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Intro to Cell BiologyReview
Looking at a drop of blood under the microscope you see this. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Made of cells
Which of the characteristics of living things are these examples of?
Reproduce
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.aspPlanaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
Which of the characteristics of living things is this frog demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate and become able to spread from person to person causing a worldwide epidemic.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Evolution; change over time
http://www.animationlibrary.co
Which of the characteristics of living things is this boy demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?
Respond to stimulus & homeostasis
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
Which of the following characteristics of living things explains why birds fly south for the winter?
A. Maintain internal balanceB. Made up of cellsC. Based on a universal genetic codeD. Respond to their environment
D. Living things respond to their environment
Which of the characteristics of living things is this butterfly demonstrating?
Grow and develop
People with diabetes lack the ability to make the hormone which controls blood sugar called ______________insulin
http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly
Another name for a “living thing”
organism
Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge
proton
http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html
Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?
↑
The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy is _______________.glucose
Give an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose, galactose, fructose,ribose, deoxyribose,
A monosaccharide is a ______________
Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein
carbohydrate
Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all?
Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works
Describes molecules that try to stayaway from water or other polarmolecules
Hydrophobic; non-polar
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Which of these molecules is a protein?
↑
Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about.
DNA and RNA
Give an example of a polysaccharide
Cellulose, glycogen, starch
Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________enzymes
Enzymes work by ____________the activation energy required toget a chemical reaction started.
increasing decreasing
decreasing
Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy
cellulose
Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSEImage by Riedell
A human is a(n) ______________. autotroph heterotroph
heterotroph
Name 5 of the characteristics of ALL living things.
Made of cellsReproduceTake in and use materials and energy Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)Grow and developRespond to environmentHave a universal genetic codeAs a group, change over time
Give an example of an autotroph.
Green plant
The hereditary information inall living things is in the form of a large molecule called __________________________.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Which of these molecules stores genetic info?
↑
Give the chemical symbol for each:
Carbon _____ Sodium ion ____
Oxygen _____ Potassium ion ___
Nitrogen ____ Chloride ion ___
Phosphorus ____ Calcium ion ___
Hydrogen ___ Hydrogen ion ___
Sulphur ___
C
O
N
P
H
S
Na+
K+
Cl-
Ca++
H+
1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O
What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?
Give an example of a heterotroph
Any animal (including humans),Most bacteria
The 3 smaller particles found insideatoms are ____________, _____________.and _____________.
protons neutronselectrons
Name this reaction
dehydration synthesis-Losing water to make a bond
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
science
gene
A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein
Name one characteristic of water
that makes it important for living cells.
Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it)
Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis)Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together)Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism)
Another name for a heterotrophconsumer
Atomic particle with a negative charge electron
A signal to which an organism responds
stimulusImage from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif
Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates,lipids, nucleic acids
Lipids that are made of many carbon and hydrogen atoms are_________________ Polar non-polar
Non polar
__________ orbit the nucleus of anatom at very high speeds in
different energy levels.
Protons neutrons electrons
Electrons
What kind of electric charge doelectrons have? negative
that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar
that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric charge are called ______.ions
MOLECULES
ATOMS
HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________.
Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids
proteins
Glucose is a _______________.
Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid
carbohydrate
Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?
↑
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg
Hydrolysis-(adding water to break a bond)
Unfolding that happens to a proteinin extreme temperatures or pH thatcauses it to change shape
denaturing
Stimulus that comes from outsidean organism
External stimulus
Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?
Look closely! They all are.Look for the groupson the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R
If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the#1 spot?
#1
#2
#3
NO THYMINE (T)
Which of the following is TRUE?
Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.
RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
Amino acids are made of proteins
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.
F Proteins are made of amino acids
F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.
TRUE
TRUE
Which of these molecules combines with proteins to make cell membranes?
↑
In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________
A. macromoleculesB. carbohydratesC. polymersD. monomers
D. monomers
Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?
↑
The blue part ofthis phospholipid moleculeis ____________
polar non-polar
Non-polar
The tails on this molecule are__________________hydrophilic hydrophobichydrophobic
Give a function for nucleic acids in cellsStore genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA)protein synthesis (RNA)
Name an ion that’s important inliving cells.
Sodium (Na+) Calcium (Ca++)Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)Hydrogen (H+)
How many different amino acids areused by all living things to make
proteins? 20
This gray fish is a(n)____________
Autotroph heterotroph
Heterotroph(Gets its food by eating other organisms)
Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
If you want to make DNA which sugar CAN BE used in the#2 spot?
#1
#2
#3
deoxyribose
The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________
amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides
nucleotides
Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, andstarch are all examples of ________________.carbohydrates
____________ is an important atom to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules.
Carbon
Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells.
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus
Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Amino acid subunits join togetherto make _______________ Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins
acids
proteins
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make_____________________
polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids
Nucleotides
If you want to make RNA which sugar CAN BE used in the#2 spot?
#1
#2
#3
ribose
Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about
Act as enzymesTransport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)Act as hormones (insulin)Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins)Structural (make cell membranes)Fight germs (antibodies)carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin)control blood sugar (insulin)
Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?
↑
Name a function of carbohydrates in cells.
Burn for energyStore energy for laterStructural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)
Phospholipids that make up cell membranes havea polar _________.
head tail
head
Nucleic acid molecule that is singlestranded RNA
What determines the amino acid sequence in a protein?
DNA code
What ending is found at the end of the name of most enzymes?
-ase
Match the building block with the molecule it makes.Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates
Nucleic acids____________________
____________________
____________________
Proteins
CarbohydratesGlucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell
Name an atom found in DNA but not carbohydrates and lipids
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Kind of chemical reaction used to join subunits when making polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids
Dehydration synthesis
What determines the 3D folding ofa protein?
Hydrophobic R groups
Nucleic acid molecule that is doublestranded DNA
What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules?
Can join 4 other atoms at same time
What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity?
Temperature & pH
If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the#1 spot?
#1
#2
#3
NO URACIL (U)
Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things
Its polar so it dissolves many different substancesIt doesn’t change temperature easily
so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)It forms hydrogen bonds
so molecules stick togetherIt is an important participant/product
in many chemical reactions
If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the#1 spot?
#1
#2
#3
A, T, C, or G (BUT NOT U)
Tell one way DNA is different from RNA
DNA RNADouble stranded single strandedContains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,GNo U no Tsugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribososeStores genetic info transfers info
from nucleus to out to cell
A = ________________B = ________________C = ________________D = ________________E = ________________
Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:
enzyme
productsenyzme-substrate complex
active sitesubstrate
Image by Riedell
The process of changing from a stemcell to different looking cells withdifferent functions
differentiation
Name the 4 main macromolecules usedto make living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cellsto store glucose for later
glycogen
http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
autotroph
Sexual reproduction
Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents
Kind of lipid made from carbon andhydrogen joined in rings instead ofchains that make up cell
membranes andcan act as hormones
steroids
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?
↑
Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
Molecule formed when a substrate bondsto the active site of an enzyme
pH
Enzyme-substrate complex
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
#1 = __________________#2 = __________________#3 = __________________phosphate
#1
#2
#3
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer
heterotroph
Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent
Asexual reproduction
http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm
Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from insidean organism
internal stimulus
Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Place in an atom where electronsorbit Energy
levels
evolution
The basic unit of life is the ________.cell
The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions
differentiation
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types
Stem cell
Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction
substrate
Another name for an autotroph
producer
Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atomneutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide
Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes
phospholipid
5 carbon sugar used to make RNA
ribose
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by Riedell
All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its
life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cellsmulticellular
Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic
Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Kind of chemical reaction used by cellsto join molecules together by removingan H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis
Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation
products
Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic
Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell
Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule?
↑
The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy
glucose
Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches
Active site
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Molecule made of a protein withcarbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification
glycoprotein
Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen
insulin
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chainpolysacchari
de
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?
↑
Energy required to get a chemical reaction started
Activation energy
Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Van der Waals forces
Substance that speeds up a chemicalreaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucosephotosynthesis
Organism made of only one cell
unicellularChemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule
hydrolysis
Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged
atoms in another moleculeHydrogen
bonds
Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Which of these molecules is an amino acid?
↑
Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits
Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other
protein
polar
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react
reactants
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”hydrophobic
One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides
Nitrogen bases
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits togetherpolymer
Image by Riedell
Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis
nucleic acid
If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the#1 spot?
#1
#2
#3
A, U, C, or G (BUT NOT T)
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracilRNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid Image by Riedell
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for laterstarch
The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________biology
What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
Which of these molecules is used by cellsto store and transport energy?
↑ RIBOSE