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8/2/2019 Intro to Comp Lec 2 Final
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Introduction To Computing
Lecture 2Evolution ofComputing
Marium Jalal Chaudhry
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During the Last Lecture
We learnt about the Analytical Engine - the firstgeneral-purpose, digital computer and itsinventor Charles Babbage
We had a discussion about the key strengths(speed, do not get bored) and weaknesses(innovative ideas) of the modern computer
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Todays Goal
To learn about the evolution of computing
To recount the important milestones and the keyevents
To learn about the steps that took us fromBabbages idea of the Analytical Engine totodays ultra-smart hand held computers
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But first, why should we spend time
on recounting the events of the past
Why not just talk about what is
happening in computing now andwhat is going to happen in the future?
Why?
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If you do not learn from the history,your condemned to repeat it
Recounting the events of the pastprovides an excellent opportunity to: learn lessons
discover patterns of evolution, and
use them in the future
If we learn from history well, we will: neither repeat the mistakes of the past
nor would we waste time re-inventing
what already has been invented
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Babbages Analytical Engine - 1833
Mechanical, digital, general-purpose
Could store instructions
Could perform mathematical calculations
Could store information permanently in
punched cards
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Turing Machine - 1936
Alan Turing of Cambridge University presented hisidea of a theoretically simplified but fully capablecomputer, now known as the Turing Machine
The concept of this machine, which could theoreticallyperform any mathematical computation, was very
important in the future development of the computer
You will learn about the details of the Turing Machinein your advanced Computer Science courses
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Interrogator
Human
Machineon its own
Terminal
Terminal
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Turing Test
An interrogator is connected to one person andone machine via a terminal, therefore can't see
her counterparts
The interrogators task is to find out which of the
two candidates is the machine, and which is thehuman only by asking them questions. If themachine can "fool" the interrogator, it passes
the Turing Test.
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Vacuum Tube - 1904
John Fleming, an English Physicist, developed thevery first one
These electronic devices consist of 2 or moreelectrodes encased in a glass or metal tube
They along with electric relays were used in the
construction of earlier computers
These tubes have now been almost completelyreplaced by more reliable and less costly transistors
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ABC - 1939
Attanasoff-Berry Computer
John Attanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College
Worlds first electronic computer
The first computer that used binary numbers instead
of decimal
Helped grad students in solving simultaneous linearequations
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Harvard Mark 1 - 1943
Howard Aiken of Harvard University
The first program controlled machine
Included all the ideas proposed by Babbage for the
Analytical Engine
The last famous electromechanical computer
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ENIAC 1946
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Worlds first large-scale, general-purpose
electronic computer
Built by John Mauchly & John Echert at theUniversity of Pennsylvania
Developed for military applications
5,000 operations/sec,19000 tubes, 30 ton 9 x 80
150 kilowatts: Used to dim the lights in the City
of Philadelphia down when it ran
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Transistor - 1947
Invented by Shockly, Bardeen, and Brattain atthe Bell Labs in the US
Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered: much smaller size
better reliability
much lower power consumption much lower cost
All modern computers are made of
miniaturized transistors
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Tubes replaced mechanicals
Transistors replaced tubes
What is going to replace the transistors?
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EDVAC 1948
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Built by Echert & Mauchly and included many designideas proposed by Von Neumann
The first electronic computer design to incorporate aprogram stored entirely within its memory
First computer to use Magnetic Tapefor storingprograms. Before this, computers needed to be re-wired each time a new program was to be run
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Floppy Disk - 1950
Invented at the Imperial University in Tokyoby Yoshiro Nakamats
Provided faster access to programs and dataas compared with magnetic tape
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Compiler - 1951
Grace Hopper of US Navy develops the veryfirst high-level language compiler
Before the invention of this compiler,developing a computer program was tediousand prone to errors
A compiler translates a high-level language(that is easy to understand for humans) into alanguage that the computer can understand
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UNIVAC 1 - 1951
UNIVersal Automatic Computer Echert & Mauchly Computer Company
First computer designed for commercial apps
First computer that could not only manipulatenumbers but text data as well
Max speed: 1905operations/sec
Cost: US$1,000,000 5000 tubes. 943 cu ft. 8 tons. 100 kilowatts
Between 1951-57, 48 were sold
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Computer Generations
Generation in computer talk is a step intechnology.
Used to distinguish between varyinghardware and software technologies.
Total five generations until today.
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First Generation Vacuum tube computers ENIAC,EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC1, IBM et all. Fastest calculating devices of their time. Too bulky, requiring large room for installation. Thousand of vacuum tubes, heated and burnt out
frequently. Air condition required. Power consumption too high. Thousands of vacuum tubes used making one pc,
hardware failure causes large loss. Constant maintenance required. Limited commercial use.
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Second Generation(1955-1964)
Used transistors, already discussed.
Invented by Bell labs, by john bardeen te all.
Easier to use than tubes.
Highly reliable
Switch much faster (ten time faster)
Consumed ten times less power.
Much smaller.
Less expensive.
Despite less heat.
FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, etc langugeimplemnented.
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Third Generation (1964-1975)
Invented in 1958 by Jack st. Clair calledIC ???
Contains of several electronic componentslaike transistor, resistor, capacitor.
Ic also called microelectronics technology.
SSI contains ten or twenty components.
MSI contains hundreds components.
LSI contains thousands components.
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Much powerful than second gen,performing about 1 million instructions per
second. Much smaller.
Consumed less power.
Reliable, faster, high storage, memory. High level languages support.
Timesharing
Operating system
Affordable prices.
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Fourth Generation(1975- 989)
LSI
VLSI contains million components.
Microprocessor
Contains all the ckts needed to perform arithmetic,logic, and control functions on single chip.
LAN
WAN
GUI
Printers, fax, games, music. CD, Languages.
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Fifth Generation( 1989-present)
ULSI contains more than 10 millioncomponents on single chip.
Portable Pcs, notebook, Laptops, PDAS.
Powerful servers, supercomputers. DVD
WWW
High multimedia applications. Smaller size, more powerful
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Atanasoff Berry Computer(1939-42)
Electroinc machine developed by Dr. johnatnasoff .
Solve certain mathematical equations.
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Computer Mouse - 1965
Invented by Douglas Englebart
Did not become popular until 1983, whenApple Computers adopted the concept
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ARPANET - 1969
A network of networks
The grand-daddy of the todays global Internet
A network of around 60,000 computers
developed by the US Dept of Defense tofacilitate communications between researchorganizations and universities
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World Wide Web -1989
Tim Berners Lee British physicist
1989 At the European Center for NuclearEnergy Research (CERN) in Geneva
1993 - The 1stmajor browser Mosaic wasdeveloped at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications at the University
of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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Mobile Phone-Computer
A small computer, no bigger than the hand setof desktop phone
Can do whatever an Internet-capable computercan plus can function as a regular phone
First consumer device formed by the fusion ofcomputing and wireless telecommunication
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What have we learnt today?
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Questions ??????