Internship Report on Quality Management at Steel Authority of India Limited

7/23/2019 Internship Report on Quality Management at Steel Authority of India Limited

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_BCNF ID AIH_FH_Q

BCQ_SBA_ ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((

ALB]_FS 27 KH_SIOVA_KIH․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((

2(2 ]vs}iqf id tlf Qtvo{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((

2(3 Aihtf|t id tlf Qtvo{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ (((

2(3(2 Khokbh Qtffn khovqts{ $ ebs`ft ifskfz․․․․․․․․․․․․(((

2(3(3 Qtffn Bvtliskt{ id Khokb Nkektfo ,QBKN+․․․․․․․․․․․․․

2(3(1 Sivs`fnb Qtffn ]nbht․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((((

2(3(? Rvbnkt{ bq }fsafkfo c{ QBKN․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((․․((

2(3(6 Ais}isbtf ]nbh ‑ 3=23․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․((

2(1 Qkjhkdkabhaf id tlf Qtvo{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ (․(( 2(? Qveebs{․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․(((

ALB]_FS 37 SFTKFZ ID NK_FSB_VSF․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

ALB]_FS 17 SFQFBSAL EF_LIOQ $ ]SIAFOVSFQ․․․․․․․․․((

1(2 ]vs}iqf id tlf Qtvo{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ (․․․․․(

1(3 Sfqfbsal Ofqkjh․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

1(1 Sfqfbsal Rvfqtkihq․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․(((

1(? ]bstkak}bhtq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․․․

1(6 Obtb Barvkqktkih․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(

1(4 Khqtsvefhtq Vqfo․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((

1(: Obtb Bhbn{qkq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ (․․․․․․․․․

1(< Nkektbtkihq․․․․․․․((․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

ALB]_FS ?7 OB_B BHBN[QKQ $ DKHOKHJQ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

?(2 Sfkfz id Eftlioinij{․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․․

?(3 Dkhokhjq $ Khtfs}sftbtkih․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((( (((((((((((((



kk

_BCNF ID AIH_FH_Q ,AIH_O(+

ALB]_FS 67 AIHANVQKIHQ $ SFAIEEFHOB_KIHQ․(․․․․․․․․(

6(2 Aihanvqkihq․․․․․․․(((․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((

6(3 Sfaieefhobtkihq․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․․․․(

6(1 Ke}nkabtkihq dis Dvtvsf Sfqfbsal․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․․․((

SFDFSFHAFQ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(

Sfqfbsal ]b}fsq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

Cii`q $ Ebhvbnq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((

Zfcqktfq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

B]]FHOK\ % Rvfqtkihhbksf․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ (



kkk

NKQ_ ID _BCNFQ $ DKJVSFQ

]fsafhtbjf id oiefqtka qtffn aihqve}tkih qfatis%zkqf

Oiefqtka qtffn ofebho }bttfsh kh Khokb

]siovat Ek| id SQ]

]siovatkih }sigfatkih

SQ] ab}bakt{ bdtfs f|}bhqkih

_zi kfzq id rvbnkt{

Sfnkbcknkt{ bhbn{qkq

Dbatis ke}istbht dis QBKN ti ivt}fsdise kh ebs`ft

Ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh aiqt

Ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh tkef

Qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bsf bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin

Anfbs zis` khqtsvatkihq bbknbcnf ti bnn fe}ni{ffq

Anfbs oiavefhtbtkih bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin

Rvbnkt{ obtb `hizh ti bnn fe}ni{ffq

Avqtiefs dffocba` ke}istbht dis rvbnkt{ }siovatkih

Rvbnkt{ aksanfq }nb{ ke}istbht sinf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht

Bnn fe}ni{ff ofakqkihq zfnaiefo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo ofakqkihq

Cittie id lkfsbsal{ fe}ni{ffq khinfo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo ofakqkihq

Sfafkf }fskioka tsbkhkhj sfbntfo ti _RE

_sbkhkhj kh QRA tiinq jkfh

Dsfrvfha{ id vqf id QRA tiinq

Bsf {iv bzbsf id qk| qkjeb aihaf}t



kt

BCQ_SBA_

Rvbnkt{ kh tiob{‛q zisno kq bh ke}istbht dbatis dis b aie}bh{‛q cvqkhfqq jsiztl bho

aie}ftktkfhfqq( QBKN kq `hizh bq tlf nbsjfqt khtfjsbtfo qtffn ebhvdbatvsfs kh Khokb bho

SQ] kq aihqkofsfo bh ke}istbht aihtskcvtis ti tlf qbnfbcnf qtffn invef id QBKN( _lf

rvbnkt{ bq}fatq kh SQ] bsf eiqtn{ aihtsinnfo c{ tlf S $ A nbc bho _RE of}bstefhtq(

_lkq sfqfbsal qtvo{ diavqfo ih tlf oftfsekhbtkih id tlf qtbtvq id rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht bt

SQ] zktl sfq}fat ti fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq id rvbnkt{. fe}ni{ff khinfefht bho

`hiznfojf sfjbsokhj rvbnkt{ ebttfsq bho ke}sifefht(

_lf qtvo{ divho tlbt tlf ifsbnn rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht bt SQ] kq v}ti tlf i}tkebn nffn cvt

tlfsf bsf qief nii}linfq( _lf qtvo{ qlizfo tlbt tlf cbqka `hiznfojf bcivt rvbnkt{ kq bt

}bs cvt `hiznfojf bcivt hfz aihaf}tq tlbt bsf cfaiekhj asktkabn kh ebhvdbatvskhj bsf

nba`khj zlkal hffoq ti cf ofbnt zktl(

Dvtvsf sfqfbsal abh cf oihf bt itlfs dvhatkihbn of}bstefhtq ti oftfsekhf sfqvntq

sfjbsokhj qkeknbs bttskcvtfq bho tlfqf abh cf aieckhfo ti bsskf bt bh fddfatkf rvbnkt{

ebhbjfefht }sijsbe zktl wfsi ofdkakfha{(



2

ALB]_FS 27 KH_SIOVA_KIH

2(2 ]vs}iqf id tlf Qtvo{

_i fe}kskabnn{ fbnvbtf tlf avssfht rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkafq fe}ni{fo bt Sivs`fnb

Qtffn ]nbht. b vhkt id Qtffn Bvtliskt{ id Khokb Nkektfo. kh tfseq id fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq.

fe}ni{ff khinfefht bho `hiznfojf bho ofkqf bh{ qvjjfqtkihq dis jfttkhj ifs tlf

ofdkakfhakfq(

2(3 Aihtf|t id tlf Qtvo{

2(3(2 Khokbh Qtffn Khovqts{ bho ktq ebs`ft ifskfz7

_lf jnicbn qtffn qafhbski qlizq tlbt Khokb kq hiz tlf 6tl

nbsjfqt }siovafs id asvof qtffn

,Fshqt $ [ivhj. Jnicbn Qtffn7 3=2= tsfhoq 3=22 ivtnii`+ bho kq beihjqt tlf alfb}fqt

qtffn }siovafsq kh tlf zisno ovf tlf bcvhobhaf id alfb} bho jiio rvbnkt{ ksih isf bho

bnqi tlf f|kqtfhaf id niz aiqt ebh}izfs( _lfqf sfbqihq lbo nfbo ti tlf jsiztl id tlf

Khokbh qtffn qfatis sfjkqtfskhj b jsiztl sbtf id :(:& bho :(2& kh asvof qtffn }siovatkih

bho dkhkqlfo qtffn aihqve}tkih ovskhj tlf nbqt dkf {fbsq ,3==6 ‑ 3=2=+(

_lfsf kq b qtsihj ofebho }bttfsh dis qtffn }siovatq kh Khokb( _lf oiefqtka qtffn

aihqve}tkih id tlf nbqt dkf {fbsq qlizq b jsiztl sbtf id bcivt ;(4& bq bjbkhqt 4(;& bq

}sigfatfo kh tlf Hbtkihbn Qtffn ]inka{ ,3==6+( _lf khdsbqtsvatvsf qfatis kh Khokb kq tlf

ebgis qtffn aihqvefs baaivhtkhj dis 42& id titbn qtffn aihqve}tkih(

_lf qtffn ofebho kq f|}fatfo ti skqf aihtkhvivqn{ bt tlf sbtf id 2=& tknn 3=3=( Ovf ti

khasfbqfo ofebho tlf ebgis qtffn }siovafsq lbf ti boi}t f|}bhqkih }nbhq ti efft tlf

khtfhqkf aie}ftktkih hit ihn{ cftzffh tlf oiefqtka }siovafsq cvt bnqi cftzffh tlf

khtfshbtkihbn aivhtfs}bstq(



3

Dkjvsf 27 ]fsafhtbjf id oiefqtka qtffn aihqve}tkih qfatis%zkqf

,Qivsaf7 Jnicbn Qtffn7 3=2= tsfhoq 3=22 ivtnii`. Fshqt $ [ivhj kb Askqkn Sfqfbsal+

Dkjvsf 37 Oiefqtka qtffn ofebho }bttfsh kh Khokb

,Qivsaf7 Khokbh Qtffn Khovqts{ Ifskfz. :=tl

IFAO Qtffn Aieekttff Efft. ]bskq+

Khdsbqtsvatvsf

42&

Bvtieicknfq

<&

Ab}ktbn jiioq

22&

Aihqvefs Ovsbcnfq

1&

]ba`bjkhj

6&

Itlfsq

23&

& id Qtffn Aihqve}tkih kh Khokb

=(=

6(=

2=(=

26(=3=(=

36(=

1=(=

16(=

3(3 3(6 3(: 1(31(2 1(?

2:(=

2;(431(=

32(;3?(6

1=(233(3

3?(: 34(6 3:(1

12(4 13(2

Q t f f n O f e b h o , k h e k n n k i h E _ +

[fbs

Qtffn Ofebho kh Khokb

Bnni{q

Dnbtq

Nihjq



1

2(3(3 Qtffn Bvtliskt{ id Khokb Nkektfo ,QBKN+7

QBKN lbq zfnn }iqktkihfo ktqfnd kh tlf qtffn }siovafsq qfjefht kh Khokb ti tb} tlf

i}}istvhkt{ id tlf jsizkhj ofebho id qtffn }siovatq( [fbsq oizh tlf nkhf tlf aie}bh{

lbq jsizh khti b lvjf fnf}lbht( Avssfhtn{ QBKN kq i}fsbtkihbn tlsivjl ktq dkf khtfjsbtfo

qtffn }nbhtq bt Clknbk. Ci`bsi. Cvsh}vs. Ovsjb}vs bho Sivs`fnb. tlbt baaivhtq dis tlf

ebgis qtffn }siovatkih kh Khokb( B}bst dsie tlf khtfjsbtfo qtffn }nbhtq tlfsf bsf tlsff

q}fakbn qtffn }nbhtq bt Clbosbbtk. Ovsjb}vs bho Qbnfe bho b qvcqkokbs{. Eblbsbqltsb

Fnf`tsiqefnt Nkektfo ,EFN+ bt Albhosb}vs( QBKN lbo cffh bzbsofo tlf „Eblbsbthb―

qtbtvq c{ tlf jifshefht id Khokb ih Eb{ 2;. 3=2=. zlkal kq ti dbaknktbtf ktq f|}bhqkih kh

citl tlf oiefqtka bho jnicbn ebs`ftq(

QBKN lbo b qbnfq tvshifs id ?1.;16 asisfq ovskhj 3==; ‑ 3=2= zktl tlf }siovatkih id

2?(6 eknnkih tihhfq id lit eftbn. 21(6 eknnkih tihhfq id asvof eftbn bho 23(4 eknnkih

tihhfq id qbnfbcnf qtffn(

2(3(1 Sivs`fnb Qtffn ]nbht ,SQ]+7

SQ] kq aihqkofsfo bh ke}istbht khtfjsbtfo qtffn }nbht vhofs QBKN. qft v} kh 2;6; kh

ainnbcisbtkih zktl tlf nfbokhj qtffn eb`fsq id Dfofsbn Sf}vcnka id Jfsebh{( _lf

vhkrvfhfqq id SQ] nkfq kh tlf }siovatkih id dnbt qtffn }siovatq qval bq }nbtfq. lit sinnfo

aiknq. aino sinnfo qlfftq bho aiknq. fnfatska sfqkqtbhaf zfnofo ,FSZ+ }k}fq. q}ksbn zfnofo

}k}fq bho qknkaih qtffn qlfftq bho aiknq(

SQ] kq bnqi tlf dksqt ti boi}t b aiqt fddfatkf bho rvbnkt{ afhtfsfo aihtkhvivq sivtf ti

}siafqq 2==& id tlf qtffn }siovafo(



?

_lf }sfqfht }siovatkih ab}bakt{ }fs bhhve id SQ] kq 3(= eknnkih tihhfq id lit eftbn. 2(;

eknnkih tihhfq id asvof qtffn bho 2(4:2 eknnkih tihhfq id qbnfbcnf qtffn( _lf }siovat ek|

id SQ] kq bq dinnizq7

]SIOVA_ EK\

]siovat Ek| _ihhfq ) Bhhve

]nbtf Eknn ]nbtfq 3;;.===

Lit Sinnfo ]nbtfq ;3.6==

Lit Sinnfo Aiknq 1;<.===

Fnfatska Sfqkqtbhaf Zfnofo ]k}fq :6.===

Q}ksbn Zfnofo ]k}fq 66.===

Aino Sinnfo Qlfftq $ Aiknq ?11.===

Jbnbhkwfo Qlfftq 24=.===

Fnfatsin{tka _kh ]nbtfq <6.===

Qknkaih Qtffn Qlfftq :1.6==

_itbn Qbnfbcnf Qtffn 2.4:2.===

2(3(? Rvbnkt{ bq }fsafkfo c{ QBKN7

QBKN lbq ofkqfo ktq izh rvbnkt{ }lkniqi}l{ bho }inka{ ti qv}}ist ktq i}fsbtkihq bho

balkff ktq tbsjftq tlsivjl qkhafsf bolfsfhaf ti tlfqf(

Rvbnkt{ }lkniqi}l{7 Baaisokhj ti QBKN. „rvbnkt{ efbhq anfbsn{ kofhtkd{khj avqtiefs

hffoq citl khtfshbn bho f|tfshbn bho efftkhj tlfqf sfrvksfefhtq zktlivt fssis. dksqt tkef

ffs{ tkef(―



6

_lf }lkniqi}l{ bnqi qvjjfqtq tlbt rvbnkt{ kq aie}sflfhqkf kh hbtvsf bho b}}nkfq ti bnn

cvqkhfqq batkktkfq( Kt abh ihn{ cf balkffo tlsivjl aieektefht bho kq efbqvsbcnf c{ tlf

aiqt id hih%aihdisebhaf ti sfrvksfefhtq( Rvbnkt{ kq qffh ti cvkno khti tlf }siafqq bho

aiefq tlsivjl }sffhtkih sbtlfs tlbh khq}fatkih( Dkhbnn{ tlf }lkniqi}l{ khokabtfq tlbt

rvbnkt{ ke}sifefht kq b aihtkhvivq }siafqq(

Rvbnkt{ }inka{7 „_lf rvbnkt{ }inka{ id QBKN qvjjfqtq cvknokhj bho qvqtbkhkhj bh

isjbhkwbtkih zlkal kq avqtiefs iskfhtfo. khhibtkf bho zlfsf rvbnkt{ kq tlf lbnnebs` id

ffs{ i}fsbtkih(―

_i balkff tlkq aie}bh{ lbq bnzb{q tskfo ti7

Asfbtf bh bqtivhokhj sf}vtbtkih kh tlf ebs`ft c{ qv}}n{khj aie}ftktkf bho

sfnkbcnf qtffn bho sfnbtfo }siovatq bho qfskafq id khtfshbtkihbn qtbhobso(

Offni}. bob}t bho ke}sif tfalhinijkfq ti bttbkh lkjlfs }siovatkkt{. cfttfs aiqt

fddfatkfhfqq. rvbnkt{ }fsdisebhaf bho jsfbtfs avqtiefs qbtkqdbatkih(

]nb{ b nfbo sinf kh offni}khj hfz }siovatq bho ebs`ftq(

Offni} lkjln{ q`knnfo bho eitkbtfo lvebh sfqivsafq kecvfo zktl b qtsihj

qfhqf id bnvfq(

Asfbtf b zis`khj fhksihefht bho aihoktkihq ti qv}}ist tlf bttbkhefht id

f|afnnfhaf(

_lf bcif rvbnkt{ }inka{ kq bnqi }sbatkafo bt tlf }nbht nffn bho bnn fe}ni{ffq bsf

sfq}ihqkcnf dis dinnizkhj bho bolfskhj ti tlf jvkofnkhfq kh tlfks obkn{ zis`(

2(3(6 Ais}isbtf ]nbh 3=237

_i efft tlf skqkhj ofebho bho bnqi aiecbt bofsqf qktvbtkihq bho bttbkh qvqtbkhbcnf

}sidktq QBKN lbq }sf}bsfo b Ais}isbtf ]nbh 3=23 ti iskfht ktqfnd ti tlf nihj tfse qtsbtfjka



4

jibnq id tlf aie}bh{( _lf }nbh kq cbqfo ih tlf sf}ist c{ tlf Afhtfs dis ]inka{ Sfqfbsal

,A]S+ sfnfbqfo kh Hifecfs 3==3. zlkal ofbnt zktl tlf }fsq}fatkfq v} ti 3=36 bho

khokabtfo tlbt aihqtsvatkih ,khdsbqtsvatvsf+ bho tsbhq}istbtkih id ikn bho jbq qfjefhtq zknn

qliz tsfefhoivq jsiztl kh Khokb( Qi ti tb} tlkq i}}istvhkt{ tlf QBKN ebhbjfefht abef

v} zktl tlf Ais}isbtf ]nbh 3=23 tlbt bkeq bt cvknokhj qvqtbkhbcnf aie}ftfhakfq cbqfo ih

jsiztl c{ f|}niktkhj dvnn{ tlf }itfhtkbn id bbknbcnf bqqftq. okddfsfhtkbtkih tlsivjl rvbnkt{

bho qfskaf. }sidktbcknkt{ c{ f|afnnfhaf kh }siovatkih bho aiqt sfovatkih. bho nffsbjkhj

i}tkebnn{ q`knn bho `hiznfojf cbqf id tlf aie}bh{‛q lvebh sfqivsafq(

_lf Ais}isbtf ]nbh 3=23 kq bnqi ofqkjhfo c{ bhbn{wkhj tlf f|kqtkhj aie}ftktkih kh tlf

oiefqtka qtffn ebs`ft zlfsf QBKN kq avssfhtn{ tlf ebs`ft nfbofs zktl 34& ebs`ft qlbsf(

_lvq tlf }nbh kq ti khasfbqf tlf avssfht nffn id lit eftbn }siovatkih dsie 26 eknnkih

tihhfq }fs bhhve ti 34 eknnkih tihhfq }fs bhhve( _lkq zivno bnqi lfn} kh fhlbhakhj tlf

ebs`ft qlbsf ti 3:& vhofs tlf }sigfatkih tlbt tlf oiefqtka aihqve}tkih id dkhkqlfo qtffn

zivno cf bcivt 4= eknnkih tihhfq c{ 3=22 ‑ 3=23( _lf ais}isbtf }nbh bnqi bqqvefq tlbt

tlf ifsbnn qtffn aihqve}tkih kq bt bcivt <& }fs bhhve(

]SIOVA_KIH ]SIGFA_KIH

]siovatkih

,Eknnkih tihhfq+

Batvbn kh

3==: ‑ 3==<

Batvbn kh

3==; ‑ 3=2=

]sigfatkih dis

3=22 ‑ 3=23

Lit eftbn 26(3 2?(6 34(=

Asvof Eftbn 2?(= 21(6 3?(6

Qbnfbcnf Qtffn 21(= 23(4 31(=



:

_lkq ais}isbtf }nbh lbq bnqi cffh boi}tfo bt tlf vhkt nffn bho SQ] kq cfkhj sfqtsvatvsfo

dis tlf f|}bhqkih ti efft tlf }sigfatfo ofebho bho aie}ftktkf }sfqqvsfq( ]iqt

f|}bhqkih tlf ab}bakt{ id SQ] bq fhkqbjfo kq bq dinnizq7

SQ] AB]BAK_[ BD_FS F\]BHQKIH

]siovatkih

,Eknnkih _ihhfq ) Bhhve+Avssfht Nffn Nffn bdtfs f|}bhqkih

Lit Eftbn 3(= ?(6

Asvof Eftbn 2(; ?(3

Qbnfbcnf Qtffn 2(4:2 1(;

2(1 Qkjhkdkabhaf id tlf Qtvo{

_lf oizhqkof lfsf dis QBKN bho tlvq dis SQ] zivno cf tlf khtfhqf aie}ftktkf }sfqqvsf

kh tlf ebs`ft bho bnqi tlf khtfshbn albnnfhjfq sfnbtfo ti aiqt bho i}fsbtkihbn bttskcvtfq(

_lf jsiztl id tlf qtffn ebs`ft. tlf diavq ih `f{ qtsbtfjka jibnq id fhlbhakhj tlf ebs`ft

qlbsf bho balkfkhj f|afnnfhaf kh rvbnkt{ bho ke}sikhj }sidktq. bho bnqi tlf qvaafqq id

tlf Ais}isbtf ]nbh 3=23. zivno tlfsfdisf qinfn{ of}fho ih tlf diavqfo bttfhtkih id

rvbnkt{ bho aiqt aie}ftktkfhfqq(

_lfsfdisf rvbnkt{ qffeq ti cf tlf afhtfs }ikht kh okddfsfhtkbtkhj tlf }iqktkih id b aie}bh{

kh tlf ebs`ft nboofs0 qi tlkq qtvo{ zivno lfn} kh tlf bhbn{qkq id tlf }sfqfht qtbtvq id tlf

rvbnkt{ q{qtfe i}fsbtkihbn kh SQ]. tlf sfbokhfqq id ebhbjfefht bho fe}ni{ffq kh ai}khj

v} zktl tlf aie}ftktkf }sfqqvsf ti balkff tlf f|afnnfhaf kh rvbnkt{ bho ti aihtskcvtf ti

tlf qfavsfo }iqktkih id QBKN bq tlf ebs`ft nfbofs kh tlf oiefqtka qtffn cvqkhfqq(



<

2(? Qveebs{

Rvbnkt{ kq tlf afhtfs }ikht id b qvaafqqdvn qtffn ebhvdbatvsfs. bho diseq tlf cbqkq id bnn ktq

qtsbtfjka }nbhq citl qlist tfse bho nihj tfse( _lf f|afnnfhaf kh rvbnkt{ kq oksfatn{

}si}istkihbn ti tlf ebs`ft qlbsf id tlf aie}bh{ bho bnqi lfn}q kh aiecbtkhj tlf

aie}ftktkf }sfqqvsf ovf ti ktq aivhtfs}bstq( Aie}siekqf zktl rvbnkt{ kq vhbaaf}tbcnf

bho zivno ofdkhktfn{ bddfat tlf lfbntl id tlf aie}bh{ kh tlf nihj svh(



;

ALB]_FS 37 SFTKFZ ID _LF NK_FSB_VSF

_lkq alb}tfs sfkfzq tlf b}}si}skbtf nktfsbtvsf ih rvbnkt{ bho rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht

qvktbcnf dis tlf avssfht sfqfbsal qtvo{(

Js{hb ,3==;+ cfnkffq tlbt rvbnkt{ kq tlf absokhbn }skiskt{ dis isjbhkwbtkihq i}fsbtkhj kh

bh fhksihefht id albhjkhj cvqkhfqq aihoktkihq( _lf aihoktkihq tlbt bsf id }bstkavnbs

ke}istbhaf ti ivs qtvo{ bsf7

2( Aie}ftktkih

3( Avqtiefs ‑ diavqfo isjbhkwbtkih

1( Lkjlfs nffnq id avqtiefs f|}fatbtkihq

?( ]fsdisebhaf ke}sifefht

6( Khdisebtkih sfinvtkih

4( Fnfatsihka aieefsaf

:( Sinf id rvbnkt{ of}bstefht(

Js{hb ft( bn( ,3==;+ of}katfo tzi kfzq id rvbnkt{ ‑ tlf khtfshbn is tsboktkihbn kfz bho

tlf f|tfshbn is eiofsh avqtiefs diavqfo kfz( _lfqf kfzq bsf qlizh kh tlf dinnizkhj

tbcnf(

Khtfshbn Tkfz Avqtiefs%diavqfo kfz

Aie}bsf }siovat ti q}fakdkabtkihq Aie}bsf }siovat ti aie}ftktkih bho ti tlf

cfqtJft }siovat baaf}tfo bt khq}fatkih ]sikof qbtkqdbatkih ifs }siovat nkdf

]sffht }nbht bho dkfno ofdfatq Efft avqtiefs hffoq ih jiioq bho

qfskafqAihafhtsbtf ih ebhvdbatvskhj Aifs bnn dvhatkihqVqf khtfshbn rvbnkt{ efbqvsfq Vqf avqtiefs cbqfo rvbnkt{ efbqvsfq

Tkfz rvbnkt{ bq b tfalhkabn kqqvf Tkfz rvbnkt{ bq b cvqkhfqq kqqvf

Fddistq aiisokhbtfo c{ rvbnkt{ ebhbjfs Fddistq oksfatfo c{ v}}fs ebhbjfefht

Qivsaf7 Js{hb ,3==;+



2=

Js{hb ,3==;+ dvstlfs qvjjfqtq tlbt b disebn bqqfqqefht id rvbnkt{ }sikofq b jvkof dis

offni}efht id rvbnkt{ qtsbtfj{ bho ke}sifefht c{ tfnnkhj bcivt tlf qkwf id tlf rvbnkt{

kqqvf bho tlf bsfbq ofebhokhj bttfhtkih( Qval bqqfqqefht b}}sibal bnqi }sikofq tlf

dbatq tlbt bsf fqqfhtkbn dis qtkevnbtkih id v}}fs ebhbjfefht ti tb`f batkih ih rvbnkt{(

@fnfefh ,3==1+ jbf b aie}sflfhqkf bho avntvsbnn{ qfhqktkf bhbn{qkq id rvbnkt{ tlbt

zbq diavqfo ih ebhbjfskbn bho asktkabn }fsq}fatkfq( _lf ebhbjfskbn kfz}ikht id rvbnkt{

qvjjfqtq kt bq b tfalhkabn bho i}fsbtkihbn bttskcvtf( Zlknf tlf asktkabn kfz}ikht qvjjfqtq

rvbnkt{ ti cf b aie}nf| qiakbn }lfhiefhih(

_lf ebhbjfskbn }fsq}fatkf id rvbnkt{ khanvofq tlf dinnizkhj7

2( _lf }siovat cbqfo b}}sibal ‑ tlkq kfzq rvbnkt{ bq }sfakqf bho efbqvsbcnf

bskbcnf(

3( _lf ebhvdbatvskhj cbqfo b}}sibal ‑ tlkq ofdkhfq rvbnkt{ bq tlf ofjsff ti zlkal b

q}fakdka }siovat aihdiseq ti b ofqkjh is q}fakdkabtkih(

1( _lf bnvf cbqfo b}}sibal ‑ tlkq aihqkofsq rvbnkt{ bq tlf ofjsff id f|afnnfhaf bt

bh baaf}tbcnf }skaf is tlf aihtsin id bskbcknkt{ bt bh baaf}tbcnf aiqt(

?( _lf vqfs cbqfo b}}sibal ‑ tlkq diavqfq ih tlf ab}bakt{ id b jiio)qfskaf ih

qbtkqd{khj is f|affokhj tlf zbhtq id b q}fakdka avqtiefs(

_lf asktkabn }fsq}fatkfq id rvbnkt{ khanvof tlf dinnizkhj7

2( _lf tsbhqafhofhtbn b}}sibal ‑ tlkq aihqkofsq rvbnkt{ bq khhbtf f|afnnfhaf(

3( _lf qiakbn aihqtsvatkkqt b}}sibal ‑ tlkq aihqkofsq b jiio rvbnkt{ }siovat bq tlbt

kq bnkobtfo c{ }fi}nf sfq}ihqkcnf dis rvbnkt{ ‑ tlf avqtiefsq. tlf ti}

ebhbjfefht is b rvbnkt{ qtbhobso afstkdkabtkih cio{(



22

1( _lf okqavsqkf b}}sibal ‑ tlkq eb`fq nbhjvbjf afhtsbn ti tlf qiakbn aihqtsvatkih

id rvbnkt{(

?( _lf qnijbh b}}sibal ‑ tlkq eb`fq rvbnkt{ bq b qnijbh ti eitkbtf tlf fe}ni{ffq(

[bbq ,2;;6+ tlsivjl b qvsf{ divho tlbt fe}ni{ffq bt okddfsfht nffnq id bh

isjbhkwbtkih lbf okddfsfht }fsaf}tkihq ti zlbt aihqtktvtfq rvbnkt{( B dbatis bhbn{qkq jbf

bh khqkjlt tlbt aieevhkabtkih. ebhbjfskbn khinfefht. }siafqq ke}sifefht bho

sfq}ihqkfhfqq ti citl f|tfshbn bho khtfshbn avqtiefs ofebhoq bsf qkjhkdkabht rvbnkt{

bttskcvtfq(

Ofekscbj ft( bn( ,3==<+ divho divs khof}fhofht bskbcnfq bq tlf ebgis dbatisq bddfatkhj

rvbnkt{ aieektefht id fe}ni{ffq. kw( tlf nfbofsqlk} aieektefht tizbsoq rvbnkt{0 tlf

rvbnkt{ iskfhtbtkih id tlf isjbhkwbtkih0 tfbe fddfatkfhfqq bho fddfatkfhfqq id rvbnkt{%

sfnbtfo aieevhkabtkih(

Albvols{ ft( bn( ,22;:+ f|}nisfo tlf sinf id ebhbjfefht bho aihtsin id rvbnkt{ kh b

}siafqq khovqts{ bho divho tlbt ebhbjfsq cfnkffo tlbt ke}nfefhtkhj eisf rvbnkt{

aihtsin }siafovsfq }iqktkfn{ aihtskcvtf tizbsoq cfttfs rvbnkt{. khasfbqfo }siovatkkt{.

bho ke}sifo f|}istkhj ab}bcknktkfq(

@fefhbof ,3=22+ divho tlbt }sidfqqkihbnq bjsffo ih tlf boofo bnvf id afstkdkabtkih

q{qtfeq( _lf{ bsf zknnkhj ti aihtskcvtf ti tlf afstkdkabtkih }siafqq. }sikofo tlbt b qft id

aihoktkihq kq dvndknnfo(

Qvev`bobq ,3==4+ divho tlbt fe}ni{ff khinfefht kq bh ke}istbht fhbcnfs dis fddfatkf

rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkafq(

Liiqlbhjk bho Oiznbtqlblk divho tlbt tlf KQI%afstkdkfo aie}bhkfq f|fe}nkdkfo cfttfs

bho nihjfs%tfse sfnbtkihqlk}q zktl ebkh)aisf qv}}nkfsq. jsfbtfs ti} ebhbjfskbn qv}}ist



23

bho fe}ni{ff khinfefht bho aieevhkabtkih. bho eisf fddfatkf rvbnkt{ }siafqqfq

tlbh tliqf id hih KQI%afstkdkfo aie}bhkfq(

Jknn ,3==;+ divho tlbt avqtiefs*q albhjkhj ofebhoq bho tlf hffo dis qtskhjfht aiqt

ebhbjfefht kh dnvatvbtkhj fhksihefhtq eb`f _RE b }sbatkaf id }bsbeivht ke}istbhaf

dis ffs{ fhtfs}skqf. ckj is qebnn(



21

ALB]_FS 17 SFQFBSAL EF_LIOQ BHO ]SIAFOVSFQ

1(2 ]vs}iqf id tlf Qtvo{

_i fe}kskabnn{ fbnvbtf tlf avssfht rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkafq fe}ni{fo bt Sivs`fnb

Qtffn ]nbht. b vhkt id Qtffn Bvtliskt{ id Khokb Nkektfo. kh tfseq id fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq.

fe}ni{ff khinfefht bho `hiznfojf bho ofkqf bh{ qvjjfqtkihq dis jfttkhj ifs tlf

ofdkakfhakfq(

1(3 Sfqfbsal Ofqkjh

_lf sfqfbsal ofqkjh kq tlbt }lbqf tlbt ofbnq zktl tlf }siafovsfq tlbt bsf ti cf boi}tfo dis

tlf sfqfbsal qtvo{( _lf }siafovsfq oftbkn tlf `kho id sfqfbsal tlbt kq ti cf absskfo ivt. tlf

obtb ainnfatkih tfalhkrvfq bho tlf bhbn{tkabn }siafovsfq tlbt bsf ti cf vqfo ti baaie}nkql

tlf sfqfbsal icgfatkfq(

_lf qtvo{ lfsf sfrvksfo b ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal ofqkjh0 b ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal kq

aihovatfo ti qtvo{ khdnvfhafq kh b }lfhiefhih bdtfs tlf{ lbf iaavssfo is bq tlf{ bsf

iaavsskhj( _lfsfdisf ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal fhtbknq bh icgfatkf bho bqqve}tkihq cflkho

tlbt icgfatkf( _lf ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal feciokfq bnn sfqfbsal batkktkfq aihovatfo kh tlf

avssfht tkef is tlf keefokbtf }bqt id tlf aihafshfo }lfhiefhih0 rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht kq

tlf ebkh aihafsh lfsf(

_lf sfbqih cflkho aliiqkhj tlf ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal ofqkjh kq bq dinnizq7

2( _lf qtvo{ ofebhoq tlf ofqask}tkih id albsbatfskqtkaq id tlf isjbhkwbtkih. SQ] bho

ktq fe}ni{ffq(

3( _lf qtvo{ bnqi ofebhoq fqtkebtkih id tlf }si}istkih id tlf vhktq id tlf }i}vnbtkih

tlbt f|lkckt tlf qbef bttktvof tizbsoq b rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo bq}fatq(



2?

1( _lf qtvo{ diavqfq ih oftfsekhbtkih id tlf }fsaf}tkihq bcivt rvbnkt{ khdnvfhakhj

bskbcnfq(

?( _lf qtvo{ bnqi diavqfq ih oftfsekhkhj tlf ofjsff id bqqiakbtkih id tlf rvbnkt{

sfnbtfo bskbcnfq(

6( Dkhbnn{. tlf qtvo{ kq oksfatfo ti jfhfsbtf q}fakdka jfhfsbnkwbtkihq(

_lf dvstlfs anbqqkdkabtkih id tlkq ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal aihfsjfq ti b eisf q}fakdka ofqkjh

zlkal kq tlf qkhjnf asiqq qfatkihbn ofqkjh. bq ihn{ ihf qbe}nf id sfq}ihofhtq zbq osbzh

bho boekhkqtfsfo zktl tlf sfqfbsal khqtsvefht ihn{ ihaf(

1(1 Sfqfbsal Rvfqtkihq

Cbqfo ih tlf nktfsbtvsf sfkfz dinnizkhj sfqfbsal rvfqtkihq zfsf dsbefo dis balkfkhj

ivs }vs}iqf id tlf qtvo{7

,2+ Oi tlf fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq dbis tlf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkafq bt SQ]9

,3+ Oifq tlf fe}ni{ff khinfefht dbis tlf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkafq bt SQ]9

,1+ Oi tlf fe}ni{ff `hiznfojf qvddkakfht ti bttbkh bh fddfatkf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht

q{qtfe9

1(? ]bstkak}bhtq

_lf }bstkak}bhtq is tlf qbe}nf dis tlf qtvo{ zbq oftfsekhfo `ff}khj kh ekho tlf t{}f id

sfqfbsal ofqkjh fe}ni{fo( Bq ivs qtvo{ zbq b ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal tlf t{}f id }sicbcknkt{

qbe}nkhj fe}ni{fo lfsf zbq qtsbtkdkfo sbhoie qbe}nkhj( Qkhaf SQ] lbq b lkfsbsal{ id

fe}ni{ffq abtfjiskwfo khti tzi ebgis jsbofq ‑ F ,ebhbjfsq $ f|favtkfq+ $ Q

,qv}fskqisq $ tfalhkakbhq+. qi ivs qbe}nkhj dsbef zivno aie}skqf id tzi t{}fq id

sfq}ihofhtq % ebhjfsq $ qv}fskqisq( _lfqf sfq}ihofhtq bsf aliqfh ih tlf cbqkq id tlfks



26

khinfefht kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht qi tlf{ bsf bnn dsie tlf S $ A Nbcisbtis{

of}bstefht bho tlf qbe}nf aie}skqfo id ihn{ }fsebhfht fe}ni{ffq(

_i abnavnbtf tlf qbe}nf qkwf Aialsbh‛q disevnb zbq vqfo(

Zlfsf h= 5 qbe}nf qkwf(

W 5 qtbhobso hisebn bskbcnf( _lf bnvf id W dsie tlf tbcnf dis b aihdkofhaf nffn

id ;6& kq 2(;4(

f 5 ofqksfo nffn id }sfakqkih ,5=(=6+

} 5 fqtkebtfo }i}vnbtkih id bh bttskcvtf tlbt kq }sfqfht kh tlf }i}vnbtkih0 zktl tlf

bqqve}tkih id b nbsjf }i}vnbtkih bho vh`hizh bskbcknkt{ kh tlf

}si}istkih. zf vqvbnn{ bqqvef b bnvf id =(6 ,eb|keve bskbcknkt{+(

r 5 2 ‑ }(

_lvq. tlf bnvf id h= kq divho ivt ti cf.

Cvt kh ivs qtvo{ kt zbq divho ivt tlbt tlf titbn hvecfsq id fe}ni{ffq zis`khj zktl S $

A nbcisbtis{ kh bskivq vhktq bsf bcivt 26= ,H+ ,3= ebhbjfsq bho 21= qv}fskqisq+( Qi b

dkhktf }i}vnbtkih aissfatkih ,D]A+ dis }si}istkihq kq vqfo ti sfovaf tlf qbe}nf qkwf(

_lf D]A kq abnavnbtfo bq dinnizq7

, +

Zlfsf h 5 tlf batvbn qbe}nf tlbt kq ti cf ainnfatfo(

h= 5 tlf qbe}nf qkwf zktlivt dkhktf }i}vnbtkih aissfatkih ,abnavnbtfo bcif+



24

H 5 tlf titbn }i}vnbtkih qkwf ,5 26=+(

_lvq tlf batvbn qbe}nf qkwf dis tlf qtvo{ aiefq ivt ti cf.

, +

_lvq tlf hvecfs id sfq}ihofhtq is }bstkak}bhtq zbq divho ivt ti cf 2=<. cvt tlfh zf

hffofo tlf }si}istkihbtf hvecfs id ebhbjfsq ,F jsbof+ bho qv}fskqisq ,Q jsbof+ tlbt

zfsf ti cf boekhkqtfsfo ivs sfqfbsal khqtsvefht( _lfqf hvecfsq zfsf divho ivt ti cf.

1(6 Obtb Barvkqktkih

_lf obtb ainnfatfo dis b sfqfbsal qtvo{ bsf abtfjiskwfo khti }skebs{ bho qfaihobs{ obtb(

Qfaihobs{ obtb dis tlf qtvo{ zbq ainnfatfo c{ sfdfsskhj tlf }sfkivq sfnfbht sfqfbsal

zis` id itlfs bvtlisq kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht dkfno( _lf qfaihobs{ obtb lfn}fo kh

offni}khj bh b}}sibal ti tlf qtvo{. kofhtkd{khj sfnfbht `f{ bskbcnfq bho bnqi

disevnbtf tlf sfqfbsal rvfqtkihq tlbt zfsf hffofo ti cf bhqzfsfo ti qvddkaf ivs icgfatkf

id tlf qtvo{(

]skebs{ obtb zbq ainnfatfo c{ vqkhj tlf qvsf{ eftlio id obtb ainnfatkih. zlfsfkh b

disebn rvfqtkihhbksf aie}skqkhj id rvfqtkihq zktl bskivq qabnfq zfsf boekhkqtfsfo ti

tlf qfnfatfo sfq}ihofhtq(



2:

1(4 Khqtsvefhtq Vqfo

Bq ofqaskcfo bcif ivs sfqfbsal khqtsvefht zbq b disebn rvfqtkihhbksf zbq qft id

rvfqtkihq zktl b }sfbssbhjfo isofs( _lf rvfqtkihq zfsf disevnbtfo `ff}khj kh ekho tlf

t{}f id sfq}ihofhtq bho tlf icgfatkf id tlf qtvo{( _lf disebt id tlf rvfqtkihhbksf zbq

okkofo khti ? }bstq7

2( Jfhfsbn khdisebtkih

3( Fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq zktl sfq}fat ti rvbnkt{(

1( Fe}ni{ff khinfefht zktl sfq}fat ti rvbnkt{(

?( Fe}ni{ff vhofsqtbhokhj id rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq ,Q]A. _RE. Qk| Qkjeb+(

B okalitieivq qabnf bho b Nk`fst qabnf zktl dkf sfq}ihqf abtfjiskfq sbhjkhj dsie

qtsihjn{ bjsff ti qtsihjn{ okqbjsff zbq fe}ni{fo ti ictbkh sfq}ihqfq(

1(: Obtb Bhbn{qkq

Qtbtkqtkabn bhbn{qkq id tlf obtb zbq oihf tlsivjl tlf vqf id sfnfbht tfqtq( Asiqq

tbcvnbtkihq zbq vqfo dis ofskkhj tlf aihanvqkihq( Sfnkbcknkt{ tfqt dis efbqvskhj tlf qabnf

khtfshbn aihqkqtfha{ zbq vqfo( Dis tlf }vs}iqf id obtb bhbn{qkq dinnizkhj qidtzbsfq zbq

vqfo7

2( Ekasiqidt F|afn7 dis qtiskhj id obtb. dbaknktbtkhj ke}ist ti itlfs }vs}iqf(

3( Q]QQ7 dis rvbhtktbtkf bhbn{qkq id obtb( B Q]QQ fsqkih 2< zbq vqfo dis tlf

}vs}iqf(



2<

1(< Nkektbtkihq

_lf qtvo{ kq nkektfo ti Sivs`fnb Qtffn ]nbht bho tlf }fsebhfht fe}ni{ffq

zis`khj zktl tlf S $ A Nbc bsf id }skef aihafsh(

_lf qtvo{ f|anvofq fe}ni{ffq zis`khj zktl itlfs of}bstefhtq is dvhatkihq(

_lf qtvo{ }sikofq ihn{ jfhfsbnkwbtkihq bho ovf ti tkef aihqtsbkhtq tfalhkabn

bq}fatq zfsf hit ofbnt zktl(

_lf ckbqhfqq kh sfq}ihqfq abhhit cf svnfo ivt(



2;

ALB]_FS ?7 OB_B BHBN[QKQ BHO DKHOKHJQ

?(2 Sfkfz id Eftlioinij{

B ofqask}tkf sfqfbsal ofqkjh zbq fe}ni{fo dis tlf qtvo{ bho b disebn rvfqtkihhbksf zbq

boekhkqtfsfo ti tlf aihafshfo qbe}nf ti ictbkh tlf }skebs{ obtb( _lf rvfqtkihhbksf

fe}ni{fo b okalitieivq bho Nk`fst qabnf dis ictbkhkhj tlf sfq}ihqf( _lf obtb ictbkhfo

zbq bhbn{wfo tlsivjl Q]QQ vqkhj cbqka ofqask}tkf qtbtkqtkaq bho asiqq tbcvnbtkihq(

?(3 Dkhokhjq bho Khtfs}sftbtkih

_lf dinnizkhj sfqvntq zfsf divho ivt dsie tlf qtvo{7

,2+ _lf sfnkbcknkt{ tfqt id tlf qabnf vqfo kh tlf qtvo{ qlizfo b jiio khtfshbn

aihqkqtfha{ zktl b Asihcbal bn}lb bnvf id =(<=6. zlkal kq jsfbtfs tlbh tlf

i}tkebn baaf}tbcnf nkekt id =(:( Qi tlf qabnf aissfatn{ efbqvsfq tlf }vs}iqf id tlf

qtvo{(

Abqf ]siafqqkhj Qveebs{

H &Abqfq Tbnko ;; 2==(=

F|anvofob

= (=

_itbn ;; 2==(=

b( Nkqtzkqf ofnftkih cbqfo ih bnn bskbcnfq kh tlf

}siafovsf(

Sfnkbcknkt{ Qtbtkqtkaq

Asihcbal*q

Bn}lb H id Ktfeq

(<=6 32



3=

,3+ Zlkal dbatis kq ke}istbht dis QBKN ti ivt}fsdise tlf ebs`ft9

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

Bcivt <1(<& id tlf sfq}ihofhtq cfnkff tlbt }siovat rvbnkt{ kq tlf eiqt ke}istbht

dbatis dis QBKN ti ivt}fsdise kh tlf ebs`ft. zlkal aihanvofq tlbt rvbnkt{ kq tlf

eiqt ke}istbht dbatis dis b aie}bh{ ti aie}ftf kh tlf ebs`ft(



32

,1+ Ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbt aiqt(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh aiqt Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh aiqt

_itbnqtsihjn{ bjsff bjsff hfvtsbn

Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 6 ; = 2?

qv}fskqis 26 62 2; <6

_itbn 3= 4= 2; ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizfo tlbt eiqt id tlf sfq}ihofhtq ,citl ebhbjfsq $

qv}fskqisq+ bjsff tlbt tlf ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ bq eisf ke}istbht tlbh aiqt(



33

,?+ Ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbt tkef(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh tkef Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh tkef

_itbnqtsihjn{ bjsff bjsff hfvtsbn okqbjsff

Ofqkjhbtkih Ebhbjfs 6 ; = = 2?

Qv}fskqis 21 ?= 34 4 <6

_itbn 2< ?; 34 4 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

Dsie tlf bcif asiqq tbcvnbtkih kt zbq divho ivt tlbt tlfsf kq }si}istkihbtf

hvecfs id sfq}ihofhtq zli bjsff bq zfnn bq okqbjsff ti tlf dbat tlbt ebhbjfefht

tsfbtq rvbnkt{ ke}istbht tlbh tkef(



31

,6+ Qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bsf bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bbknbcnf dis RA Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bbknbcnf dis RA


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 1 ; 3 = 2?

qv}fskqis 4 1= ?= ; <6

_itbn ; 1; ?3 ; ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizq tlbt nfqq tlbh 6=& id tlf sfq}ihofhtq bjsff tlbt

qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bsf bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin(



3?

,4+ Anfbs zis` is }siafqq khqtsvatkihq bsf bbknbcnf ti bnn fe}ni{ffq(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' anfbs zis` khqtsvatkihq jkfh Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Anfbs zis` khqtsvatkihq jkfh


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 6 ; = = 2?

qv}fskqis < ?1 12 1 <6

_itbn 21 63 12 1 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizq tlbt bntlivjl bnn ebhbjfsq bjsff zktl tlf dbat tlbt

anfbs zis` khqtsvatkihq bsf jkfh ti bnn fe}ni{ffq. cvt b qkjhkdkabht hvecfs id

qv}fskqisq okqbjsff ti tlkq dbat0 tlfsfc{ khdfsskhj tlbt eiqt fe}ni{ffq }fsafkf

tlbt tlf zis` khqtsvatkih jkfh ti tlfe bsf hit anfbs bho tlkq abh cf aihqkofsfo bq

b nii}linf kh tlf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkaf(



36

,:+ Anfbs oiavefhtbtkih kq bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' anfbs oiavefhtbtkih bbknbcnf Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Anfbs oiavefhtbtkih bbknbcnf


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 6 ; = 2?

qv}fskqis 2; 6; : <6

_itbn 3? 4< : ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

Dsie tlf asiqq tbcvnbtkih kt zbq divho tlbt eiqt id tlf sfq}ihofhtq bjsff tlbt anfbs

oiavefhtbtkih kq bbknbcnf dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin. tlfsfc{ khdfsskhj tlbt tlf

oiavefhtbtkih rvbnkt{ kq anfbs bho vhofsqtbhobcnf c{ tlf fe}ni{ffq(



34

,<+ Rvbnkt{ obtb ,ofdfat sbtfq. aiqt ti rvbnkt{. ofdfatkfq+ bsf `hizh ti bnn fe}ni{ffq(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' bzbsf id rvbnkt{ obtb Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

Bzbsf id rvbnkt{ obtb


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 1 22 = 2?

qv}fskqis 4 ?2 1< <6

_itbn ; 63 1< ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizq tlbt bntlivjl eiqt fe}ni{ffq bsf bzbsf id rvbnkt{ obtb.

tlfsf bsf b qkjhkdkabht hvecfs id fe}ni{ffq eiqtn{ qv}fskqisq zli bsf hit bzbsf

id tlkq obtb. tlfsfc{ khdfsskhj tlbt hit bnn fe}ni{ffq bsf bzbsf id tlf rvbnkt{ obtb

zlkal eb{ bddfat tlf }si}fs ke}nfefhtbtkih id b fddfatkf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht

}sbatkaf(



3:

,;+ Avqtiefs ,khtfshbn $ f|tfshbn+ dffocba` kq ke}istbht dis rvbnkt{ }siovatkih(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' R?,|+ Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

R?,|+

_itbnqtsihjn{ bjsff bjsff

Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs ; 6 2?

qv}fskqis 3< 6: <6

_itbn 1: 43 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

Dsie tlf asiqq tbcvnbtkih kt zbq divho tlbt bnn sfq}ihofhtq citl ebhbjfsq $

qv}fskqisq cfnkff tlbt dffocba` id citl khtfshbn $ f|tfshbn avqtiefsq kq

ke}istbht dis ebkhtbkhkhj b rvbnkt{ }siovatkih(



3<

,2=+ Rvbnkt{ aksanfq }nb{ ke}istbht sinf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht $ ke}sifefht(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' R?,|kkk+ Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

R?,|kkk+


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 23 3 = 2?

qv}fskqis 16 ?; 2 <6

_itbn ?: 62 2 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizfo tlbt bneiqt bnn tlf sfq}ihofhtq cfnkff tlbt tlf

rvbnkt{ aksanfq kh tlf isjbhkwbtkih bsf }nb{khj bh ke}istbht sinf kh rvbnkt{

ebhbjfefht. tlfsfc{ khdfsskhj tlbt rvbnkt{ aksanfq bsf ke}istbht tfbeq dis

asfbtkhj bh fddfatkf rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sbatkaf(



3;

,22+ Bnn fe}ni{ff qvjjfqtkihq bsf zfnaiefo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo ofakqkihq(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' R?,||+ Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

R?,||+

_itbnqtsihjn{ bjsff bjsff

Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs 2? = 2?

qv}fskqis ?1 ?3 <6

_itbn 6: ?3 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizfo tlbt bnn sfq}ihofhtq citl ebhbjfsq bho qv}fskqisq

bjsff tlbt tlf qvjjfqtkihq id bnn fe}ni{ffq bsf zfnaiefo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo

ofakqkihq(



1=

,23+ Cittie id tlf lkfsbsal{ fe}ni{ffq bsf khinfo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo ofakqkihq(

Ofqkjhbtkih ' R?,||k+ Asiqqtbcvnbtkih

Aivht

R?,||k+


Ofqkjhbtkih ebhbjfs : : = = 2?

qv}fskqis ?= 1= 23 1 <6

_itbn ?: 1: 23 1 ;;

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf asiqq tbcvnbtkih qlizfo tlbt eiqt fe}ni{ffq bjsff tlbt tlf cittie id tlf

lkfsbsal{ fe}ni{ffq bsf bnqi khinfo kh tlf ofakqkihq sfnbtfo ti rvbnkt{ ebttfsq(



12

,21+ _lf qtvo{ qlizfo tlbt bnn tlf sfq}ihofhtq citl tlf ebhbjfsq bho qv}fskqisq

bsf bzbsf id tlf titbn rvbnkt{ aihaf}t bho ktq ke}istbhaf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht(

,2?+ Oi {iv sfafkf }fskioka tsbkhkhj sfnbtfo ti _RE $ itlfs rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq9

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf bcif albst sffbnfo tlbt ;:& id tlf fe}ni{ffq bjsff tlbt tlf{ bsf tsbkhfo kh rvbnkt{

aihaf}tq sfnbtfo ti _RE. zlkal bnqi tfnnq tlbt tlf fe}ni{ffq bsf bzbsf id tlf ke}istbhaf

id _RE kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht(



13

,26+ Bzbsfhfqq id cbqka qtbtkqtkabn rvbnkt{ aihtsin tiinq qval bq aihtsin albstq.

lkqtijsbeq. ]bsfti albstq(

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf bcif albst qlizfo tlbt <4(;& id tlf fe}ni{ffq bjsff ti cf tsbkhfo kh cbqka

qtbtkqtkabn rvbnkt{ aihtsin tiinq bho tlkq }sikofq zktl b }katvsf tlbt tlf fe}ni{ffq bsf

bzbsf id tlf ke}istbhaf id tlf QRA kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht(



11

,24+ Dsfrvfha{ id vqf id qtbtkqtkabn rvbnkt{ aihtsin tiinq(

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf bcif albst qlizfo tlbt eiqt id tlf sfq}ihofhtq vqf tlf QRA tiinq fs{

dsfrvfhtn{ kh tlfks zis` zlkal khdfsq tlbt QRA tiinq dise bh ke}istbht dbatis kh

ebkhtbkhkhj rvbnkt{ }siovatkih(



1?

,2:+ Bsf {iv bzbsf id qk|%qkjeb aihaf}t9

Khtfs}sftbtkih7

_lf bcif albst qlizfo tlbt b nbsjf hvecfs id sfq}ihofhtq bsf fktlfs hit bzbsf

is hit qvsf kd tlf{ `hiz qk|%qkjeb aihaf}t. zlkal khdfsq tlbt tlf fe}ni{ffq bsf

hit bzbsf id nbtfqt v}aiekhj aihaf}tq kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht bho tlkq eb{ bddfat

tlf fddfatkfhfqq id tlf }sbatkaf kh nihj svh(

,2<+ _lf qtvo{ bnqi sffbnfo tlbt bnn tlf sfq}ihofhtq zfsf bzbsf id tlf KQI qtbhobsoq

bho afstkdkabtkihq bho tlfks ke}istbhaf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht(



16

ALB]_FS 67 AIHANVQKIH BHO SFAIEEFHOB_KIHQ

6(2 Aihanvqkihq

_lf qtvo{ qlizfo tlbt eiqt id tlf fe}ni{ffq }fsafkf tlbt SQ] lbq cffh bh ke}istbht

}nbht kh tlf jsiztl id QBKN( _lf fe}ni{ffq }fsafkf tlbt tlf rvbnkt{ id }siovatq

}siovafo c{ tlf aie}bh{ bsf bt }bs zktl tlf khovqts{ qtbhobsoq bho bsf dbs eisf sfnkbcnf

tlbh itlfs qkeknbs oiefqtka ebhvdbatvsfsq( _lf fe}ni{ffq bsf jkfh tsbkhkhj kh cbqka

rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq bho qtbtkqtkabn tiinq bho tlfqf bsf bneiqt vqfo obkn{ dis tlf batkktkfq( _lf

fe}ni{ffq }fsafkf tlbt ebhbjfskbn qv}}ist kq bnzb{q }sfqfht dis rvbnkt{ khktkbtkfq bho

rvbnkt{ ke}sifefht( _lf fe}ni{ffq bnqi cfnkff tlbt tlf aie}bh{ lbq cffh avqtiefs

diavqfo bho dinnizq b dbatvbn b}}sibal ti rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht(

6(3 Sfaieefhobtkihq

_lf dinnizkhj sfaieefhobtkihq abh cf dinnizfo dis jfttkhj ifs tlf ofdkakfhakfq7

,2+ _lf qtvo{ qlizfo tlbt hit eval cittie nffn fe}ni{ffq bsf zfnaiefo kh rvbnkt{

ofakqkihq. qi tlkq }sbatkaf abh cf ke}sifo c{ eb`khj eisf cittie nffn

fe}ni{ffq jfttkhj khinfo kh qval ofakqkihq zlkal zknn afstbkhn{ fhqvsf rvbnkt{

ke}sifefht(

,3+ _lf qtvo{ bnqi qlizfo tlbt tlf bbknbcknkt{ id qvddkakfht sfqivsafq kq nba`khj

zlkal eb{ bddfat tlf rvbnkt{ aihtsin }siafovsfq bho tlvq tlf fddfatkfhfqq id

rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }sijsbeq qi kt abh cf sfaieefhofo ti v}obtf tlf sfqivsafq(

,1+ Bntlivjl bnn fe}ni{ffq bsf tsbkhfo kh cbqka rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq bho qtbtkqtkabn tiinq.

cvt tlf{ nba` `hiznfojf sfjbsokhj hfz bho finkhj rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq qval bq qk|



14

qkjeb $ nfbh ebhvdbatvskhj( _lkq abh cf b osbzcba` bq eiqt itlfs qtffn

ebhvdbatvsfsq bsf fe}ni{khj qval aihaf}tq ti aihtsin $ sfovaf ofdfat sbtfq bho

khasfbqf }sidktbcknkt{(

,?+ B }sibatkf bzbsfhfqq }sijsbeeef abh cf offni}fo c{ tlf ebhbjfefht ti

eb`f }fi}nf bzbsf id tlf hfz rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq bho sfafht offni}efhtq kh tlf

rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht dkfno bq b}}nkabcnf ti tlf qtffn khovqts{(

,6+ _lkq `kho id qvsf{q abh cf aihovatfo c{ tlf itlfs of}bstefhtq }fskiokabnn{ ti

fhqvsf tlbt tlf rvbnkt{ qtbhobsoq id tlf aie}bh{ sfebkh v} ti tlf ebs`(

6(1 Ke}nkabtkihq dis Dvtvsf Sfqfbsal

Kt kq }si}iqfo tlbt dvtvsf sfqfbsal aihqkofs aihovatkhj qkeknbs qvsf{q dis itlfs

of}bstefht fe}ni{ffq zis`khj bt tlf }nbht qktf( _lfqf qvsf{q zknn bnniz dis khqkjlt khti

}fsaf}tkihq id rvbnkt{ bho dkhokhjq aivno cf aie}bsfo bho aihtsbqtfo bjbkhqt tlf

qtbhobsoq( Kh booktkih. dvtvsf sfqfbsal abh cf dvstlfs f|}nisfo zktl b qkeknbs qtvo{

aihovatfo dis itlfs of}bstefhtq ,dkhbhaf. ebs`ftkhj $ qbnfq+ ivtqkof tlf }nbht }sfekqfq(

_lkq zknn dvstlfs jkf bh khqkjlt id tlf ifsbnn }fsaf}tkihq bcivt rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht hit

ihn{ kh tfseq id }siovatkih cvt bnqi qfskafq(

Dkhbnn{ QBKN qlivno aihqkofs tlf dfbqkcknkt{ id aihovatkhj sfqfbsal zktl b qfnfatfo jsiv}

id `f{ avqtiefsq basiqq tlf aivhts{ ti ictbkh dffocba` ih tlfks }fsaf}tkih id tlf QBKN

REQ ,KQI ;==273===+ bho ktq ke}bat ,}iqktkf. hfjbtkf is hihf+ ih tlf QBKN }siovat

bho qfskaf iddfs ti tlfe(



1:

SFDFSFHAFQ

Sfqfbsal ]b}fsq7

2 Bnoizbkqbh. _(B( $ [ivqqfd. B(Q( ,3==?+( Bh KQI ;==273===%cbqfo dsbefzis`

dis sfbnkwkhj rvbnkt{ kh qebnn cvqkhfqqfq PihnkhfU( @vzbkt7 QakfhafOksfat(

Bbknbcnf dsie7 ltt}7))zzz(qakfhafoksfat(aie PBaafqqfo 36 Eb{ 3=22U(

3 Oblnjbbso. G(G( $ Oblnjbbso%]bs`. Q(E( ,3==4+( Nfbh }siovatkih. qk| qkjeb

rvbnkt{. _RE bho aie}bh{ avntvsf PihnkhfU( Bbknbcnf dsie7

ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBaafqqfo 36 Eb{ 3=22U(

1 Ffsbso B( bh @fefhbof. _fvh Z( Lbsogihi. Lfh` G( of Tskfq. ,3=22+ #_lf

zknnkhjhfqq id }sidfqqkihbnq ti aihtskcvtf ti tlfks isjbhkqbtkih*q afstkdkabtkih#

PihnkhfU( Bbknbcnf dsie7 ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBqqfqqfo ? Gvhf 3=22U(

? Khtfshbtkihbn Isjbhkwbtkih dis Qtbhobsokwbtkih( 3=2=( Ifskfz id tlf KQI q{qtfe

PihnkhfU( Bbknbcnf dsie7 ltt}7))zzz(kqi(isj PBaafqqfo 3< Eb{ 3=22U(

6 Cvslbh Dbtkl [bbq( ,2;;6+ Fe}ni{ff }fsaf}tkihq id rvbnkt{7 Qvsf{ sfqvntq

PihnkhfU( Bbknbcnf dsie7 ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBqqfqqfo ? Gvhf 3=22U(

4 Oiznbtqlblk.Q(. $ Liiqlbhjk.Q( ,3=2=+ Fhbcnkhj rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht q{qtfeq kh

tlf ebrvknboisbq7 Bh fe}kskabn bhbn{qkqPihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7

ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBqqfqqfo ? Gvhf 3=22U(

: Ofekscbj.E( $ Qblbof.Q( ,3==<+ F|}niskhj tlf bhtfafofhtq id rvbnkt{

aieektefht beihj fe}ni{ffq7 bh fe}kskabn qtvo{ PihnkhfU( Bbknbcnf dsie7


< Albvols{.Q(Q(. _bekek.H(B( $ Cfttih.G(,2;;:+ _lf ebhbjfefht bho aihtsin id

rvbnkt{ kh b }siafqq khovqts{ PihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7


; Qvev`bobq.H( ,3==4+ Fe}ni{ff khinfefht7 b lkfsbsalkabn aihaf}tvbnkwbtkih id

ktq fddfat ih rvbnkt{ PihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7 ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie

PBqqfqqfo ? Gvhf 3=22U(

2= Os( Askqticbn Qbhalfw%Sioskjvfw. Os( Bhjfn S Ebstkhfw%Nisfhtf. ,3=22+ Fddfat id

K_ bho Rvbnkt{ Ebhbjfefht ih ]fsdisebhaf PihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7

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1<


22 Qlbo Oiznbtqlblk. Qilfkn Liiqlbhjk. ,3=2=+ Fhbcnkhj rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht

q{qtfeq kh tlf ebrvknboisbq7 Bh fe}kskabn bhbn{qkq PihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7

ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBqqfqqfo : Gvhf 3=22U(

23 Gbq}sfft Jknn. ,3==;+ Rvbnkt{ dinnizq rvbnkt{7 boo rvbnkt{ ti tlf cvqkhfqq bho

rvbnkt{ zknn evntk}n{ tlf }sidktq PihnkhfU( Bbnkbcnf dsie7

ltt}7))zzz(fefsbnokhqkjlt(aie PBqqfqqfo < Gvhf 3=22U(

Cii`q $ Ebhvbnq7

2 Ebnlitsb.H(@( $ Obql.Q( ,3=2=+( Ebs`ftkhj Sfqfbsal ‑ bh b}}nkfo iskfhtbtkih. 6tl

foktkih ,]fbsqih Fovabtkih+(3 @skqlhbqzbe{.@(H(. Qkb`vebs.B(K(. Ebtlksbgbh.E( ,3==;+( Ebhbjfefht

Sfqfbsal Eftlioinij{ ‑ khtfjsbtkih id }skhak}nfq. eftlioq $ tfalhkrvfq ,]fbsqih

Fovabtkih+(

1 Js{hb. D(E( 3==2( Rvbnkt{ ]nbhhkhj $ Bhbn{qkq7 Dsie ]siovat Offni}efht

_lsivjl Vqf( 6tl fo( Ciqtih7 EaJsbz%Lknn(

? QBKN }bhisbeb 3=2=(

6 QBKN Bhhvbn Sf}ist 3=2=(

Zfcqktfq7

2 zzz(qbkn(ai(kh

3 zzz(g}akhokbhqtffn(hka(kh

1 zzz(bqr(isj

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1;

B]]FHOK\

RVFQ_KIHHBKSF

Qks. K be vhofsjikhj qveefs khtfshqlk} bt SQ] bho sfrvfqt {iv ti }nfbqf q}bsf qief tkef disdknnkhj tlkq qvsf{. sfrvksfo dis aie}nftkhj e{ }sigfat( ]nfbqf dknn bq }fs tlf khqtsvatkihq jkfh(

]nfbqf tka` ,∗+ zlkalffs kq b}}nkabcnf( Aliiqf tlf eiqt b}}si}skbtf bhqzfs( R2( Oi {iv tlkh` SQ] lbq cffh }sbatkakhj b zfnn ofdkhfo rvbnkt{ }inka{ zktl bolfsfhaf ti ktq

}bsfht aie}bh{. QBKN9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi ,1+ Hit qvsf

R3( Oi {iv tlkh` tlbt tlf rvbnkt{ }inka{)}lkniqi}l{ id QBKN kq bttbkhbcnf zktl tlf avssfhtsfqivsafq ,ebalkhfs{ $ ebh}izfs+ bbknbcnf bt SQ]9


R1( Zlkal dbatis oi {iv dffn ke}istbht dis QBKN ti ivt}fsdise kh tlf ebs`ft9

,2+ ]siovat aiqt ,3+ ]siovat rvbnkt{

,1+ Csbho)Aie}bh{ kebjf ,?+ Fqtbcnkqlfo sfnbtkihqlk} zktl cv{fsq

R?( ]nfbqf ji tlsivjl tlf qtbtfefhtq cfniz bho tka` tlf i}tkih tlbt {iv tlkh` kq eiqt baaf}tbcnf

zktl sfnbtkih ti SQ])QBKN(Qtsihjn{

Bjsff

Bjsff Hfktlfs

Bjsff is

Okqbjsff

Okqbjsff Qtsihjn{

Okqbjsff

k( _lf ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ bq

cfkhj eisf ke}istbht tlbh aiqt(

kk( _lf ebhbjfefht tsfbtq rvbnkt{ bqeisf ke}istbht tlbh tkef(

kkk( _lf ebhbjfefht fhqvsfq tlbt tlf}sigfat rvbnkt{ jibnq bsf `hizh

ti ffs{ efecfs id tlf

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k( Qvddkakfht sfqivsafq bsf bbknbcnfdis rvbnkt{ aihtsin(

kk( Anfbs zis` is }siafqq

khqtsvatkihq bsf bbknbcnf ti bnn

fe}ni{ffq(

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sfnbtfo }sicnfeq(

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dis rvbnkt{ aihtsin(

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rvbnkt{. ofdfatkfq+ bsf `hizh ti

bnn fe}ni{ffq(

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dffocba` kq ke}istbht dis rvbnkt{

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dinnizfo tlsivjlivt tlf }nbht(

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lbhonfo tlsivjl tfbeq(

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sinf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht $

ke}sifefht(

|k|( Rvbnkt{ aksanfq dbaknktbtf }sicnfe

qinkhj bho tsbkhkhj sfnbtfo ti

rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq(||( Bnn fe}ni{ff qvjjfqtkihq bsf

zfnaiefo kh rvbnkt{ sfnbtfo

ofakqkihq(

||k( Cittie id tlf lkfsbsal{

fe}ni{ffq bsf khinfo kh

rvbnkt{ ofakqkihq(

R6( SQ] }sikofq tsbkhkhj ti „titbn rvbnkt{ aihaf}t― ,}lkniqi}l{+ ti bnn fe}ni{ffq9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi

R4( _itbn rvbnkt{ aihaf}t ofbnq zktl ,tka` bnn tliqf b}}nkabcnf+

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R:( Oi {iv sfafkf }fskioka tsbkhkhj sfnbtfo ti _RE is itlfs rvbnkt{ aihaf}tq9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi

R<( _sbkhkhj kq jkfh kh tlf cbqka qtbtkqtkabn rvbnkt{ aihtsin tiinq ,Aihtsin albtq. lkqtijsbeq.

]bsfti albstq+ kh {ivs }nbht9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi



?2

R;( Liz idtfh {iv vqf tlf bcif efhtkihfo qtbtkqtkabn tiinq kh {ivs zis`9

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R2=( Bsf {iv bzbsf id Qk|%Qkjeb aihaf}t9


R22( Oi {iv tlkh` Qk| ‑ Qkjeb aihaf}t $ _RE bsf tlf qbef9


R23( Bsf {iv bzbsf id KQI qtbhobsoq bho tlfks ke}istbhaf kh rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi

R21( Bsf {iv bzbsf id tlf dbat tlbt FS] kq cfkhj qft v} dis qtsfbenkhkhj tlf batkktkfq id tlf

}nbht9

,2+ [fq ,3+ Hi

R2?( Oi {iv tlkh` tlbt tlf ke}nfefhtbtkih id FS] zknn fhlbhaf tlf avssfht i}fsbtkf rvbnkt{ id

tlf }nbht9


R26( ]nfbqf sbtf tlf dinnizkhj rvbnkt{ ebhbjfefht }skhak}nfq baaisokhj ti tlf f|tfht dinnizfokh SQ]( Ebs` {ivs bhqzfs ih b qabnf id 2 ti 6 ,6 dis tlf lkjlfqt $ 2 dis tlf nizfqt+

,k+ Avqtiefs diavqfo isjbhkwbtkih

,kk+ Nfbofsqlk}

,kkk+ Khinfefht id }fi}nf

,k+ ]siafqq b}}sibal

,+ Q{qtfe b}}sibal ti ebhbjfefht

,k+ Aihtkhvivq ke}sifefht

,kk+ Dbatvbn b}}sibal ti ofakqkih eb`khj

,kkk+ Evtvbnn{ cfhfdkakbn qv}}nkfs sfnbtkihqlk}

_lbh` {iv dis tb`khj tlf qvsf{(

Documents

Internship Report on Quality Management at Steel Authority of India Limited