Intro to Sociolings 6 Final Review

8/2/2019 Intro to Sociolings 6 Final Review

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AN OVERALL SUMMARY



DEFINING SOCIOLINGUITICS

the descriptive study of the effect of any and allaspects of society, including cultural norms,expectations, and context, on the way language isused, and the effects of language use on society.

The study of the relation between language andsociety--a branch of both linguistics andsociology.

differs from sociology of language ; the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on thelanguage, while the latter's focus is on thelanguage's effect on the society.



overlaps to a considerable degree withpragmatics(subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in

which context contributes to meaning. Pragmaticsencompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature,talk in interaction and other approaches to language behaviorin philosophy, sociology, and linguistics).

It also studies how language varieties differbetween groups separated by certain socialvariables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status,gender, level of education, age, etc., and how

creation and adherence to these rules is usedto categorize individuals in social orsocioeconomic classes.



Fundamental Concepts In Sociolinguistics

Speech Community ± a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or

less discrete group of people who use language in aunique and mutually accepted way amongthemselves.

± can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school studentsor hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like familiesand friends. Members of speech communities willoften develop slang or jargon to serve the group's

special purposes and priorities.(Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not consideredstandard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered moreacceptable when used socially)

(Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to aspecific activity, profession, group, or event. )



High Prestige and Low Prestige Varieties

± Crucial to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of

prestige; certain speech habits are assigned a

positive or a negative value which is then appliedto the speaker.

± speakers 'choose' a variety when making a speech

act, whether consciously or subconsciously.



Social Network

± Understanding language in society means that onealso has to understand the social networks inwhich language is embedded.

± A social network is another way of describing a

particular speech community in terms of relationsbetween individual members in a community.

± A network could be loose or tight depending onhow members interact with each other.

± Recently, social networks have been formed bythe Internet, through chat rooms, MySpacegroups, organizations, and online dating services.



Internal vs. External Language (based on Chomskian Linguistics)

± internal language applies to the study of syntax and

semantics in language on the abstract level; asmentally represented knowledge in a native speaker.

± External language applies to language in socialcontexts, i.e. behavioural habits shared by a

community. ± Internal language analyses operate on the assumption

that all native speakers of a language are quitehomogeneous in how they process and perceivelanguage. External language fields, such as

sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in factnot the case.

± Many sociolinguists reject the distinction between I- and E-language on the grounds that it is based on a mentalistview of language.



Vernacular Languages

Generally refers to a language that has not beenstandardized or does not have an official status

There hundreds of VL that have never been

written down or described e.g. Buang in PapuaNew Guinea.

In a multilingual society, the many differentethnic or tribal languages used by differentgroups are referred as VL.

In normal circumstances, VL are usually firstlanguages learned in multilingual communitiesand have a narrow range of informal functions.



3 components of meaning of VL

i. Uncodified or unstandardised variety

ii. How it is acquired, i.e. at home as a first variety

iii. Used for relatively circumscribed functions

Some academics refer VL as any language which

is not the official language of a country. UNESCO in 1951 refers VL as the first language

of a group socially or politically dominated by agroup with a different language. E.g. refer to

the Malaysian context. Vl generally refers to the most colloquial variety

in a persons linguistic repertoire.



It also refers to as the language of solidaritybetween people from the same ethnic group.

also used by sociolinguists when studyingdialects

It is used when in communication with closefriends or when at home.

Also indicates as a language used in everydayinteraction, in informal domains

Hebrew, was a language of ritual and religionwith no natives speaker and was no onesparental tongue and never a VL. However, it isused as Israels national language due tovernacularisation, and became a language usedfor everyday communication VL.



Standard Languages

Generally a language which is written and which hasgone some degree of regularisation or codification (ingrammar or dictionary)

Recognised as a prestigious variety or code by a

community Std. Eng. Emerged in 15th century from a variety of

regional Eng. Dialects as it was used in the court andinfluential London merchants.

This area covered a neat triangle, the court and 2universities, Oxford and Cambridge. An area that wasimportant for business, agriculture, trade and exporthub, and a political, social and intellectual centre



The dialect in the triangle became the Std Eng.

Std varieties are codified ones, usually

achieved through grammar and dictionarieswhich record and prescribed the std forms of the Lg.

Dictionary writers(Lexicographers) need todecide which words to include in thedictionary as part of the std variety; whichforms to mark as dialectal; and which to omit.

The criteria to do the above will be based onthe usage of the educated or sociallyprestigious community members.



The codification process was accelerated with theintroduction of the printing press.

The development of Std Eng. Illustrates 3 importantcriteria which characterise a std. :

± Influential and prestigious variety

± Codified and stabilised

±

Served high variety functions as it was used in Court forcommunication, literature and administration.

In sum; a std lg. is a particular dialect which has gaineda special position as a result of social, economic andpolitical influences.

A std dialect has no particular linguistic merits whetherin pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary. It is basicallythe lg. of the powerful and socially prestigious.



Once a std dialect develops or is developed, itprovides a useful mean of communication acrossareas of dialect diversity.

Its status as a prestige variety guarantees it willspread.

E.g. Std Eng. is serving as a useful variety of communication not only in Britain, but alsocountries that She had a colonial influence.

Local varieties of Englishes have emerged e.g. in

Singapore, India and Malaysia. In Malaysia and Spore, British English is regarded

as the std Eng.



Lingua Francas

Generally it is a Lg. serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in amultilingual speech community.

Is a Lg. used for communication between people

whose first lg. differ. In some countries the most useful and widely used

lingua franca is an official or the national lg. Eg.Tanzania- Swahili.

In colonised countries, the lingua franca will be basedon the former colonial powers lg.

In multilingual communities the lingua franca maydisplace the vernacular lg.



Lingua francas often develop as trade lgs.

(illustrating the influence of economic factors

in lg change)



Pidgins

Many Eng speakers find pidgin languageshumorous and babyish.

However, pidgins and creoles are serious lgs.

They are used for serious purposes, each has adescribable and distinctive linguistic structure.

A pidgin lg. has no native speakers

Developed as a means of communication

between people who do not have a common lg. Seems to arise when 2 groups with differing lgs.

are communicating in a situation where a 3rd lg. isdominant.



In fact it is also described as the means of

communication between traders. Developed with a narrow range of functions

Considered as an addition

The structure is not complicated

Not used as a group identification or toexpress social distance

are created as a combined effort from people

of different languages Both sides contribute to the sounds,

vocabulary, and grammatical features.



Simplified and small vocabulary

Words generally do not have inflections, eg. InEng. the plural or tense; and no affixes to

mark gender.

Minimal grammar, easy to learn

Do not have high status or prestige

Often have a short life as it is developed for

restricted functions





Its linguistic complexity is often not appreciatedby outsiders.

It does develop ways of systematically signallingmeanings such verb tenses and these maydevelop into inflections or affixes over time.

Many present day creoles are spoken bydescendants of African slaves.

Creoles have became accepted standard andeven national and official lgs.

There are suggestions that the process of pidginisation and creolisation may be universalprocesses which reveal a great deal about theorigins of lg. and the ways it develops.



Creolisation also is the mixing of the "old" and"traditional," with the "new" and "modern."Furthermore, creolisation occurs whenparticipants actively select cultural elementsthat may become part of or inherited culture.

Robin Cohen states that Creolisation is acondition in which "the formation of newidentities and inherited culture evolve tobecome different from those they possessed

in the original cultures," and then creativelymerge these to create new varieties thatsupersede the prior forms.



D

ialects



The term dialect (from the Greek Language word d ialektos

is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage

refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of aparticular group of the language's speakers.

The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns,but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such associal class.

A dialect that is associated with a particular social class canbe termed a sociolect;

a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect.

The other usage refers to a language socially subordinate toa regional or national standard language, often historically

cognate to the standard.



A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary,grammar, and pronunciation (phonology,including prosody).

Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate,not d ialect.

Other speech varieties include: standardlanguages, which are standardized for publicperformance (for example, a written standard);

jargons, which are characterized by differences inlexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins or

argots. The particular speech patterns used by an

individual are termed an idiolect.



Standard and non-standard dialect

A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect

or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported byinstitutions.

Such institutional support may include governmentrecognition or designation; presentation as being the"correct" form of a language in schools; published

grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a"correct" spoken and written form; and an extensiveformal literature that employs that dialect (prose,poetry, non-fiction, etc.).

There may be multiple standard dialects associated with

a single language. For example, Standard AmericanEnglish, Standard Canadian English, Standard IndianEnglish, Standard Australian English, and StandardPhilippine English may all be said to be standard dialectsof the English language.



A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect,

has a complete vocabulary, grammar, andsyntax, but is not the beneficiary of

institutional support.

An example of a nonstandard English dialect is

Southern American English or Newfoundland

English.

The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph

Wright to compare different English dialectswith each other.



"Dialect" or "language" ?

There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing alanguage from a d ialect .

A framework that may aid in analyzing the issues is provided by thelinguistics concepts of Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache andDachsprache.

A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading tocontradictory results.

Some linguists do not differentiate between languages and dialects,i.e. languages are dialects and vice versa.

The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user'sframe of reference.

Note also that the terms are not by themselves mutually exclusive;there is by itself nothing contradictory in the statement that "the

language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German". However, the term d ialect always implies a relation between

languages: if language X is called a dialect, this implies that thespeaker considers X a dialect of some other language Y, which thenusually is some standard language.



The reasons for a speech community to describetheir language varieties as d ialects rather than

languages: ± because they have no standard or codified form,

± because the speakers of the given language do nothave a state of their own,

± because they are rarely or never used in writing

(outside reported speech) ± or because they lack prestige with respect to some

other, often standardised, variety.

The term v ernacular or i d iom is used by some

linguists instead of language or d ialect whenthere is no need to commit oneself to anydecision on the status with respect to thisdistinction



Anthropological linguists define dialect as thespecific form of a language used by a speech

community. In other words, the difference between language

and dialect is the difference between the abstractor general and the concrete and particular.

From this perspective, no one speaks a"language," everyone speaks a dialect of alanguage.

Those who identify a particular dialect as the

"standard" or "proper" version of a language arein fact using these terms to express a socialdistinction.

Often, the standard language is close to thesociolect of the elite class.



In groups where prestige standards play less

important roles, "dialect" may simply be usedto refer to subtle regional variations in

linguistic practices that are considered

mutually intelligible, playing an important role

to place strangers, carrying the message of where a stranger originates (which quarter or

district in a town, which village in a rural

setting, or which province of a country)



The many varieties of English

The many varieties/dialects of English are

linguistic varieties which differ in pronunciation,

vocabulary and grammar from each other and

from Standard English (which is itself a dialect).

Dialects can be usefully defined as "sub-forms of

languages which are, in general, mutually

comprehensible". British linguists distinguish dialect from accent,

which refers only to pronunciation.



Thus, any educated English speaker can use thevocabulary and grammar of Standard English, but

different speakers use their own local words foreveryday objects or actions, regional accent, orReceived Pronunciation, which within the U.K. isconsidered an accent distinguished by class rather thanby region. American linguists, however, include

pronunciation differences as part of the definition of regional or social dialects. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local wordsmay make some English dialects almost unintelligibleto speakers from other regions.

The major native dialects of English are often dividedby linguists into the three general categories of theBritish Isles dialects, those of North America and thoseof Australasia.



In Asia, some of the varieties are:

± Burmese English

± Hong Kong English

± Pakistani English ± Tinglish (Thailish)

± Indian English Hinglish

Punjabi/Delhi English

U.P/Bihari English

Bengali/Assamese English

Oriya English

Gujarati English

Maharashtrian English

Kannadiga English

Telugu English Tamil English

Malayalee English

± Malaysian English (MyE)

± Philippine English (PhE)

± Singapore English

± Sri Lankan English (SLE)



STYLE



Most speakers of a language know many

dialects

They use a dialect when with friends, another

during a job interview or a report presentation

or another when chatting with their parents.

These situational dialects are termed as

styles.

Most of us have at least one formal and one

informal style.



In an informal style:

±

The rules of contraction are used more often ± The syntactic rules of negation and agreement my

be altered

± Many words used do not appear during formal

setting Many a speaker are able to switch to different

styles ranging between the extremes of formaland informal.

Many cultures have rules on social behaviourthat strictly govern style.



In one prominent model, Martin Joos (1961) describes five styles in

spoken English:

Frozen: Printed unchanging language such as Biblical quotations;

often contains archaisms. Examples are the Pledge of Allegiance,wedding vows, and other "static" vocalizations that are recited in aritualistic monotone. The wording is exactly the same every time itis spoken.

Formal: One-way participation, no interruption. Technicalvocabulary or exact definitions are important. Includes

presentations or introductions between strangers. Consultative: Two-way participation. Background information is

provided prior knowledge is not assumed. "Back-channelbehavior" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptionsare allowed. Examples include teacher/student, doctor/patient,expert/apprentice, etc.

Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No backgroundinformation provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptionscommon. This is common among friends in a social setting.

Intimate: Non-public. Intonation more important than wording orgrammar. Private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages.This is most common among family members and close friends.





In linguistics, a register is a variety of

a language used for a particular purpose or in aparticular social setting.

For example, when speaking in a formal settingan English speaker may be more likely to adhere

more closely to prescribed grammar, pronouncewords ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"),choose more formal words

(e.g. father vs. d ad,chil d vs. ki d, etc.), and refrainfrom using the word ain't than when speaking inan informal setting.



As with other types of language variation, there tends to bea spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct varieties there is a countless numberof registers that could be identified, with no clearboundaries.

Discourse categorisation is a complex problem, and even inthe general definition of "register" given above (languagevariation defined by use not user), there are cases where

other kinds of language variation, such as regional or agedialect, overlap.

As a result of this complexity, there is far from consensusabout the meanings of terms like "register", "field" or"tenor"; different writers' definitions of these terms are

often in direct contradiction of each other. Additional termssuch as diatype, genre, text types, style, acrolect, mesolect

and basilect among many others may be used to cover thesame or similar ground.



Some prefer to restrict the domain of the term

"register" to a specific vocabulary

(Wardhaugh, 1986) (which one might

commonly call jargon), while others argue

against the use of the term altogether.

These various approaches with their own"register" or set of terms and meanings fall

under disciplines such as sociolinguistics,

stylistics,pragmatics or systemic functionalgrammar.



The term register was first used by the linguist ThomasBertram Reid in 1956, and brought into general

currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists whowanted to distinguish between variations in languageaccording to the user (defined by variables such associal background, geography, sex and age), andvariations according to use, "in the sense that eachspeaker has a range of varieties and choices betweenthem at different times" (Halliday et al., 1964).

The focus is on the way language is used in particularsituations, such as legalese or motherese, the language

of a biology research lab, of a news report, or of thebedroom.



JARGON



Practically every conceivable science, profession, trade

and occupation has its own set of words, someconsidered as slang and others technical depending onthe status of the people using it.

Such words are called Jargon or argot.

In other words, the term covers the language used by

people who work in a particular area or who have acommon interest.

It is incomprehensible to persons unacquainted withthe area under discussion.

Much like slang, it can develop as a kind of short-hand,to express ideas that are frequently discussed betweenmembers of a group, though it can also be developeddeliberately using chosen terms.



A standard term may be given a more precise or

unique usage among practitioners of a field. In many cases this causes a barrier to

communication with those not familiar with the

language of the field.

As an example:

NEWSPAPER JARGON Some examples of jargon -

newspaper jargon words are "beat", "breakline",

"budget","byline", "chaser", "circulation", "cut","dateline", "ears", "flag", "lead", "stringer",

"strip", "teaser", and "zone".



COMPUTER JARGON There is a lot to learn in understandingcomputer jargon. Here's more examples of jargon: "browser","bus", "cache", "chip", "cookie", "CPU", "crash", "database", "dot

pitch", "download", "driver", "file", "firewall", "folder",fragmentation", "freeware", "gopher", "hardware", "interface","keyboard shortcuts", "mouse", "network", "operating system","plug and play", "resolution", "software", "spam", "upload", "URL",and "virus".

Med ical Jargon Examples: The following are some examples of

commonly used medical abbreviations and terminology. STAT:Immed iately

± ABG: Arterial Blood Gas

± Vitals: V ital signs

± C-Section: C esarean Section

± Claudication -limping caused by a red uction in blood supply to the legs

± CAT Scan/CT Scan: C omputerized A xial Tomography ± MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging



"Generally, when people use jargon not tocommunicate but to impress their audiences with theirimportance . . . or use it to announce membership in agroup, communication suffers and the jargon canquickly degenerate into something close to thetwittering of birds."(W. Lutz, "Jargon." O xfor d C ompanion to the EnglishLanguage, 1992)

To sum up, Jargon is a noun/words/expressions used byspecific groups in special or technical situations and isrelated to a specific activity, profession, group or event.

While on the other hand a Slang is the use of informal

words or expressions that are not considered standardin the speakers language or dialect but accepted whenused socially. At times it is used as a euphemism.



Diglossia



In linguistics, diglossia refers to a situation in

which two dialects or languages are used by asingle language community.

In addition to the community's everyday or

vernacular language variety (labeled "L" or

"low" variety), a second, highly codified

variety (labeled "H" or "high") is used in

certain situations such as literature, formal

education, or other specific settings, but notused for ordinary conversation.



As an aspect of study of the relationships betweencodes and social structure, diglossia is an important

concept in the field of sociolinguistics. At the social level, each of the two dialects has certain

spheres of social interaction assigned to it and in theassigned spheres it is the only socially acceptable

dialect (with minor exceptions). At the grammatical level, differences may involve

pronunciation, inflection, and/or syntax (sentencestructure).

Differences can range from minor (althoughconspicuous) to extreme.

In many cases of diglossia, the two dialects are sodivergent that they are distinct languages as defined bylinguists: they are not mutually intelligible.



The dialect which is the original mother tongue isalmost always held in low esteem; it is of low prestige.

Its spheres of use involve informal, interpersonalcommunication: conversation in the home, amongfriends, in marketplaces.

In some diglossias, this vernacular dialect is virtually

unwritten. Those who try to give it a literature may be severely

criticized or even persecuted.

The other dialect is held in high esteem and is devotedto written communication and formal spokencommunication, such as university instruction, primaryeducation, sermons, and speeches by governmentofficials.



It is usually not possible to acquire proficiency in theformal, "high" dialect without formal study of it.

Thus in those diglossic societies which are alsocharacterized by extreme inequality of social classes,most people are not proficient in speaking the highdialect, and if the high dialect is grammaticallydifferent enough, as in the case of Arabic diglossia,then these uneducated classes cannot understandmost of the public speeches they might hear ontelevision and radio.

The high prestige dialect (or language) tends to be the

more formalised, and its forms and vocabulary often'filter down' into the vernacular, though often in achanged form.



Bilingualism

A person that is considered bilingual has the ability to speak, write,

listen, and read two languages fluently. Bilingualism falls into categories because each bilingual individual

obtain language fluencies in various ways.

Simultaneous bilinguals learn their two languages at the same timefrom childhood and their family.

Sequential bilinguals learn their second language later on in life.This could be due to an individual moving to a new country orpicking up a language class at school.

For bilinguals, usage of the two languages depend greatly on theenvironment they are in.

Bilinguals will speak the language that the majority of the society

speaks. For example, if someone is bilingual in both Spanish andEnglish, that individual would speak Spanish more than English if he/she was in Spain.

Appropriate timing is also a factor for when bilinguals use alanguage. A bilingual could use one language when at home tospeak with family, but use the other language when he/she goes to

school and speaks with friends



Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the act of using, or promoting the use of,multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by acommunity of speakers. Multilingual speakersoutnumber monolingual speakers in the world'spopulation.

Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenongoverned by the needs of globalization and culturalopenness.

Thanks to the ease of access to information facilitated bythe Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages isgetting more and more frequent, and triggering thereforethe need to acquire more and more languages.

People who speak several languages are alsocalled polyglots.



The advantages and disadvantages of

Bilingualism/Multilinguism

Advantages ± Exposure to other cultures- cultural diversity- a

stereoscopic view of the world from two or moreperspectives

±

Building bridges to new relationships- appreciate andunderstand others easily- lesser racism, more tolerence

± Economically advantageous

± Flexible and divergent thinking- ability to manipulate tosolve problems- high order thinking skills

±

Good self-identity ability to have greater size of vocabulary

± Having a passion/interest in the language learnt

± A keener awareness and sharper perspective of language

± The ability to separate the meaning from form



Disadvantages

± Later start to speaking

± Mixing of languages

± Academic overload

± Stuttering

±Dyslexia

± Difficulty amongst adult learners to acquirelanguages- no more elastic as how it was duringbefore puberty (CPH)

± The need to practice the language more often inorder to remember and enhance accuracy andfluency



Official Language



Selecting an official language

An official language is a language that is given a speciallegal status in a particular country, state, or other

jurisdiction. Typically a nation's official language will bethe one used in that nation's courts, parliament and

administration. However, official status can also be used to give a

language (often indigenous) a legal status, even if thatlanguage is not widely spoken. For example, in NewZealand the Mori language has official status under

the Mori Language Act 1987 even though it is spokenby less than five percent of the New Zealandpopulation.



Official language status is often connected

with wider political issues of sovereignty,

cultural nationalism, and the rights of indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities,

including immigrant communities.

For example, the campaign to make Englishthe de jure official language of various states

in the United States of America is often seen

as a way of marginalizing non English-speaking

minorities, particularly Hispanic and Latino

Americans, while others see it as a unifying

force among numerous immigrant groups.

In Holmes J (2008) There are two major levels



In Holmes,J (2008), There are two major levelsplanning that exist in order to select acountrys official language: Corpus planning

and Status planning. Based on these twolevels, there are four major steps involved inmaking a language the official language of acountry:

1. Corpus planning: Codification of a language(step 2); elaboration of vocabulary (step 3)

2. Status planning: Selection of a language (step

1); securing its acceptance (step 4)Also read:

Kumaran Rajandran, National University of Malaysia (UKM)



Corpus planning refers to:

the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language,whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes

in the structure of the language. Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs

about the adequacy of the form of a language to servedesired functions.

corpus planning generally involves planners with greater

linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus

planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.

Status planning refers to:

is the allocation or reallocation of a language or variety tofunctional domains within a society, thus affecting thestatus, or standing, of a language.

Steps primarily undertaken by administrators andpoliticians.



Language and its relationship with

social factors A maxim in sociolinguistics which claims that "You are what

you say" (Lakoff 1991).

Following this claim, we may expand the scope of ourobservation by introducing some social factors that are

believed to influence our language behavior in a socialcontext. Among these factors, some major ones include1) class

2) gender

3) age

4) ethnic identity

5) education background

6) occupation

7) religious belief.

Gender



Gender

Differences between male and female

Women:

± More linguistically polite; women's linguistic behavioris more indirect and, hence, more polite than men's.

± women use more "fancy" color terms such as mauv eand beige

± women use less powerful curse words

± women use more intensifiers such as terrible andawful

± women use more tag questions

± women use more statement questions like Dinner

will be ready at seven oclock?(with a risingintonation at the end)

± Women use more -ing as in walking while menmore towards -in as in walkin



Age

Constructs an identity for one

3 life stages:1. Young age- babbling

2. Teenage- differing in slang, simplified words

3. Elderly age(adult)- well-mannered words, formallanguage, using a sing-song voice, changing pitchand tone, exaggerating words, simplifying thelength and complexity of sentences, speakinglouder and slowly, using limited vocabulary,

repeating and paraphrasing, using loving phraseslike honey and dear, and using statementsthat sound like questions.

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Intro to Sociolings 6 Final Review