Intro to IP 11-19-09 Public

8/2/2019 Intro to IP 11-19-09 Public

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Introduction to IP

SCTE, Rocky Mountain Chapter

November 19, 2009

Ryan Makelky

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1


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Introduction to IP

Understanding an IP Address

IP Routin and Networkin

IP in Cable Networks

, , , .

IPv6 Fundamentals



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Officially named the Internet Protocol Suite

Suite of protocols which define how devices communicatewith each other in an open, non-proprietary manner

Facilitates communication between networks and devicesof varying underlying technologies (both HW and SW)

Electronic Mail

File Transfer

Streaming Media

World Wide Web Based Services


Isnt unique to the Global (www) Internet; applies to

private networks as well


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The Internet Protocol is the de facto standard for then erne

Applications can quickly and easily be built upon an IPfoundation

The Internet Protocol suite is an open specification

allowing for interoperability Resources for information related to IP are easy to find



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-

Work began in mid 1970s for an internet technology

-

1980: Initiation of global Internet (what we have today)

1982: Office of the Secretar of Defense declared TCP/IPthe standard for all military computer networking

1986: National Science Foundation funded an effort tocreate a wide area backbone network called NSFNETand connected it to ARPANET

2009: Estimated global internet users = 1.7 Billion



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OSI Layers IPS Layers Internet Protocol Suite

ApplicationFTP, TFTP, TELNET, SMTP,HTTP, DNS, BOOTP, TFTP,Presentation

Application

Transport TCP or UDPTransport

Internetwork IP, ARP, ICMPNetwork

Network Interface Ethernet, Packet Over SONET,Wireless

PhysicalData link



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Application Interacts with user applications, apps outside OSI

Ensures that information sent from one system willbe readable by another system. Format, compression

Presentation

Trans ort Im lements data trans ort services that are trans arent

Session Establishes, manages, terminates communicationsessions between two hosts. Synchronizes dialogue

Network Provides connectivity between multiple data links, into aninternetwork. Lo ical addresses, best ath selection

to upper layers. Flow control, segment/reassemble, mux

Data Link How data is formatted for transmission, how access to thenetwork is controlled. Uses physical addresses


Physical Specifications for the physical link between systemsCabling, voltage levelsputs bits on the wire


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A lication7

Presentation 6

Reduces complexity(one big problem toseven smaller ones)

Session 5

Facilitates modularengineering

Assures intero erableTransport

Network33

Routertechnology

Accelerates evolution

Simplifies teaching and

Data Link2

Switch2 2


PhysicalHub

11


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HOST A HOST B

Application

Presentation

Application

PresentationData

Session Session

Transport

Network

Transport

Network

TransportHeader Data

Network Transport

segment

Data Link Data Link

ea erea er

FrameHeader Data

NetworkHeader Data

TransportHeader

FrameHeader Data

NetworkHeader Data



Physical Physical

0101101010110001bits


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(Physical + Data Link)



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1 0 1 1 0 0 1+

(Manchester Encoding)

Electricity(voltage)

Time

1 0 1 1 0 0 1Light



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Cable T es Connector T es

UTP RJ-45

Thin-net BNC

Thick-net AUI

Single/Multi Mode ST, SC, FC, MIC


. .Winchester


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MAC = Media Access Control

Hardware identifier

Burned in at time of manufacturing

6 Bytes in length, 12 Hexadecimal (Base 16) digits

Uniquely identifies devices connected to Ethernet

,

Example: Cisco has OUI of 00-00-0c

Typical Formats

00-00-0c-12-34-56

0000.0c12.3456


: : c: : :


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24 bits24 bits

Serial NumberVendor Code

0000.0c12. 3456

RAM

MAC address: 6 Byte (48 bit), hexadecimal


number burned into ROM on a network

interface card (NIC), copied into RAM


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Invented by Xerox in Early 1970s

IEEE802.3 and Ethernet Version 2.0

Ethernet Speeds

-

Fast Ethernet - 100 Million Bits per Second

Gigabit Ethernet 1 Billion Bits per Second or 1 Gbps

en ga t t ernet on ts per econ or ps100 Gigabit Ethernet 100 Billion bps or 100Gbps DRAFT



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Ethernet Frame

FrameDataNetwork

DataTransportFrame

DataNetwork

DataTransport

Data

DestinationMAC

Address

SourceMAC

Address

Preamble Type CRC

8 6 6 2 4Bytes


Transport Frame = 64 to 1518 Bytes


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BroadcastD

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application

C

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application

B

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application

A

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application

Multicast Data LinkPhysical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical



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DApplication

CApplication

BApplication

AApplication

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

All end points receive packetsBroadcast Address = FFFF.FFFF.FFFF



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DApplication

CApplication

BApplication

AApplication

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Only subscribed end points receive packets



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DApplication

CApplication

BApplication

AApplication

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Network

TransportSession

Presentation

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Each packet is destined for one end point



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A logical grouping of networked devices based on a

Layer 2 broadcast/multicast domain

MembershipMembership

Layer 2 through Layer 7 characteristics

Port OSI ModelApplication

Network address

User ID

Presentation

Session

Inter-VLAN communication is done through routing

Benefits:

Ensure scalability VLANsVLANs

Network

ranspor

Firewall broadcast/multicasts

Improve network performance

Enhance network securit

Physical


Reduce administration expenses

Offer versatile server connectivity


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-

Router

BridgeFunction

BridgeFunction

PPPP

Switch Switch

PPPP

Ports grouped togetherin a virtual bridge


Traffic between VLANs

must be routed


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Introduction to IP

Understanding an IP Address IP Routin and Networkin


, , , .

IPv6 Fundamentals



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Internetwork Layer



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Every network device must be

a network and host identifier

A

Network ID


.Unique Device Address


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IPv4 uses a 32 bit lon address 4 B tes to denotea unique network/host device identifier

bit

Byte

4 Bytes =


. . .


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bit position

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ ___ _ _ _ _

Decimal value is derived

from the relative binary bitposition128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

decimal value

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

or or or or or or

contain a single binaryvalue of 0 or 1

or or

Binary 1 indicates thevalue in a bit position.

11 0 0 11 0 0 11 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


Binary 0 indicates novalue.

128 16 2++

=


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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _= 00 = 255255128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

-- -- -- --

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1


192192 . 168168 . 1717 . 11


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N = Network Address Byte (assigned by InterNIC/IANA)

H = Host Address Byte (assigned by organization)

(start bit 0) = - . . .

= -

Class C (start bits 110) = 192-223 . N . N . H

* IP addresses beginning with 0 and 127 are reserved.


resses n e range o . . . , . - . . , an192.168.x.H are reserved for private use and are not assigned.


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An address mask tells network devices what ortion ofthe IP address is the Network designator and what

portion is the Host designator

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0A binary 1 in a bit

position indicates Networkand binar 0 Host

Class A IP Address

0111 1110 . 0000 1010 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0001 = 126 . 10 . 10 . 1

Network Host

0111 1110 . 0000 1010 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0001 = 126 . 10 . 10 . 1


1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0

Class A Address Mask


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All IP addresses have an associated class mask

Class A = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0Class B = 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

lass = 255 . 255 . 255 . 0



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-Class-full masks limit the number of addressable

Class A Class B Class C

-fewLarge Internetworks

-balanced-Medium Internetworks

-many-Small Internetworks

RouterRouter

Router


256 etwor s16, 777, 216 Hosts

65, 536 etwor s65, 536 Hosts

16, 777, 216 etwor s256 Hosts


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Subnetting IP addresses extends class-full networks

IANA Assigned

. . . ,

255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Class-full Mask

Address masks define Networkand Host boundaries

255 . 255 . 255 . 0255 . 255 . 255 . 0

= 256 Networks / 256 HostsSubnet Mask


158 . 50 . 0-255 . x

Subnetted Network Addresses


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158 . 50 . 0-255 . x 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

Internet158.50.1.1 158.50.2.2 158.50.3.1 158.50.3.2

158.50.4.1

Subnetwork Address Range Subnetwork Mask

158.50.2.1 158.50.6.1 158.50.7.1 158.50.8.1

158.50.6.2 158.50.7.2

158.50.4.2158.50.5.2 158.50.5.1

158.50.8.2

158.50.9.1


158.50.9.2


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Three mask notation formats are available, depending on implementation

158 . 150 . 10 . 1 IP address withdotted-decimalIP Address

255 . 255 . 255 . 0 maskDotted-Decimal Mask

IP address with bit-count mask

. . .IP Address Bit-Count Mask

1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000Twent -Four 24 bits

IP address withhexadecimal mask

158 . 150 . 10 . 1IP Address


0xFFFFFF00Hexadecimal Mask


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3

10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

00000010 Host

Mask

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet

Broadcast

4

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First5

6


10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7


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3

10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

00000010 Host

Mask

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet

Broadcast

4172.16.2.128

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First5

6

. . .

172.16.2.129


10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7172.16.2.190


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-

As defined inAs defined in

Class A Address - Network 10.0.0.0

RFC 1918RFC 1918

Class B Address - Networks 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0

Class C Address - Range from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.255.0

If you use any of these addresses in your network,then ouMUS use address translation if ou want to connect


to the INTERNET


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Introduction to IP

Understanding an IP Address IP Routin and Networkin


, , , .

IPv6 Fundamentals



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Routers connect Layer 2 networks,

Data

eac e ne y og ca a resses

Layer 2

SwitchFrameHeader Data

NetworkHeader Data


MAC

RouterSwitch

Layer 2

FrameHeader

NetworkHeader

TransportHeader

Data SwitchC B


Layer 2


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Routed networks require each node have a logical address

A2MAC A. Network Address

13

MAC MACA.A.

MAC


.


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-

A atewa forwards data from the local(sub) network to another (sub) network

When a IP host needs to communicate with anotherIP host on a eren ne wor

i.e. 170.10.0.0 to 192.1.1.0or a different sub-network

i.e. 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.128

Data must be forwarded through a gateway


ROUTER OR LAYER 3 SWITCH


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e proce ures use y e rou er o e erm ne an se ecthe best route and to share information about network

reachability and status with other routers are referred to

collectively as a routing protocol.

Jeff Doyle

Routing TCP/IP, Volume 1



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Routing is the process of forwarding a datagram from one hop to

Routers forward traffic to a logical destination in an internetwork Routers perform two primary functions

Routing share/learn network routes

Switching take packets from the inbound interface and send them

through the outbound interface

Routers are a fundamental


component to the very fabric ofthe Internet


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Separate internetworks into logical entities

Maintain Routing information for end stations

Dynamically update Routing information as networksecome ava a e unava a e

Determine the best path for communication through the

internetwork



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As the network topology changes, all routers will update their tables using their chosenroutin rotocol. e. . OSPF

Routers make internetworking possible.When a new link from Network 5 to Network 6 is established. The routers on Network 5

and 6 will advertise the new route to Network 3.If the link from Network 5 to Network 3 breaks, the routers will update their tables andwill choose the next best path which is now through Network 6.

Network 4

I can now get toNetwork 6

directly!

I can no longerreach Network 3

directly!

Network 1

Network 3 X

Network 2

Network 6

I can now get toNetwork 5directly!



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Most of the necessary information is contained in the routing table

O 172.16.8.0 [100/118654] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, Serial0

--

172.16.8.0 -- Destination logical network or subnet

[100 -- Administrative distance (trustworthinessfactor)

/118654] -- Metric value (reachability)

via 172.16.7.9 -- Next-hop logical address (next router)

00:00:23 -- Age of entry (in hours:minutes:seconds)


Serial0 -- Interface through which the route was learned

and through which the packet will leave


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_

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O- OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

- - , - - eve - , - - eve - , - can a e e au

Gateway of last resort is 10.5.5.5 to network 0.0.0.0

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 172.16.10.0 is directly connected, Loopback100. . . s rec y connec e , oop ac

O E2 172.22.0.0/16 [110/20] via 10.3.3.3, 01:03:01, Serial1/2

[110/20] via 10.4.4.4, 01:03:01, Serial1/3

[110/20] via 10.5.5.5, 01:03:01, Serial1/4

O E2 192.168.4.0/24 [110/20] via 10.4.4.4, 01:03:01, Serial1/3

O E2 192.168.5.0/24 [110/20] via 10.5.5.5, 01:03:01, Serial1/4

. . . s su nette , su nets

C 10.5.5.0 is directly connected, Serial1/4C 10.4.4.0 is directly connected, Serial1/3

C 10.3.3.0 is directly connected, Serial1/2

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

O E2 192.168.3.0/24 [110/20] via 10.3.3.3, 01:03:02, Serial1/2


S* 0.0.0.0 0 [1 0] via 10.5.5.5


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Routes configured manually

Useful when the number of routes exist is small

Can be an administrative burden

Frequently used for a default route



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,,

Open distance vector protocolstandardized in 1988

Open link-state protocol standardized in

late-1980s by IETF EIGRPEIGRP

Proprietary enhancement to Cisco IGRPto include link-state algorithms

BGPBGPBorder Gateway Protocol, used to


n erconnec erv ce rov ers


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Distance Vector

Different ways to send route information

Table Table

Approach

Single EntryRoutingTable

n - a e

Approach



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IP (Internet Protocol)Internet Addressing

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Maps Layer 2 MAC Addressto Layer 3 IP Address

Control Protocol forInternetwork Management

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Connection-Oriented DataTrans ort

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Connectionless DataTransport


Address Resolution Protocol


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Address Resolution Protocol

Resolving between Layer 2 and Layer 3 address

A2A.

MAC

S DSD

{ {MAC IP

e0MAC

? C.1 DATAe0 A.4

FF A.4 DATAe0

D

13 A.A.

Addr. MAC e0 A.4 DATAMACS

Router

Ethernet

address

of A.4

4A.

MACC.1 e0 Addr. MAC

A.4A.3A.2

MAC??

I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.


Here is my

MAC address.


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Resolving Layer 2 and Layer 3 addresses between networks

A B

Broadcast ARPe0 e1Addr. MAC

B.1 e0

Addr. MAC

A.1 e1Router

MAC

e1 A.1 DATAMAC B.1MAC A.1 DATAe0 B.1



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- IP protocol number 1

Used for troubleshooting

Error Re ortin Mechanism

Notifies Hosts and Routers of presence and type of

errors



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Check end-to-end network connectivity

Baseline network layer performance

Depending on implementation can indicate:

Host Alive

Roundtrip Delay



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-

Mechanism to prevent loops in an IP Network

Originating host sets the initial TTL value

Intermediate hops, i.e. routers, decrement the TTLva ue y

When TTL expires:

-

- An ICMP report is sent back to the source



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TTL = 10Host 110.1.1.1

Host 220.1.1.1

=


TTL = 8 TTL = 7


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TTL = 10Host 110.1.1.1

Host 220.1.1.1

==

Introduce a loop with broken routing


TTL = 8 TTL = 7


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Used to determine path through a network between two

Uses the IP Time To Live (TTL) field

Narrow down connectivity issues

Baseline network erformance on a ho b ho basis



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Transport Layer



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-

IP protocol number 6

Connection oriented

Reliable trans ort

Assumes very little about the underlying protocol andarchitecture

HTTP, Email, Telnet, FTP

TCP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to provide

reliable, connection oriented communications betweentwo devices. Each packet transmitted is acknowledgedb the receivin station.



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-

IP protocol number 17

Connectionless

Unreliable b nature

Upper layer applications responsible for reliability

,

UDP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to provide fast,connectionless communications between to devices.

Each packet transmitted is not acknowledged andreliability is left up to higher layer protocols and/ora lications.



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Application Layer


Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol -


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RFC 2131

Protocol used to supply IP Layer information to Hosts

IP Address

Subnet Mask

IP Gateway

Often used to simplify the management of IP AddressS ace

Prevents undertaking laborious task of manuallyconfiguring many Hosts



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Host DHCPServer

I need an IP Address

You can use this IP Address

w use a ress

Acknowled ed



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-

RFCs 1034 and 1035

Resolves hostname with domain to matching IP

Address

as er o remem er www.c sco.com an198.133.219.25

Utilizes TCP and UDP as underl in Trans ortProtocols

Alternative to Host Tables on all Hosts

Domain Name Service


www.ietf.org OpenStandards


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-

I heard that re uest.www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2

Here is the IP Address.I need the IP

Address forwww.cisco.com

www.cisco.com = ???

www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2



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Together


Puttin it All To ether


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Puttin it All To ether

Web ServerHost

192.168.1.1www.cisco.com203.10.47.212

DNS Server192.168.1.2

The Internet


e s assume we ave a user w o wan s o v s www.c sco.com


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. .

M ethernet address is 00-00-50-12-34-56

UDP - What is the IP address of www.cisco.com

That IP address is 203.10.47.212



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. . . ,needs to forward this for me

- - - - -

Setup TCP connection to server - SYN REQ

Forward data to gateway



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Forward data to next atewa

until it reaches server

2

45

13

10 8

1113


14


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-

2

45

13

10 8

1113


14


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-

2

45

13

10 8

11 13


14


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2

45

13

10 8

11 13


14


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Start sendin Data

2

45

13

10 8

11 13


14


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Introduction to IP




, , , .

IPv6 Fundamentals


Cable Evolution


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The video signal is transmitted over fiber to the node, whereit is converted to an electrical signal and forwarded to the

subscriber over existing coaxial cable

for future services

Cable Servin AreaCable Servin Area

HFC > 2000 Homes

Head-EndCoaxFiber

NN


Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade


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Node Node Node

LifetimeLifetime

Head-End

CMTS

Node

VH-1Packetized Data

NICKE!

VH-1Packetized Data

NICKE!

Hub

COAXTap

Node

Node

PSTN Hub

DropNodeNodeNode


a e o emPC


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Headend PrimaryHub

Taps CoaxialNetwork

MSOs

Am lifiers

HubNodes

Video OriginationHeadend

CopperNetwork

VSODSLAM


Different networks, different terminology,same enabling technologies


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RFTuner

QAMDemodulator

dgic

MACQPSK/QAMModulator

Dataa

ControlL



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6 MHz = 1 QAM channel

1 Channel means

1 analog program

Around 12 SD digital MPEG-2 programs

-

Around 4-6 HD digital MPEG-4 programs


-


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20+4+1316=1340B

MPEG Transport Stream (TS) is transported over UDPoIP.

IP (20B) UDP (4B) MPEG Transport Pkt (188B)..

(6 more MPEG)

PES is encapsulated here

Header (4B)

PES Packet Data=ES

PES

This contains PID

PES

184B184B 184B184 Bytes

PES PESPES

Elementry Stream (coded bitstream)ES

SequenceSequence Sequence Sequence


Sequence Header GOP Header I/B/P-FramePicture Header


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DOCSIS is a consortium of Comcast, Cox, TimeWarner Cable Ro ers MediaOne and CableLabs

DOCSIS is a standard supporting DS modulations ofQAM 64 and QAM 256, DS FEC of Annex B, USmodulations of QPSK and QAM 16, in-band controlchannels, MPEG framing, and RSA key distribution

ocumen s escr e e n erna an ex ernanetwork interfaces for a system that allows bi-directional transfer of Internet Protocol (IP) trafficbetween the cable system head-end and customer

premises, over a cable television system.


and Cable Modem (CM) at the CPE

End-to-End Cable Network: Building Blocks

L3 (IP/MPLS)L1/L2L2/L3


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Access/HubCPE

L3 (IP/MPLS)L1/L2L2/L3

A re ation Network

CM/eMTA/eRouter

EQAM

CMTSHF

HR ARBR BRER ERH

FC

HFC

Residential

STB

HR

AR BR BRER ER

Video Complex

Voice Complex

Video Complex

SDV VoD

Video Complex

Voice Complex

P


Business

SDC (System/Div)

IP Security Complex

SDC (Regional)

PEG DS/DB

SDC (National)

e wor g omp ex

IP Security ComplexFTT


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Introduction to IP




, , , IPv6 Fundamentals


Traditional Telecommunications


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IXC IXC TieTandem

Class 4 Class 4

SS7 SS7 SS7 SS7

runToll Trunk

Class 5 Class 5 Class 5 Class 5

PBX PBX PBX PBX PBX PBX

CO Trunk

Private Branch Exchange (PBX) Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)

Line


InterExchange Carrier (IXC)

Central Office (CO)


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Signaling

Router RouterIP

Gateway Gateway

VoIP (Softswitch)

RouterGateway RouterGateway

PWR PWR

PSTN


IP Telephony


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Packet Transport

Analog Digital Compressed PacketizedReverse Process

DSPG.711

(Predigitized)

L3 L2

G.726 ADPCM

Sampling (PAM)

G.728 LD-CELP

G.729(AB) CS-ACELPG.723.1 ACELP/MPMLQ

VoIP (ovL2)


Companding (A-Law, Mu-Law)

PCM Coding (PCM G.711)

VoATM

(VoFR)


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RTP UDP Port Range=

Four Ports Dynamically Allocated per Single

RTP

u - up ex aEven-Numbered Ports

Variable 12 8 20

Odd-Numbered PortsIP Network

Voice Gateway

Voice Gateway

es gne to carry rea -t metraffic on top of IP

Real-Time Protocol (RTP)media

Real-Time Transport Control Protocol

Voice Payload RTP UDP IP L2

(RTCP)form of signaling between

RTPtermination pointsWatches the quality of underlying

out ng ress ng

Ports Multiplexing/(CRC)

Sequence Numbers


RFC1889 and 1890

Timestamps


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Defines an Architectural Framework which provides an- ase p a orm o suppor a var e y o mu me a

applications and services requiring QoS treatment overDOCSIS access networks

A multimedia service is defined as any IP-basedservice requiring QoS-based network resources

e.g., ranspor o ce u ar e ep ony ca s, on ne gam ng, v eo-conferencing, streaming media, etc.)

Multimedia services require scheduled service flows, ascontrasted with best effort services such as web

browsing, e-mail, instant messaging


93

Quality of Service Operations


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CLASSIFICATION AND MARKING

QUEUEING AND

(SELECTIVE) DROPPING Post-Queuing Operations



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Type of Service (TOS) and Differentiated Services Code PointDSCP

Used to differentiate traffic types

Provide priority queuing to important packets

r g nat ng ost or nterme ate routers can set va ue

Intermediate routers can act upon (Per Hop Behavior) or modifythe value

TOS has been expanded to Differentiated Services Code Point(DSCP) to provide more levels of service

TOS and DSCP are important to classify and prioritize services

Voice over IP

Broadcast Video

Video on Demand


This ensures our customers have a pleasant TV viewingexperience and coherent phone conversations


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10%Voice

Video

Low Latency, High Servicing (Voice)Low Latency, High Servicing (Voice)

50%Data

Ste 1: Ste 2:

High Speed DataHigh Speed Data

Define Scheduling Define Bandwidth

Queue servicing (metering) controls latency

Unused capacity is shared amongst the other classes


Each Class can be separately configured for QoS

Classic HFC Network for


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AnalogMods

1550TX

SatelliteReceivers

AnalogAd

Insertion

1550RX

AdServer

Transport QAMModulators

IRTsIRTs

MPEGSTB

1310Tx

1310Tx

HFC

SONET1310Rx

1310Rx

TED

DNCS

APPSONET

QPSK US

QPSK DSATM ATM ATM

Home

HFCNetwork

Primary

Hub SecondaryHub

Headend



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Broadcast Video

Video

Service

Provider

IP VideoVideo

DSLAM



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Introduction to IP




, , , IPv6 Fundamentals


A Need for IPv6?


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IETF IPv6 WG began in early 90s, to solve addressinggrowt ssues, ut

CIDR and NAT were developed=

~25% of the IPv4 address space is still unused (differentfrom unallocated) BUT

IP is everywhere

Data, voice, audio and video integration is a reality

Regional registries apply a strict allocation control

Latest forecast of IPv4 exhaustion is September 2011


So, the compelling reason is: More IP addresses!


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Expanded address space

Addresses quadrupled from 32 bits to 128 bits

Header Format Simplification

xe eng , op ona ea ers are a sy c a ne

IPv6 header is double that of IPv4, from 20 to 40bytes

No checksum at the IP network layer

Relies on lower layer (POS, Ethernet, etc) or uppera lication la er TCP UDP

No hop-by-hop segmentation/fragmentationPath MTU discovery mandated


No broadcast

IPv4 & IPv6 Header Com arison


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IPv4 HeaderIPv4 Header IPv6 HeaderHeader RFC 2460RFC 2460Version IHL Type of Service Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source AddressSource Address

es na on ress

Options Padding

Destination Address- fields name kept from IPv4 to IPv6

- fields not ke t in IPv6nd


- Name & position changed in IPv6

- New field in IPv6Leg


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IPv4

32 bits

= 4,294,967,296 possible addressable devices

IPv6

128 bits

=38

.=340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

5 x 1028 addresses per person on the planet

13 quintillion IPv4 domainsper person

(a quintillion is one million trillion)



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IPv6 addressin rules are covered b multi le RFCsArchitecture defined by RFC 4291

3 Address types:

Unicast: One to One (Global and Link Local)

.address is delivered to the interface identified by that address.

Anycast: One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast)

An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to

delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that address (the"nearest" one, according to the routing protocols' measure ofdistance).

Multicast: One to Many

n en er or a se o n er aces yp ca y e ong ng odifferent nodes). A packet sent to a multicast address is

delivered to all interfaces identified by that address.


,

IPv A r R r n i n


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All addresses are 128 bits.

16-bit fields in case insensitive colon hexadecimal

representation Preferred form

Leading zeros in a field are optional:2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B

uccess ve e s o represen e as ::, u on y once n anaddress Compressed form

2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::



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Localhost: 00..1 128 bits ::1/128

equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4

Multicast: 1111 1111 FF00::/8

Link-Local IPv6 Addresses 1111 1110 10 x x FE80::/10

(FE80, FE90, FEA0, FEB0)

Global Unicast: Everything else

All address types (except multicast) have to support EUI-64 (64 bit

extended unique identifier)



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001 Global RoutingPrefix Subnet ID Interface ID

n bitsProvider

(64-n) bits

Site

64 bitsHost

IPv6 Global Unicast addresses are:

Addresses for generic use of IPv6

Structured as hierarch to kee the a re ation

First 3 bits 001 (2000::/3) is the first allocation from IANA for IPv6Unicast use


IP 4 A li tiIPv6-enableA li ti


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IPv4 Application Application

TCP UDP TCP UDP

IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6

Frame

Data Link (Ethernet)

0x0800 0x86dd

Data Link (Ethernet)

0x0800 0x86dd

Protocol ID

Both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks enabled

Applications can talk to bothChoice of the IP version is based on name lookup and application preference

*



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Q and A


Documents

Intro to IP 11-19-09 Public