.

But before you think of pointing the finger or condemning another–

remember that not one of us are without sin and we all answer to one maker.

And when depressing thoughts seem to get you down–

put a smile on your face and thank God you’re alive and still around.

Life is a gift – Live it, Enjoy it, Celebrate it, and Fulfill it.

HOCKEY : OUR NATIONAL GAME ???

In India the craze of cricket is on such level that many of the Indians did not even bother to know about our National

game- HOCKEY. Most of the Indians know only that much about Hockey that it is the game played in movie „Chak De

India‟….For such Indians who know only one game Cricket, here is something worth reading to understand the glory of

our National Game.

The Golden Era in Indian Hockey lasted for 28 years between 1928 to 1956. Between 1928-1956 India at the Olympics,

won the gold medal consecutively, 6 times. India played 24 Olympic matches, won all 24, scored 178 goals (at an

average of 7.43 goals per match) and conceded only 7 goals. India has also won gold medals at the 1964 and the 1980

Olympics, taking the total gold tally to 8. The first sporting achievement of independent India was the 1948 Olympic

hockey gold medal. Over

25,000 spectators watched the 1948

Olympic hockey final between India

and Britain, played at

Wembley. This was the first time

that India and Britain played an

official hockey match, and India

went on to beat Britain 4-0. That

was the first time that India's

national flag was displayed and

India's national anthem, Jana

Gana Mana, was played at an

Olympic venue. So dominant was

the Indian hockey team of old that it

took 28 years for India to score only

1 goal in a match (India 1 - Germany 0 in the 1956 Olympic semi-final), and it took 40 years before a country scored

VVPCE BULLETIN 11

DECEMBER 2012 | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | Contact –(0281)2783394.

more than one goal against India in the Olympics (New Zealand 2 - India 1 in the 1968 Olympics).In the 1936 Berlin

Olympics, Dhyan Chand, who was the captain of the team, had the distinction of scoring 11 out of 38 goals scored by

his side.

Other interesting facts about Indian hockey:

The Indian Hockey Federation was formed at Gwalior in 1925. India joined the International Hockey Federation (FIH) in

1928, becoming the first non-European member of the FIH. The first Indian sports teams to ever set foot in

Australia/New Zealand (1926), Europe (1928) and Japan/USA (1932) were the Indian hockey teams. The first Indian

sports team to do around-the-world tour was the 1932 Indian hockey team. They played matches in Colombo, Malaya,

Tokyo, Los Angeles, Omaha, Philadelphia, Amsterdam, Berlin, Prague and Budapest, before triumphantly returning to

the shores of India.

India also has to her credit, the largest victory margin in a pool match (India 24 - USA 1 in the 1932 Olympics), and the

largest number of consecutive victories (30 wins on the trot from 1928 to 1960)

Sansarpur, a tiny village on the outskirts of Jalandhar, has the distinction of producing 9 Olympians - Gurmit Singh

(1932), Udham Singh (1952, '56,'60, '64), Gurdev Singh (1956), Darshan Singh (1964), Jagjit Singh (1964,'68), Balbir

Singh - Services, Balbir Singh - Punjab and Tarsem Singh (1968),and the World Cup winning captain Ajitpal Singh

(1968, '72, '76).

The most common surname among Indian hockey players is Singh. As a foreign journalist wrote in his dispatch, "Singh

initiated the move. After dodging past a defender, Singh passed the ball to Singh, who centered it to Singh and Singh

scored the goal with a reverse flick."