Intro Sl 2 English

8/8/2019 Intro Sl 2 English

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Days of the Week

Sunday (son-dei)Monday (mon-dei)Tuesday (tus-dei)

Wednesday (uens-dei)Thursday (zurs-dei)

Friday (frai-dei)Saturday (sa-tur-dei)

Months of the Year

January (llan-iu-e-ri)February (feb-ru-e-ri)

March (march)April (ei-pril)

May (mei)June (llu-un)July (llu-lai)

August (a-gost)September (sep-tem-ber)

October (oc-tou-ber)November (nou-vem-ber)

December (di-cem-ber)

Numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3040 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

900 965 1000 1500 1891 1998 2010

The Alphabet

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P QR S T U V W X Y Z


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Numbers

1 (uon)2 (tu)

3 (zri)4 (for)5 (faiv)6 (siks))7 (se-ven)8 (eit)9 (nain)10 (ten)11 (i-le-ven)12 (tuelv)13 (zur-ti-in)14 (for-ti-in)15 (fif-ti-in)16 (siks-ti-in)17 (se-ven-ti-in)18 (eit-i-in)19 (nain-ti-in)20 (tuen-ti)30 (zur-ti)

40 (for-ti)50 (fif-ti)60 (siks-ti)70 (se-ven-ti)80 (ei-ti)90 (nain-ti)100 (uon jon-dred)1,000 (uon zau-sand)1,000,000 (uon mil-ion)


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Table of English Tenses

Tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words

SimplePresent

A: He speaks.N: He does not speak.Q: Does he speak?

action in the present takingplace once, never or severaltimesfactsactions taking place one afteranotheraction set by a timetable orschedule

always, every ,never, normally,often, seldom,sometimes,usuallyif sentences type I(If Italk, )

PresentProgressive

A: He is speaking.N: He is not speaking.Q: Is he speaking?

action taking place in themoment of speakingaction taking place only for alimited period of timeaction arranged for the future

at the moment,just, just now,Listen!, Look!,now, right now

Simple Past A: He spoke.N: He did not speak.Q: Did he speak?

action in the past takingplace once, never or severaltimesactions taking place one afteranotheraction taking place in the middleof another action

yesterday, 2minutes ago, in1990, the otherday, last Fridayif sentence type II(If Italked, )

PastProgressive

A: He was speaking.N: He was not speaking.Q: Was he speaking?

action going on at a certaintime in the pastactions taking place at the sametimeaction in the past that isinterrupted by another action

when, while, aslong as

PresentPerfectSimple

A: He has spoken.N: He has not spoken.Q: Has he spoken?

putting emphasis on the resultaction that is still going onaction that stopped recentlyfinished action that has aninfluence on the presentaction that has taken place once,never or several times before themoment of speaking

already, ever, just,never, not yet, sofar, till now, up tonow

PresentPerfectProgressive

A: He has been speaking.N: He has not been speaking.Q: Has he been speaking?

putting emphasis on the courseor duration (not the result)action that recently stopped or isstill going onfinished action that influencedthe present

all day, for 4 years,since 1993, howlong?, the wholeweek

PastPerfectSimple

A: He had spoken.N: He had not spoken.Q: Had he spoken?

action taking place before acertain time in the pastsometimes interchangeable withpast perfect progressiveputting emphasis only onthe fact (not the duration)

already, just,never, not yet,once, until thatdayif sentence type III(If Ihadtalked, )


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PastPerfectProgressive

A: He had been speaking.N: He had not been speaking.Q: Had he been speaking?

action taking place before acertain time in the pastsometimes interchangeable withpast perfect simpleputting emphasis onthe duration or course of an

action

for, since, thewhole day, all day

Future ISimple

A: He will speak.N: He will not speak.Q: Will he speak?

action in the future that cannotbe influencedspontaneous decisionassumption with regard to thefuture

in a year, next ,tomorrowIf-Satz Typ I (Ifyou ask her,she willhelp you.)assumption: Ithink, probably,perhaps

Future ISimple(going to)

A: He is going to speak.N: He is not going to speak.Q: Is he going to speak?

decision made for the futureconclusion with regard to thefuture

in one year, nextweek, tomorrow

Future IProgressive

A: He will be speaking.N: He will not be speaking.Q: Will he be speaking?

action that is going on at acertain time in the futureaction that is sure to happen inthe near future

in one year, nextweek, tomorrow

Future IISimple

A: He will have spoken.N: He will not have spoken.Q: Will he have spoken?

action that will be finished at acertain time in the future

by Monday, in aweek

Future IIProgressive

A: He will have been speaking.N: He will not have been speaking.Q: Will he have been speaking?

action taking place before acertain time in the futureputting emphasis onthe course of an action

for , the lastcouple of hours,all day long

ConditionalI Simple A: He would speak.N: He would not speak.Q: Would he speak?

action that might take place if sentences type II(If I were you,Iwould gohome.)

ConditionalIProgressive

A: He would be speaking.N: He would not be speaking.Q: Would he be speaking?

action that might take placeputting emphasis onthe course /duration of theaction

ConditionalII Simple

A: He would have spoken.N: He would not have spoken.Q: Would he have spoken?

action that might have takenplace in the past

if sentences typeIII(If I had seen that,Iwouldhavehelped.)

ConditionalIIProgressive

A: He would have been speaking.N: He would not have beenspeaking.Q: Would he have been speaking?

action that might have takenplace in the pastputs emphasis onthe course /duration of theaction


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Legend

Moment in time

action that takes place once, never or several times

actions that happen one after another

actions that suddenly take place

Period of time

action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that

moment

actions taking place at the same time

Result

action taking place before a certain moment in time

puts emphasis on the result

Course /Duration

action taking place before a certain moment in time

puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action


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English Tenses Examples

Explanation Past Present Future

Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple

action that takes place once,never or several times

He played footballevery Tuesday.

He plays footballevery Tuesday.

He will / is going toplay football everyTuesday.

actions that happen one afteranother

He played footballand then he wenthome.

He plays footballand then he goeshome.

He will play footballand then he will gohome.

state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.

Past Progressive PresentProgressive

Future IProgressive

action going on at that moment He was playingfootball.

He is playingfootball.

He will be playingfootball.

actions taking place at thesame time

He was playingfootball and she waswatching.

He is playingfootball and she iswatching.

He will be playingfootball and she willbe watching.

Past PerfectSimple

Present PerfectSimple

Future II Simple

action taking place before acertain moment in time;emphasizes the result

He had won fivematches until thatday.

He has won fivematches so far.

He will have won fivematches by then.

Past PerfectProgressive

Present PerfectProgressive

Future IIProgressive

action taking place before acertain moment in time (andbeyond), emphasizes theduration

He had been playingfootball for ten years.

He has been playingfootball for tenyears.

He will have beenplaying football forten years.


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Simple Present Summary

Form

Be

affirmative negative question

I I am. I am not. Am I?

he/she/it He is. He is not. Is he?

you/we/they You are. You are not. Are you?

Have

affirmative negative question

I/you/we/they I have got. / I have. I have not got. / I do not have. Have I got? / Do I have?

he/she/it He has got. / He has. He has not got. / He does nothave.

Has he got? / Does hehave?

Other Verbs

Affirmative Negative Question

I/you/we/they I play. I do not play. Do I play?

he/she/it He plays. He does not play. Does he play?

Exceptions in Spelling

Exception Example

The verbs can, may, might, mustremain the same in all forms. Sodon't add -s.

he can, she may, it must

Verbs ending in o or a sibilant(ch, sh, s, x) add -es instead ofs. do - he does, wash - she washes

A final y after a consonant becomes -ie before s. (but: don't modifyyafter a vowel)

worry - he worries (but: play - heplays)

Short Forms

Affirmative N

I am English. = I'm English. I am not English. = I'm not English.

We are English.= We're English. We are not English. = We're not / We aren't English.

He is English. = He's English. He is not English. = He's not / He isn't English.

I have got a dog. = I've got a dog. I have not got a dog. = I've not got a dog. / I haven't got a dog.

He has got a dog. = He's got a dog. He has not got a dog. = He's not got a dog. / He hasn't got adog.

I do not play tennis. = I don't play tennis

He does not play tennis = He doesn't play tennis.


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Uses

Use Example

action in the present taking place once, never or several times Colin always plays soccer onTuesdays.

actions in the present taking place one after another She takes her bag and leaves.

facts (something is generally known to be true) The sun sets in the west.

action set by a timetable or schedule The train leaves at 9 pm.

verbs of possession, senses, emotions and mental activity I love her.

Typical Signal Wordsy alwaysy every ...y ofteny normallyy usuallyy sometimesy seldomy never


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Present Progressive - SummaryForm

Affirmative Negative Question

I I am playing. I am not playing. Am I playing?

he, she, it He is playing. He is not playing. Is he playing?you, we,they

You are playing. You are notplaying.

Are youplaying?


Exception Example

silent e is dropped before -ing (but: ee is not changed) come - coming (but: agree - agreeing)

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit - sitting

ie becomes -y before ing lie - lying

Short FormsPositive Negative

Iam playing. - I'm playing. I am notplaying. - I'm not playing.

He is playing. - He's playing. He is notplaying. - He's not playing. / He isn't playing.

We are playing. - Were playing. We are notplaying. - We're not playing. /We aren't playing.

Use

Use Example

actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now) He is playing football.

arrangements for the near future I'm going to the theatre tonight.actions taking place only for a limited period of time Jim is helping in his brother's firm this

week.

actions taking place around now (but not at the moment ofspeaking)

I'm studying for my exams.

development, changing situations The population of China is rising veryfast.

Typical Signal Wordsy at the momenty now / just now / right nowy

Listen!y Look!


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Past Progressive (Past Continuous)

Exercises on Past ProgressiveThe past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.

FormPositive Negative Question

I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking. Was I speaking?

you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking?


Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) come coming(but: agree agreeing)

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit sitting

las final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel travelling

final ie becomes y lie lying

Use of Past Progressivey Puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past

Example: He was playing football.y Two actions happening at the same time (in the past)

Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.y Action going on at a certain time in the past

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Signal Words of Past Progressivey Wheny Whiley As long as

Present Perfect Simple

Exercises on Present PerfectThe present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has aninfluence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present PerfectPositive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, justadded.


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Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel

or las final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit admitted

travel travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried

Use of Present Perfecty Puts emphasis on the result

Example: She has written five letters.

y Action that is still going onExample: School has not startedyet.

y Action that stopped recentlyExample: She has cookeddinner.

y Finished action that has an influence on the presentExample: I have lostmy key.

y Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speakingExample: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfecty Alreadyy Every Justy Nevery Not yety So fary Till nowy Up to now

Present Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect ContinuousExercises on Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts

emphasis on the duration or course of the action.

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking?

he / she / it He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking?


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Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped(but: ee is not changed)

come coming(but: agree agreeing)

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit sitting

las final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel travelling

final ie becomes y lie lying

Use of Present Perfect Progressivey Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: She has been writing for two hours.y Action that recently stopped or is still going on

Example: I have been living here since 2001.y Finished action that influenced the present

Example: I have been working all afternoon.

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressivey all dayy for 4 yearsy since 1993y how long?y the whole week

Past Perfect Simple

Exercises on Past Perfect SimpleThe past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of Past Perfect Simple

Positive Negative Question

No differences I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs,just add -ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding -ed

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed Example

after final e, only add d love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowelor las final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit admittedtravel travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried


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Use of Past Perfecty Action taking place before a certain time in the past

(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

y Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.

Signal Wordsy Alreadyy Justy Nevery not yety once,y until that day (with reference to the past, not the present)y If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, )

Past Perfect Progressive (Past Perfect Continuous)

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before acertain time in the past.

FormAffirmative: He had been talking.Negative: He had not been talking.Question: Had he been talking?

Usey action taking place before a certain time in the pasty sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simpley puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

Signal Wordsy fory sincey the whole dayy all day


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Future I Simple will

Exercises on Future I Simple with willWillfuture expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in thefuture that cannot be influenced.

Form ofwillFuture

positive negative question

no differences I will speak. I will not speak. Will I speak?

Use ofwillFuturey A spontaneous decision

Example: Wait, I will help you.y An opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future

Example: He will probably come back tomorrow.

y A promiseExample: I will not watch TV tonight.

y An action in the future that cannot be influencedExample: It will rain tomorrow.

y Conditional clauses type IExample: If I arrive late, I will call you.

Signal Wordsy In a yeary Next y Tomorrowy Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps

Future I Simple going toExercises on Future I Simple with going toGoing to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future thathas already been planned or prepared.

Form ofgoing to Future

positive negative question

I I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am I going to speak?

you / we / they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?

he / she / it He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak?

Use ofgoing to Futurey An action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared

Example: I am going to study harder next year.y A conclusion regarding the immediate future

Example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.


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Signal Wordsy in one yeary next weeky tomorrow

Future I Progressive (Future I Continuous)

Future I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.

FormAffirmative: He will be talking.Negative: He will not be talking.Question: Will he be talking?

Usey action that is going on at a certain time in the futurey action that is sure to happen in the near future

Signal Wordsy in one yeary next weeky tomorrow

Future II Simple

Future II Simple expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.

FormAffirmative: He will have talked.Negative: He will not have talked.Question: Will he have talked?

Usey action that will be finished at a certain time in the future

Signal Wordsy by Mondayy in a week


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Future II Progressive (Future II Continuous)

Future II progressive puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action taking place before a certaintime in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.Future II progressive is not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.

FormAffirmative: He will have been talking.Negative: He will not have been talking.Question: Will he have been talking?

Usey action taking place before a certain time in the futurey puts emphasis on the course of an action

Signal Wordsy for ...y the last couple of hoursy all day long


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Conditional I Simple

The conditional I simple expresses an action that might take place.

Form

Affirmative: He would talk.Negative: He would not talk.Question: Would he talk?

Usey action that might take placey if clause type II (If I were you, I would go home.)

Conditional I Progressive (Conditional IContinuous)

The conditional I progressive put emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.

FormAffirmative: He would be talking.Negative: He would not be talking.Question: Would he be talking?

Usey action that might take placey puts emphasis on the course of an action

Conditional II SimpleThe conditional II simple expresses an action that could have taken place in the past.

FormAffirmative: He would have talked.Negative: He would not have talked.Question: Would he have talked?

Usey action that could have taken place in the pasty

if causes type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)


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Conditional II Progressive (Conditional IIContinuous)

Conditional II Progressive puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in thepast.

FormAffirmative: He would have been talking.Negative: He would not have been talking.Question: Would he have been talking?

Usey action that could have taken place in the pasty puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action


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Prepositions

Exercises on PrepositionsPrepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front ofgerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible.One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions islooking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off byheart (study tips).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions Time

English Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in months / seasonstime of dayyearafter a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winterin the morningin 2006in an hour

at for nightfor weekenda certain point of time (when?)

at nightat the weekendat half past nine

since from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980

for over a certain period of time (past till now) for 2 years

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004

to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till /until

marking the beginning and end of a period oftime

from Monday to/till Friday

till / until in the sense ofhow long something is going tolast

He is on holiday until Friday.

by in the sense ofat the latestup to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock.By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)


in room, building, street, town, countrybook, paper etc.car, taxipicture, world

in the kitchen, in Londonin the bookin the car, in a taxiin the picture, in the world

at meaning next to, by an objectfor tablefor events

at the door, at the stationat the tableat a concert, at the party


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place where you are to do something typical (watch afilm, study, work)

at the cinema, at school, at work

on attachedfor a place with a river

being on a surfacefor a certain side (left, right)for a floor in a housefor public transportfor television, radio

the picture on the wallLondon lies on the Thames.

on the tableon the lefton the first flooron the bus, on a planeon TV, on the radio

by, next to,beside

left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / besidethe car.

under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) somethingelse

the bag is under the table

below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface

over covered by something elsemeaning more than

getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirtover 16 years of age

walk over the bridgeclimb over the wall

above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake

across getting to the other side (also over)getting to the other side

walk across the bridgeswim across the lake

through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel

to movement to person or buildingmovement to a place or countryfor bed

go to the cinemago to London / Irelandgo to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house

towards movement in the direction of something (but notdirectly to it)

go 5 steps towards the house

onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table

from in the sense ofwhere from a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions


from who gave it a present from Jane

of who/what does it belong towhat does it show

a page of the bookthe picture of a palace

by who made it a book by Mark Twain

on walking or riding on horsebackentering a public transport vehicle

on foot, on horsebackget on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by rise or fall of somethingtravelling (other than walking or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10 percentby car, by bus


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at for age she learned Russian at 45

about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you

Documents

Intro Sl 2 English