INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AS AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY …

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AS AN EMERGING

TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USE CASES

1Dr.D.Veerabhadra Babu, 2Dr.D.William Albert, 3Abdul Mannan Mohd

1Associate Professor-IT, KL University, Vijayawada, iNurture Education Solutions Private

Limited, Bangalore. [email protected]

2Professor in CSE Department, Bharath College of engg & Tech for Women Kadapa,

[email protected]

3Senior-Faculty – IT, KL University iNurture Education Solutions Private Limited,

Bangalore. [email protected]

Abstract

Internet has been around for many years to help connectivity among people for instant

communications and sharing information and resources. However, Internet of Things (IoT) is

the new emerging technology which enables integration between physical and digital world.

With RFID technology it enables identification of things and let them participate in

computing realizing the technology and its use cases. With IoT, the world will witness drastic

changes and get impacted by it. In other words every human on this earth will have impact of

this amalgamation of technologies. Therefore, in this paper we provide IoT, its evolution, its

applications, enabling technologies and its projected growth in future. It also provides the

role played by RFID in the process of enabling businesses to achieve their goals. Industries

like healthcare will have high impact of IoT.

Keywords – Internet of Things (IoT), IoT use cases, IoT architecture, RFID, IoT evolution

1. INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION OF IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is generally thought of as connecting things to the Internet and

using that connection to provide some kind of useful remote monitoring or control of those

things. This definition of IoT is limited, and references only part of the IoT evolution. It is

basically a rebranding of the existing Machine to Machine (M2M) market of today. In the

International Journal of Research

Volume 7, Issue XII, December/2018

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1990s, Internet connectivity began to proliferate in enterprise and consumer markets, but was

still limited in its use because of the low performance of the network interconnects. In the

2000s Internet connectivity became the norm for many applications and today is expected as

part of many enterprise, industrial and consumer products to provide access to information.

However, these devices are still primarily things on the Internet that require more human

interaction and monitoring through apps and interfaces.

Figure 1: Evolution of IoT

As shown in Figure 1, the evolution of IoT can be read back to Pre-Internet age to the present

state of the art. The true promise of the IoT is just starting to be realized when invisible

technology operates behind the scenes dynamically responding to how we want “things” to

act. To date, the world has deployed about 5 billion “smart” connected things. Predictions say

there will be 50 billion connected devices by 2020 and in our lifetime we will experience life

with a trillion-node network. Those are really big numbers. How things are fundamentally

deployed today is a barrier to realizing those numbers. The industry will only achieve the

reality of 50 billion connected devices by simplifying how things connect and communicate

today.



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2. ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

Stage 1 of IoT architecture consists of your networked things, typically wireless sensors and

actuators. Stage 2 includes sensor data aggregation systems and analog-to-digital data

conversion. In Stage 3, edge IT systems perform pre-processing of the data before it moves

on to the data centre or cloud. Finally, in Stage 4, the data is analyzed managed, and stored on

traditional back-end data centre systems. Clearly, the sensor/actuator state is the province of

operations technology (OT) professionals. So is Stage 2. Stages 3 and 4 are typically

controlled by IT, although the location of edge IT processing may be at a remote site or

nearer to the data centre. The dashed vertical line labelled "the edge" is the traditional

demarcation between OT and IT responsibilities, although this is blurring.

Figure 2: Architectural overview of IoT

Sensors collect data from the environment or object under measurement and turn it into

useful data. Think of the specialized structures in your cell phone that detect the directional

pull of gravity—and the phone's relative position to the “thing” we call the earth—and

convert it into data that your phone can use to orient the device. Actuators can also intervene

to change the physical conditions that generate the data. An actuator might, for example, shut

off a power supply, adjust an air flow valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly

process. The sensing/actuating stage covers everything from legacy industrial devices to



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robotic camera systems, water-level detectors, air quality sensors, accelerometers, and heart

rate monitors. And the scope of the IoT is expanding rapidly, thanks in part to low-power

wireless sensor network technologies and Power over Ethernet, which enable devices on a

wired LAN to operate without the need for an A/C power source [14]. It also takes care of

security as explored in [15].

3. BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT

IoT technology has many building blocks for different purposes. Figure 3 shows details of the

same. The bottom layer of IoT architecture comprises the device layer. It is key to choose the

right hardware and peripherals, along with necessary sensors to meet your business need.

Devices can be of various types, but to qualify as an IoT device, it must have some

communications functionality built in that directly or indirectly connects to the Internet. Its

main job is to collect or disseminate data (or do both) [13].

Figure 3: Building blocks of IoT

Some devices need no operating systems such as health and fitness monitoring sensors. That

said, devices from watches to industrial machines may run on a 32 or 64 bit computing

platforms. Local Services can be considered the brain at the “edge” of the IoT system and

give intelligence to the data before it’s transmitted. Their main function is to process the data

captured by the sensors. Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and can be easily



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controlled by applications. Processors also perform encryption on processors and decryption

of data to maintain security of communication.

Connectivity is essential in any networked system. There are a whole host of options, both

wired or wireless, depending on the application requirements. For instance, ZigBee and

LoRaWAN require very low power though have limited bandwidth; while 3G has good

coverage and high bandwidth but is relatively expensive both in terms of hardware and usage.

The power/bandwidth ratio comes down to physics but it needs to be addressed when

considering the battery life of your device. Several chipsets are now available which enable

you to switch between radio technologies. This is useful if long life is important in the field.

Where there’s a need for high bandwidth, in a factory for instance, with a large number of

connected sensors and actuators scattered over a wide area, wired technology would be the

best fit [3].

4. ROLE OF RFID TECHNOLOGY IN IOT APPLICATIONS

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) plays vital role in IoT applications in terms of identity

and tracking of objects. Figure 4 shows its usage in different areas like transportation and

logistics, healthcare, smart environment, personal and social and futuristic.



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Figure 4: Utility of RFID in different applications

One of the most important ideas driving the take up of RFID technology in business

applications is the concept of the so-called “Internet of Things”. Because RFID allows things

to be identified by computer systems, it enables applications to become “thing aware”. As a

result, RFID is one of the key technologies that the Internet of Things depends on. Adding

RFID tags to part assembled goods, pallets and still ages, or finished items can speed

manufacturing, logistics and service operations. Applications tracking assets can make a wide

range of business activities more efficient. RFID tags can be used to tell applications what

things are, where things are, if things have moved, who moved them or used them [11]. It

also brings its security challenges [12]. More on RFID technology usage can be found in

[17]-[30].

5. USE CASES OF IOT

There are plenty of use cases of IoT like healthcare, robotics, agriculture, transportation,

smart house, smart city and so on [1], [2], [4]-[10], [16]. Here are some important use cases

provided in this section.

Transportation

and logistics Healthcare Smart

environments

Personal and

social

Futuristic

Logistics

Assisted

driving

Mobile

ticketing

Augmented

maps

Data collection

Sensing Environment

monitoring

Comfortable

homes/offices

Identification,

authentication

Tracking Social

networking

Smart

museum and

gym

Industrial

Plants

Thefts

Losses

City

information

model

Enhanced

game room

City

information

model

Robot taxi



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5.1 IoT in Healthcare

The IoT technology is going to change various industries. Healthcare is one of the industries

that will have higher impact by the technology as it helps humans to live lives in a better way.

The healthcare industry is in a state of great despair. Healthcare services are costlier than

ever, global population is aging and the number of chronic diseases is on a rise. What we are

approaching is a world where basic healthcare would become out of reach to most people, a

large section of society would go unproductive owing to old age and people would be more

prone to chronic disease. While technology can’t stop the population from ageing or eradicate

chronic diseases at once, it can at least make healthcare easier on a pocket and in term of

accessibility.

Figure 5: Illustrates IoT usage in healthcare unit

Medical diagnostic consumes a large part of hospital bills. Technology can move the routines

of medical checks from a hospital (hospital-centric) to the patient’s home (home-centric). The

right diagnosis will also lessen the need of hospitalization. A new paradigm, known as the

Internet of Things (IoT), has an extensive applicability in numerous areas, including

healthcare. The full application of this paradigm in healthcare area is a mutual hope because



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it allows medical centres to function more competently and patients to obtain better

treatment. Real-time monitoring via connected devices can save lives in event of a medical

emergency like heart failure, diabetes, asthma attacks, etc.

With real-time monitoring of the condition in place by means of a smart medical device

connected to a Smartphone app, connected devices can collect medical and other required

health data and use the data connection of the Smartphone to transfer collected information to

a physician. The IoT device collects and transfers health data: blood pressure, oxygen and

blood sugar levels, weight, and ECGs. These data are stored in the cloud and can be shared

with an authorized person, who could be a physician, your insurance company, a participating

health firm or an external consultant, to allow them to look at the collected data regardless of

their place, time, or device.

5.2 IoT in Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture (PA), satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a

farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and

intra-field variability in crops. With precision farming, farmers generate data via sensors and

analyze the information to evaluate current practices and make improvements for greater

efficiency and effectiveness. There are a variety of smart farming applications including crop

observation, vehicle tracking, irrigation management, livestock management, and storage

monitoring.



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Figure 6: Illustrates IoT usage in agriculture

As shown in Figure 6, IoT can be used in precision agriculture. Monitor and control irrigation

management to maximize efficiency, reduce waste, and cut down on operational costs. Use

precision agriculture to measure and respond to inter and intra-field variability in crops.

Track data, trends, and conditions to determine which seeds to plant and when to harvest.

Control pests and utilize organic farming techniques such as pheromone delivery to disrupt

mating patterns. IoT solutions for precision farming allow for real-time monitoring to collect

valuable data that can have a significant impact on operational efficiency. This has a range of

diverse applications for farming systems: Monitor and analyze soil conditions and other

changing parameters to optimize crop yields. Develop tracking solutions that allow farmers to

monitor livestock, vehicles, and other farming resources in remote areas. Use connected

devices to detect water and nutrient deficits for timely interventions.



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6. PROJECTED MARKET SHAR OF IOT BY 2025

It is estimated that IoT will have huge impact on different industries across the globe. The

growth of it will be there in future beyond 205 as well as the projections visualized in Figure

7.

Figure 7: By 2025 IoT market share projected

As presented in Figure 7, the healthcare industry will have more impact by IoT technology.

After that manufacturing industry has more impact. There are many other industries that are

influenced by IoT in terms of businesses and advantages to people in the real world.

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper we have provided the IoT technology, its evolution, its architecture, real world

uses cases and its business share in future. It throws light into various aspects of IoT utility in

the world. Especially it has provided use cases like healthcare and agriculture to mention few.

Healthcare industry will have ore benefits with IoT. This paper also talks about RFID and its

role in many IoT applications. As IoT brings about many benefits in different industries, it

also may bring issues related to security. Therefore we continue our research on the security

issues of IoT and provide possible solutions to overcome them.



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INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AS AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY …