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Guide to Reading
After World War II, African Americans and other supporters of civil rights challenged segregation in the United States.
• separate-but-equal
Main Idea
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Key Terms and Names
• de facto segregation • NAACP • sit-in • Thurgood Marshall
• Linda Brown • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
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Chapter 24 Section 1I can: explain the early history of
the Civil Rights Movement
The Origins of the Movement
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(pages 746–748)(pages 746–748)
• In 1896 the Supreme Court had declared segregation legal in Plessy v. Ferguson.
• separate-but-equal doctrine, making laws segregating African Americans legal as long as equal facilities were provided.
• “Jim Crow” laws segregating African Americans and whites were common in the South after the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
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• In places without segregation laws, such as in the North, there was de facto segregation–segregation by custom and tradition.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
(pages 746–748)(pages 746–748)
• In Chicago in 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded.
• CORE used sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation and discrimination in cities like Chicago and Detroit
How did the NAACP and CORE challenge the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?
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The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
(pages 746–748)(pages 746–748)
The NAACP supported court cases intended to overturn segregation. It provided lawyers to African Americans and helped cover the costs of their cases. CORE used sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation and discrimination. In 1943 CORE used sit-ins to protest segregation in restaurants. These sit-ins resulted in the integration of many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
(pages 746–748)(pages 746–748)
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The Civil Rights Movement Begins• When African Americans returned from World
War II, they had hoped for equality. • When this did not occur, the civil rights
movement began• African American attorney and chief
counsel for the NAACP Thurgood Marshall worked to end segregation in public schools.
(pages 748–750)(pages 748–750)
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• In 1954 several Supreme Court cases regarding segregation were combined in one ruling.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins(cont.)
(pages 748–750)(pages 748–750)
• Brown v. Board convinced African Americans to challenge all forms of segregation.
• The Montgomery Improvement Association was created to run the bus boycott and negotiate with city leaders to end segregation.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins (cont.)
(pages 748–750)(pages 748–750)
Which seat was Rosa Parks sitting in?
On March 2, 1955, however, Colvin’s life changed forever. The fifteen year old boarded a segregated, city bus on her way home from school, her mind filled with what she’d been learning during Negro History Week. At one stop, several white passengers got on, and the bus driver ordered her and three others to move, though there were other seats available for the white passengers. Three got up, Colvin stayed. As she says, “I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet
Tubman was pushing down on the other – saying. ‘Sit down girl!’ I was glued to my seat.” Colvin´s refusal led to her arrest. She was taken off the bus by two police officers whose
behavior made her fear she might be raped. Charged with violating segregation laws, misconduct, and resisting arrest, her conviction and subsequent probation left Colvin feeling she would never get the education and achieve profession she so desired.
The African American community was outraged. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. came to Montgomery to fight her arrest, and leaders in the civil rights movement sought a way to end bus segregation. They looked at Claudette Colvin as a potential “face” of the movement. As Colvin’s friend Reverend Johnson told her, “Everyone prays for freedom. We’ve all been praying and praying. But you’re different – you want your answer the next morning. And I think you’ve just brought the revolution to Montgomery.” However, she was deemed too young and her complexion too dark to be the right fit. Then she became pregnant (by a man whose name Colvin will not disclose), and that was that.
Nine months later Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus and the boycott that was contemplated when Colvin was arrested, began. Parks was educated, older, lighter-skinned, and a seamstress. Although her refusal to move was not directly planned, she was part of the civil rights movement. She had been trained for civil disobedience by the NAACP.
Before Rosa, There Was Claudette
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• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. called for a nonviolent passive resistant approach to end segregation and racism.
• The boycott of the bus system continued for over a year as African Americans walked or participated in carpools.
• In December 1956, the United States Supreme Court declared Alabama’s laws on buses to be unconstitutional.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins(cont.)
(pages 748–750)(pages 748–750)
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How did the Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, affect African Americans and Southerners?
The ruling convinced many African Americans that it was time to challenge other forms of segregation. The ruling enraged many Southerners, who became even more determined to defend segregation. In 1956 a group of 101 Southern members of Congress signed the “Southern Manifesto” which denounced the Supreme Court rulings and encouraged Southerners to defy the Supreme Court by not upholding the ruling to end segregation.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins(cont.)
(pages 748–750)(pages 748–750)
Write your own notes over the “Little Rock Nine”
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• The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was created to help in the area of voting rights for African Americans.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights (cont.)
(pages 751–752)(pages 751–752)
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What did the SCLC do after the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was passed?
The SCLC began a campaign to register 2 million new African American voters.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights (cont.)
(pages 751–752)(pages 751–752)
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. doctrine established by the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson that permitted laws segregating African Americans as long as equal facilities were provided
__ 2. a form of protest involving occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment
__ 3. segregation by custom and tradition
A. separate-but-equal
B. de facto segregation
C. sit-in
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
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C
B
A
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Guide to Reading
African American citizens and white supporters created organizations that directed protests, targeted specific inequalities, and attracted the attention of the mass media and the government.
• Jesse Jackson
Main Idea
Key Terms and Names
• Ella Baker • Freedom Riders • filibuster
• cloture • Civil Rights Act
of 1964 • poll tax
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Chapter 24 Section 2I can: describe the early efforts
African Americans made to improve their standing in society
The Sit-In Movement • In 1960 four African Americans staged a sit-
in at a Woolworth’s whites-only lunch counter.
• This led to a mass movement for civil rights. • Soon sit-ins were occurring across the nation.
(pages 753–754)(pages 753–754)
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The Sit-In Movement (cont.)
Why did the sit-in movement gain attention of Americans across the nation?
Even after the demonstrators of the sit-ins were verbally and physically abused, they remained peaceful.
(pages 753–754)(pages 753–754)
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SNCC
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• Students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Early leaders were Marion Barry, and John Lewis.
(page 754)(page 754)
• When they went South, SNCC volunteers had their lives threatened and others were beaten.
• In 1964 three SNCC workers were murdered as they tried to register African Americans to vote.
What was the role of the SNCC in the civil rights movement?
The group led student sit-ins to desegregate public facilities in Southern communities. Members of the group went to rural areas of the Deep South to register African Americans to vote.
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SNCC (cont.)
(page 754)(page 754)
The Freedom Riders• In 1961 CORE leader James Farmer asked
teams of African Americans and white Americans to travel into the South to integrate bus terminals.
• The teams became known as Freedom Riders.
• Violence erupted in several Alabama cities, making national news and shocking many Americans.
• President John F. Kennedy was compelled to control the violence.
(pages 754–755)(pages 754–755)
• President Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to increase regulations against segregation at bus terminals.
• By 1962 segregation on interstate travel had ended.
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John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights
(pages 755–757)(pages 755–757)
• In 1962 James Meredith, an African American air force veteran, tried to register at the segregated University of Mississippi.
• President Kennedy ordered 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus.
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John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights(cont.)
(pages 755–757)(pages 755–757)
• After a riot, in which 160 marshals were injured, Meredith attended classes under federal guard until he graduated the following August.
Why did President Kennedy not take immediate action when violence erupted against the Freedom Riders?
Kennedy was meeting with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, and he did not want the violence in the South to make the United States seem weak and divided.
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John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights(cont.)
(pages 755–757)(pages 755–757)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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• After another incident at a college JFK appeared on national television to announce his civil rights bill.
• MLK wanted to pressure Congress to get Kennedy’s civil rights bill through.
• On August 28, 1963, he led 200,000 demonstrators at a rally in D.C.
(pages 757–759)(pages 757–759)
• After Kennedy’s assassination, President Johnson committed himself the civil rights bill.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (cont.)
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(pages 757–759)(pages 757–759)
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave the federal government broad power to stop racial discrimination in the segregation in public places, to bring lawsuits to end school segregation, and to require employers to end discrimination in the workplace.
What happened to the civil rights bill after Lyndon Johnson became president?
President Johnson’s leadership helped produce the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (cont.)
(pages 757–759)(pages 757–759)
The Struggle for Voting Rights
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• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did little to guarantee the right to vote.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., decided it was time for another protest to protect African American voting rights.
(pages 759–760)(pages 759–760)
• The protest was staged for Selma, Alabama, where African Americans were the majority of the population while only 3 percent were registered to vote.
• Their march for freedom began in Selma and headed toward the state capitol in Montgomery.
• Sheriff Jim Clark ordered 200 state troopers and deputized citizens to rush the peaceful demonstrators.
The Struggle for Voting Rights (cont.)
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(pages 759–760)(pages 759–760)
• The brutal attack became known as Bloody Sunday, and the nation saw the images on television.
• On August 3, 1965, the House of Representatives passed the voting bill, with the Senate passing the bill the following day.
The Struggle for Voting Rights (cont.)
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(pages 759–760)(pages 759–760)
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 gave the attorney general the right to send federal examiners to register qualified voters, bypassing the local officials who often refused to register African Americans.
How did the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 mark a turning point in the civil rights movement?
Two goals were now achieved: to outlaw segregation and to pass federal laws to stop discrimination and protect voting rights.
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The Struggle for Voting Rights (cont.)
(pages 759–760)(pages 759–760)
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote
__ 2. name given to a group of people who traveled to the South in 1961 to protest the South’s refusal to integrate bus terminals
__ 3. a motion which ends debate and calls for an immediate vote, possible in the U.S. Senate by a vote of 60 senators
__ 4. an attempt to kill a bill by having a group of senators take turns speaking continuously so that a vote cannot take place
A. Freedom Riders
B. filibusterC. clotureD. poll tax
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
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A
C
D
B
Chapter 24 Section 3 Worksheet
