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Tom HicksVice PresidentLEED®

Perception

Reality

What is Green Building?Operating and maintenance practices and building performance that meet specified standards reducing the negative impact of buildings on their occupants and on the environment

Membership growth graph

What is LEED? DefinitionLEADERSHIP inENERGY andENVIRONMENTALDESIGN

A leading-edge system for certifyingBUILDING PERFORMANCEandOPERATIONS &MAINTENANCEof the greenest buildingsin the world

Scores are tallied for different aspects ofbuilding performance inappropriate categories.

For instance, LEED-EBassesses performance of:

1. Sustainable Sites

2. Water Efficiency

3. Energy Performance

4. Material & Resource Use

5. Indoor Environmental Quality

6. Innovation in Upgrades and O&M

Levels of LEED Ratings

Categories of LEED: Current

Categories of LEED: Future

California Study Savings

What is LEED? DefinitionWhy Study EE in Green?• Green Sells Energy Efficiency Better than

Energy Efficiency Sells

What is LEED? DefinitionWhy Study EE in Green?• Largest Contributor to Sustainability…

• Largest Global Contributor of CO2…

Water

Efficiency

8%

Energy &

Atmosphere

27%

Materials &

Resources

20%

Indoor

Environmental

Quality

23%Sustainable

Sites

22%

““US buildings alone are responsible for more CO2 emissions than those of any US buildings alone are responsible for more CO2 emissions than those of any other country in the world except China”other country in the world except China”

Kinsey et al., Kinsey et al., 2002 ACEEE Proceedings2002 ACEEE Proceedings, Section 9.21., Section 9.21.

What is LEED? Definition• Investment Grade Piece

Why Study EE in Green?

Higher EPS - Higher EPS -

Reduced Operating Costs=Increases NOIReduced Operating Costs=Increases NOI

Reduced Cost of Capital - Reduced Cost of Capital -

Increase cash flow=Improved liquidity=Improved debt ratingIncrease cash flow=Improved liquidity=Improved debt rating

Increased Building Value - Increased Building Value -

30% saved = 5% increase in building appraised value30% saved = 5% increase in building appraised value

Growing acknowledgement by Shareholders (SRI, institutional investors) Growing acknowledgement by Shareholders (SRI, institutional investors) and Financial Analystsand Financial Analysts

What is LEED? DefinitionWhy Study EE in Green?

Early Perceptions = Reality - examples become a market transformation tool

What is LEED? DefinitionWhy Study EE in Green?

• How Energy Efficient is Green?

• We don’t really know…

• Performance claims made against code

• Whole building targets are rare

• Huge potential for performance gap

• Poor case study documentation

What is LEED? DefinitionWe Don’t Really Know

y = 0.0021x

R2 = 0.1321

-20.0%

-10.0%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Energy Star Score (based on National Average Occupancy)

% E

lect

rici

ty S

avin

gs

rela

tive

to

co

de

Source: NBI, California Board for Energy Efficiency, EPA

California Office Buildings

Buildings 20% better than code can have an energy performance score ranging from 1-100.

Not sending rightmarket signal.

Weak Correlation: Code vs. Simulated EUI

Performance against code is weakly correlated to EUI

What is LEED? DefinitionWe Don’t Really Know

• Whole building target rare– Simulation of building models using ECBM doesn’t necessarily include all

uses

• LEED NC v.2.2 will require consumption target– As a submittal requirement, not a credit award

• Hugh Potential for Performance Gap– Value engineering– Field construction– Lack of coordination– Commissioning and O&M– Overly optimistic projections

What is LEED? DefinitionWe Don’t Really Know

Building NameSizeft2

Site EUI

ActualKbtu/ft2/-yr

Site EUI

Predicted Kbtu/ft2-yr

ENERGY STAR

Rating (est.)

Wampanoag Headquarters 8,700 29.8 - 99

Ridgehaven Green Office Building 78,000 - 23.6 96

EPA RTP Campus Office Wing 73,000 - 28.2 95

Chicago Center for Green Technology 40,000 - 33.3 94

Thoreau Center for Sustainability 73,000 40.9 - 93

Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities 12,000 31.8 - 92

U.S. Navy Building 850 17,000 70 36.1 91

CBF Merrill Environmental Center 32,000 65* 37.4 87

PA DEP – Cambria Office Building 36,000 40.2 (37)* - 84

Four Times Square 1,600,000 - 63.8 76

*recent NREL High-Performance Buildings Group case studies

What is LEED? DefinitionWe Don’t Really Know

Building NameSizeft2

Site EUI

ActualKbtu/ft2/-yr

Site EUI

Predicted Kbtu/ft2/-yr

ENERGY STAR

Rating (est.)

Herman Miller MarketPlace 95,000 99.7 - 61

NWF Headquarters 85,000 68.2 - 52

Norm Thompson Headquarters 54,500 59.8 - 52

PNC Firstside Center 647,000 99.5 - 49

Pacific Development/Port of Portland Building 350,000 - 73.4 43

Brewery Block 4 241,000 - 70.8 42

Nature Conservancy Headquarters 172,000 79.3 - 38

KSBA Architects Office 9,100 - 68.2 30

Pierce County Environmental Services 50,000 - 82 17

William and Flora Hewlett Foundation 48,000 - 96.7 10

What is LEED? DefinitionEPA/USGBC Study• Follow 30-40 buildings from LEED-NC (2.0 or 2.1) to

LEED-EB• Correlation between design intent and actual

operations• Compare performance with building market• Examine relationship between connected load and

actual energy performance• Determine need for future research

What is LEED? DefinitionOverview of Study Design

• Types of buildings• Commercial and institutional

– Offices, Courthouses, Financial Centers, Bank Branches, K-12 schools, Hospitals, Hotels, and Residence Halls

• Data requirements• Design consumption• Actual consumption• As-designed/as-built connected load (kW)

• Recruitment Strategy - success to date• ~10 LEED-NC have expressed interest/registered• 20+ are needed

What is LEED? DefinitionDesign vs. Performance

BuildingSize

ft2

Designed Site EUI

(kBtu/ft2-yr)

Actual

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2-yr)

% Change

ENERGY STAR

Rating

Cascadia 1 18,000 64 47 -26% 82

Cascadia 2 412,000 86 52 -39% 81

Cascadia 3 70,000 36 61 67% 69

Cascadia 5 470,000 -- 52 -- 88

LBNL 2 18,800 51 48 -4% 95

LBNL 3 8,400 141 140 -1% 2

LBNL 4 52,200 -- 22 -- 99

LBNL 5 72,000 -- 73 -- 52

LBNL 6 17,000 36 70 94% 64

Averages 69 70 1% 70

PRELIMINARY

What is LEED? DefinitionPersistence of PerformanceBuilding

Actual

Site EUI(kBtu/ft2-yr)

ENERGY STAR

Rating

Cascadia 1

Year 1 47.5 82

Year 2 46.9 81

Cascadia 3

Year 1 61.1 68

Year 2 60.4 69

Cascadia 5

Year 1 54.2 87

Year 2 49.3 90

Year 3 49.3 90

Year 4 52.0 88

Year 5 52.4 88

• Only three records, but…

• Performance appears to persist year to year

What is LEED? DefinitionNext Steps• Performance Data

– Get more building records– More year to year (i.e. persistence)– Connected Load data

• Final Report to EPA– June 2006

• Update Findings– ACEEE Summer Study– ICEEB 2006– Greenbuild 2006?

• Forward Recommendations– USGBC Research Committee– LEED Core Committees and USGBC Staff

• Collaborate on Research Agenda to Close Performance Gap– ASHRAE, EPA, USGBC, and others

What is LEED? DefinitionAcknowledgements

Glen Gilbert, President & CEOCascadia Region Green Building Council

Cathy TurnerSustainability Measurement Consultant

Rick DiamondStaff ScientistLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Mike Opitz, PELEED-EB Certification ManagerU.S. Green Building Council

the end