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Intro to Organic Molecules & LipidsAP BiologyAP Biology1Life is based on CarbonCarbon atoms are versatile building blocks Special bonding propertiesHas 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elementsBonds with CHNOPS the elements that make up living things; Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and SulfurHHCHH

AP Biology2Carbon chemistry = organic chemistry

Why is it a foundational atom?What makes it so important?

Cant be a good building block if you only form 1 or 2 bonds.Lipids Lipids are organic molecules essential for life that are composed mostly of C, H, O

4 types of lipidsfats (triglycerides)phospholipidssteroidswaxes

AP Biology3Made of same elements as carbohydrates but very different structure/ proportions & therefore very different biological propertiesTriglyceridesFat moleculesStructure = 3 fatty acids chains linked to glycerolFunctions = long term energy storage and insulation for animalsCan be saturated or unsaturated

Glycerol3 fatty acidsAP Biology4BIG FAT molecule!!

Saturated fatsAll C bonded to HNo C=C double bondslong, straight chainmost animal fats and butter solid at room temperaturecontributes to cardiovascular disease

AP Biology5Mostly animal fats

Unsaturated fatsAt least one C=C double bond in the fatty acidsplant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature

AP Biology6Mostly plant lipidsThink about natural peanut butter:Lots of unsaturated fatsOil separates outCompanies want to make their product easier to use:Stop the oil from separatingKeep oil solid at room temp.Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate itAffect nutrition?Saturated vs. unsaturated

saturatedunsaturatedAP Biology7

Phospholipids Structure: 2 fatty acids chains + phosphate headFatty acid chains = non-polar = hydrophobic water fearingPhosphate head = polar = hydrophillic water loving

Function: make up cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

AP Biology8SteroidsStructure: 4 fused Carbon rings examples: cholesterol Function =control the fluidity of the cell membranehormones Function = regulate processes in the body (such as pregnancy)vitamins (A, B, D) Function = supports metabolism and cell processes

AP Biology9WaxesSolid at room tempInsoluble in waterFunction: Protective covering for animals and plantsExamples:BeeswaxEarwaxCuticle of leaf (keeps water in)

AP BiologyWhich of the following is an example of a type of triglyceride?A fat containing 3 saturated fatty acidsA fat containing 2 saturated fatty acids & 1 unsaturated fatty acidA fat containing 3 unsaturated fatty acidsAll of the above

eufic.org aafp.org mpkb.org

AP Biology2 Which of the following types of fats (triglycerides) would be an oil at room temperature and would be healthier to eat since its bent carbon & hydrogen chains and dont stack well?Unsaturated fat WITHOUT any C to C double bondsSaturated fat WITHOUT any C to C double bondsUnsaturated fat containing C=CSaturated fat containing C=CSteroids like testosterone hormone or cholesterol

eufic.org aafp.org mpkb.org

AP Biology3 Which type of lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane?phospholipidswaxessteroidstriglycerides

essortment.com alevelnotes.comAP Biology4 Phospholipids contain:A hydrophobic polar phosphate head & 2 hydrophilic nonpolar fatty acid tailsA hydrophilic polar phosphate head & 2 hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tails

http://myhome.sunyocc.edu/~weiskirl/Alcamo_membrane.gifAP Biology5 Which is an example of a steroid?Fatty acidsSex hormonesPhospholipidsOlive OilTriglycerides

Structure of triglycerides: fats & oilsStructure of sex hormonesAP Biology156 What is the function of a triglyceride?Stores and transfers genetic informationLong term energy storage, as well as insulation & protectionControl the rate of reactionsHelp to fight disease

AP Biology7 What is the function of hormones such as the steroid hormones?Communication & cooperation between cellsShort term energy storageStructural building materialsCompose the bilayer cell membrane

AP Biology8 What is the cholesterol considered a steroid?They have a similar hydrophobic structureThe both contain rings made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen atomsThey are both nonpolar covalentAll of the above

cholesterolAP Biology