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Intro to Ecology, ATP, Botany,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
Intro to Ecology, ATP, Botany,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
By: Mrs. StahlUsed and adapted with her permission for
Whiting’s Honors Biology
By: Mrs. StahlUsed and adapted with her permission for
Whiting’s Honors Biology
Unit LayoutUnit Layout Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in
ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis
Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the
chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and
the relationship they have together.
Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in
ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis
Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the
chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and
the relationship they have together.
How do we get our energy?
How do we get our energy?
Chemical energy- starts with the sun!
Chemical energy- starts with the sun!
Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical
reactions
Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical
reactions
Two Main Sources of Energy:
Two Main Sources of Energy:
LipidsCarbohydrates
LipidsCarbohydrates
Energy…………Energy…………• Energy for living things comes from food.• Originally, the energy in food comes from the
sun and travels up the food web or food chain.
• Energy for living things comes from food.• Originally, the energy in food comes from the
sun and travels up the food web or food chain.
Let’s review some terminology!!
Let’s review some terminology!!
Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings.
Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can
reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species.
Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.
Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings.
Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can
reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species.
Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.
Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds.
Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits
Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest.
Biosphere- layer of Earth where all life exists; the hydrosphere!
Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds.
Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits
Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest.
Biosphere- layer of Earth where all life exists; the hydrosphere!
Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight,
rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an
ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae); wolves keep deer population down so they don’t eat all the new tree shoots.
Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants
Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals
Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight,
rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an
ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae); wolves keep deer population down so they don’t eat all the new tree shoots.
Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants
Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals
AutotrophsAutotrophs
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers
Herbivores- Eat only plantsCarnivores- Meat eatersOmnivores- Eat plants and animalsDetritivores- Eat detritus or dead
organic matter. Decomposers- Breakdown dead
organic matter into simpler compounds.
Herbivores- Eat only plantsCarnivores- Meat eatersOmnivores- Eat plants and animalsDetritivores- Eat detritus or dead
organic matter. Decomposers- Breakdown dead
organic matter into simpler compounds.
HerbivoresHerbivores
CarnivoresCarnivores
OmnivoresOmnivores
Detritivores & DecomposersDetritivores & Decomposers
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!
In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!
Food WebFood WebNetwork of feeding relationships b
etween trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Network of feeding relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Arrows point in the direction which the energy is flowing.
Food ChainsFood ChainsShows the feeding relationships for
a single chain of producers and consumers.
Shows the feeding relationships for a single chain of producers and consumers.
Rabbit eats the grass and the hawk eats the rabbit.
How does the energy from the sun flow through an ecosystem? How does the energy from the
sun flow through an ecosystem?
Trophic levelsTrophic levels are nourishment levels in a
food chain. Example: Producer-> Herbivore (Primary
Consumer)->Carnivore (Secondary Consumer) = 3 Trophic levels
Producers are the first, herbivores are second, and carnivores are the top consumers.
Trophic levelsTrophic levels are nourishment levels in a
food chain. Example: Producer-> Herbivore (Primary
Consumer)->Carnivore (Secondary Consumer) = 3 Trophic levels
Producers are the first, herbivores are second, and carnivores are the top consumers.
Break it down further…Break it down further…– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat
producers. – Secondary consumers are carnivores that
eat herbivores.– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat
secondary consumers.– Omnivores, such as humans that eat both
plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
– Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
– Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsShark
Shrimp
Plants, algae, phytoplankton
Triggerfish
How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to
trophic level?
How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to
trophic level?We know that ecosystems get their
energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain.
The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass
We know that ecosystems get their energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain.
The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,000producers Producers
use 100% of energy from the sun
Herbivores eat plants but burn some energy in the process
Carnivores eat herbivores and more energy is lost
Energy given off as heat
How does life continue?How does life continue?
The sun pumps more energy into the plants, allowing life to carry on.
The sun pumps more energy into the plants, allowing life to carry on.
How do organisms lose energy?
How do organisms lose energy?
MetabolismMaintaining homeostasis- keeping your
body at normal temperatureMating, finding food, resting, movement,
growth, The same way we use energy so do other
organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat.
Unused material = excreted as waste
MetabolismMaintaining homeostasis- keeping your
body at normal temperatureMating, finding food, resting, movement,
growth, The same way we use energy so do other
organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat.
Unused material = excreted as waste
Some fun review!Some fun review!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk-9ib0OVA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk-9ib0OVA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc
ATP AND ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY
CURRENCY
ATP AND ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY
CURRENCY
phosphate removed
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
Cells use ATP to:Cells use ATP to:
1. Carry energy2. Build molecules3. Move materials by active transport
1. Carry energy2. Build molecules3. Move materials by active transport
ATP is made up of:ATP is made up of:
Sugar riboseAdenineThree Phosphates
Sugar riboseAdenineThree Phosphates
ATP has 3 phosphate groups:
ATP has 3 phosphate groups:
Third bond is unstable, so it is easily broken
When the 3rd is removed, energy is released and ADP is formed.
Third bond is unstable, so it is easily broken
When the 3rd is removed, energy is released and ADP is formed.
How is ATP made?How is ATP made?
Breakdown of sugarsBreakdown of sugars
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
How are sugars made?How are sugars made?
By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.
By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.
How does ATP work ?How does ATP work ?
Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken.
Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off.
Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate.
Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added.
Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!
Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken.
Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off.
Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate.
Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added.
Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!
phosphate removed
What is needed to change ADP into ATP?
What is needed to change ADP into ATP?
Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate group (PO4)
Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate group (PO4)
Why is this important?Why is this important?The foods that you eat do not contain ATP
directlyThe food needs to be digested and broken
down chemicallyEverything that you eat has a different
calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP.
The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.
The foods that you eat do not contain ATP directly
The food needs to be digested and broken down chemically
Everything that you eat has a different calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP.
The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.
Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST, OF COURSE!).
Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?
- NO!!!- Different foods have a
different amount of calories, therefore provide different
amounts of ATP.
Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST, OF COURSE!).
Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?
- NO!!!- Different foods have a
different amount of calories, therefore provide different
amounts of ATP.
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates are not stored in
large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule.
The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP.
Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP.
***** Lipids do! (more C-H bonds)
Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule.
The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP.
Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP.
***** Lipids do! (more C-H bonds)
LipidsLipidsStore the most energy, about 80%
of the energy in your body.When they are broken down they
yield the most ATP, 146 ATP
Store the most energy, about 80% of the energy in your body.
When they are broken down they yield the most ATP, 146 ATP
ProteinsProteinsStore about the same amount of
energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP.
The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.
Store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP.
The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.
SummarySummaryThe number of ATP molecules
depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down.
The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.
The number of ATP molecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down.
The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.
Fun VideoFun Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_xZuCPIHvk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUpuuL24NiQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI8m6o0gXDY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_xZuCPIHvk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUpuuL24NiQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI8m6o0gXDY
We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live
in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?
We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live
in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?
ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis Some animals don’t
need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food.
Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents.
Some animals don’t need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food.
Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=XotF9fzo4Vo
Do plants need ATP?Do plants need ATP?
YES!!!!!!Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP
YES!!!!!!Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisDefined as the process that
captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.
Location- Chloroplast of plant cells.
Defined as the process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.
Location- Chloroplast of plant cells.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Chloro= GreenPhyll= LeafPlast = Molded
Chloro= GreenPhyll= LeafPlast = Molded
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
Chloroplast
Leaf Cell
Leaf
Anatomy of a FlowerAnatomy of a Flower
Female PartsFemale PartsFemale parts ->Pistil, which is made up of
the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary.Stigma- Sticky portion that catches the
pollen.Style- tube that allows sperm / pollen to
be transported.Ovary- becomes the fruitOvule- where the seed develops
Female parts ->Pistil, which is made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary.
Stigma- Sticky portion that catches the pollen.
Style- tube that allows sperm / pollen to be transported.
Ovary- becomes the fruitOvule- where the seed develops
Male partsMale partsMale Parts: Stamen- male parts are
made up of the anther and the filament.Anther- Produces the pollenFilament- Support tube for the anther
Male Parts: Stamen- male parts are made up of the anther and the filament.
Anther- Produces the pollenFilament- Support tube for the anther
Sepals- green, tough region that protects the flower before it opens.
Receptacle- hard, base of the flower, bears the organs of the flower
Stem- support, transports water and nutrients
Petals- scented and colored to attract pollinators
Sepals- green, tough region that protects the flower before it opens.
Receptacle- hard, base of the flower, bears the organs of the flower
Stem- support, transports water and nutrients
Petals- scented and colored to attract pollinators
Two Types of Seed PlantsTwo Types of Seed PlantsAngiospermsAngiosperms
Reproduce with structures called flowers and fruits.
Brightly colored / highly scented
Attract animals-> transported from place to place via pollination, feces, water, and wind
Reproduce with structures called flowers and fruits.
Brightly colored / highly scented
Attract animals-> transported from place to place via pollination, feces, water, and wind
GymnospermsGymnosperms
Conifers- cone bearers like pine trees.
Naked seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit.
Needle shaped leaves with a protective cuticle.
Rely on wind for pollination.
Conifers- cone bearers like pine trees.
Naked seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit.
Needle shaped leaves with a protective cuticle.
Rely on wind for pollination.
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
LeavesLeavesMajor site of photosynthesis / food
production.Minimize water loss by collecting water
and transpiration.Take in carbon dioxide and produce
oxygen through the stomata.Stomatas are tiny pores in the leaf.Protects stems and roots with shade and
shelter.
Major site of photosynthesis / food production.
Minimize water loss by collecting water and transpiration.
Take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen through the stomata.
Stomatas are tiny pores in the leaf.Protects stems and roots with shade and
shelter.
Basic StructureBasic Structure
Blade- collects the sunlightPetiole- stem that holds the leaf
blade up.
Blade- collects the sunlightPetiole- stem that holds the leaf
blade up.
Upper portion / Top of the leaf
Upper portion / Top of the leaf
The tissue mesophyll, contains most of the chloroplast and is where the majority of photosynthesis takes place.
The tissue mesophyll, contains most of the chloroplast and is where the majority of photosynthesis takes place.
Bottom portion of the leaf / underside
Bottom portion of the leaf / underside
Has the stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange.
Guard cells surround each stomata and open and close by changing shape.
Day- stomata is open, allowing the carbon dioxide to enter and water to evaporate.
Night- closed
Has the stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange.
Guard cells surround each stomata and open and close by changing shape.
Day- stomata is open, allowing the carbon dioxide to enter and water to evaporate.
Night- closed
Guard CellsGuard CellsModified epidermal cells that are
photosynthetic and they open and close the stomata.
Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells. When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open the stomata.
Modified epidermal cells that are photosynthetic and they open and close the stomata.
Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells. When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open the stomata.
Factors that affect the stomata and guard cellsFactors that affect the
stomata and guard cellsTemperature, humidity, hormones,
and the amount of carbon dioxide in the leaves tells the guard cells to open and close
Temperature, humidity, hormones, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the leaves tells the guard cells to open and close
4 Types of Plant Tissues4 Types of Plant Tissues
1. Ground Tissue2. Dermal Tissue3. Vascular Tissue4. Meristematic Tissue
1. Ground Tissue2. Dermal Tissue3. Vascular Tissue4. Meristematic Tissue
Ground Tissue:most common and they differ based on their cell
walls- 3 Types
Ground Tissue:most common and they differ based on their cell
walls- 3 Types
1. Parenchymal2. Collenchymal3. Sclerenchymal
1. Parenchymal2. Collenchymal3. Sclerenchymal
The most common plant cell type-mesophyll
Cell walls store and secrete starch, oils and water
Help heal wounds tothe plant
Have thin, flexible walls
The most common plant cell type-mesophyll
Cell walls store and secrete starch, oils and water
Help heal wounds tothe plant
Have thin, flexible walls
Parenchymal CellsParenchymal Cells
Provide support to a growing plantThey are strong and flexible.Celery strings are strands of collenchyma.They have unevenly thick cell walls.
Provide support to a growing plantThey are strong and flexible.Celery strings are strands of collenchyma.They have unevenly thick cell walls.
Collenchyma Cells
Strongest, support, very thick cell wallsSecond cell wall hardened by ligninDie when they reach maturity Used by humans to make linen and rope
Strongest, support, very thick cell wallsSecond cell wall hardened by ligninDie when they reach maturity Used by humans to make linen and rope
Sclerenchyma cells
Dermal TissueDermal TissueCovers and protects the outside Secretes cuticle of leaves Forms outer bark of trees= dead
dermal cellsEpidermis= covers the surface, made
up of parenchymal cellsGuard cells= surround the stomata and
has a cuticle that secretes a waxy substance for protection.
Covers and protects the outside Secretes cuticle of leaves Forms outer bark of trees= dead
dermal cellsEpidermis= covers the surface, made
up of parenchymal cellsGuard cells= surround the stomata and
has a cuticle that secretes a waxy substance for protection.
Vascular Tissue- Xylem & PhloemVascular Tissue- Xylem & Phloem
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, and organic compounds to all areas of the plant.
Made up of two networks of tubes- xylem and phloem.
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, and organic compounds to all areas of the plant.
Made up of two networks of tubes- xylem and phloem.
PhloemPhloemCarries the products of
photosynthesis through the plant via active transport (products = oxygen and glucose).
Remember- PHLOEM IS FOR FOODPart of the bark (at or near)Have little sieve tubes and plates
that help the fluid flow from one cell to another.
Carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant via active transport (products = oxygen and glucose).
Remember- PHLOEM IS FOR FOODPart of the bark (at or near)Have little sieve tubes and plates
that help the fluid flow from one cell to another.
XylemXylemCarries water and nutrients from
the roots to the rest of the plant.Found within the wood of the tree.
Tracheids- long, thin, overlapping cells with tapered ends.
Vessel Members- wider, shorter, thinner cell walls.
Carries water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Found within the wood of the tree.Tracheids- long, thin, overlapping
cells with tapered ends.Vessel Members- wider, shorter,
thinner cell walls.
Meristematic TissueMeristematic TissueGrowth tissueWhere cell division occursTurns into ground, dermal, or vascularApical Meristems- tips of roots and
stems-> primary growth occurs here.Lateral Meristems- secondary growth.
Increase the thickness of roots and stems.
Growth tissueWhere cell division occursTurns into ground, dermal, or vascularApical Meristems- tips of roots and
stems-> primary growth occurs here.Lateral Meristems- secondary growth.
Increase the thickness of roots and stems.
SeedsSeeds Monocots= one seed Dicots= two seeds Seed coat= protection Embryo
Epicotyl- top, shoot tip Hypocotyl- attached to the
cotyledon, young shoot Radicle- first organ from
the germinating seed-> becomes the root.
Cotyledon or Endosperm- stores food for the embryo
Monocots= one seed Dicots= two seeds Seed coat= protection Embryo
Epicotyl- top, shoot tip Hypocotyl- attached to the
cotyledon, young shoot Radicle- first organ from
the germinating seed-> becomes the root.
Cotyledon or Endosperm- stores food for the embryo
Environmental cues that are required by the seed:Environmental cues that are required by the seed:
Water, light, and temperatureThe seed is mature -> goes into a
dormant stage until all environmental needs are met.
Water, light, and temperatureThe seed is mature -> goes into a
dormant stage until all environmental needs are met.
Germination allows the seed to turn into a plant: Germination allows the
seed to turn into a plant:
1st- Water is absorbed 2nd- Enzymes get triggered3rd- Chemical process= respiration4th- Water gets absorbed, causes the
seed to swell and the seed coat cracks.5th- Roots grow from the radicle and
anchor the seedling into the soil. Hypocotyl grows to produce a young shoot.
1st- Water is absorbed 2nd- Enzymes get triggered3rd- Chemical process= respiration4th- Water gets absorbed, causes the
seed to swell and the seed coat cracks.5th- Roots grow from the radicle and
anchor the seedling into the soil. Hypocotyl grows to produce a young shoot.
Roots and StemsRoots and Stems
Absorb nutrientsAnchor the plant (hold it down)Store foodThey have specialized organs to
carry these out.
Absorb nutrientsAnchor the plant (hold it down)Store foodThey have specialized organs to
carry these out.
Root OrgansRoot Organs1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the rootHas root hairs= increases surface area and allows for more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being replaced.
2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars) in the parenchymal cells.
1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the rootHas root hairs= increases surface area and allows for more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being replaced.
2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars) in the parenchymal cells.
3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells. Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass through called the Casparian Strip-> controls the movement of water and minerals.
3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells. Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass through called the Casparian Strip-> controls the movement of water and minerals.
Root GrowthRoot Growth
Root Cap- tip, protects the apical meristem where primary growth occurs.
Root Cap- tip, protects the apical meristem where primary growth occurs.
StemsStems
Support leaves and flowersMove water and food
Support leaves and flowersMove water and food
Fun Tree RingsFun Tree RingsType of secondary growthForm due to uneven growth over the
seasons. Age of the tree is done by counting the
ringsLighter cell bands =spring growthDarker bands = later season growthDuring good growing seasons the rings
are thicker
Type of secondary growthForm due to uneven growth over the
seasons. Age of the tree is done by counting the
ringsLighter cell bands =spring growthDarker bands = later season growthDuring good growing seasons the rings
are thicker
Physiological Process of Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
Physiological Process of Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
TranspirationTranspiration
Evaporation of water from leavesWater is pushed up through the xylem by
root pressure created from water moving up the soil to the plants root system and into the xylem-> results in small droplets of sap-> called guttation.
Water is also pulled up through cohesion through the xylem tissue-> creates a negative pressure or tension from roots to leaves.
Evaporation of water from leavesWater is pushed up through the xylem by
root pressure created from water moving up the soil to the plants root system and into the xylem-> results in small droplets of sap-> called guttation.
Water is also pulled up through cohesion through the xylem tissue-> creates a negative pressure or tension from roots to leaves.
Rate of TranspirationRate of Transpiration
Slows in high humidityAccelerates or speeds up in low
humidity Increases with wind Increases with intense light=
increased photosynthesis and water vapor
Slows in high humidityAccelerates or speeds up in low
humidity Increases with wind Increases with intense light=
increased photosynthesis and water vapor
THE END!THE END!
Used with personal permission by Ms.Stahl
Used with personal permission by Ms.Stahl
