Intro to the Human Body

What is Anatomy?

A-na-tom-y The study of internal and external structures From the Greek language and literally meant

“to cut apart” Divided into macro and micro

Microscopic- only seen with magnification Macroscopic- visible to naked eye

What is Physiology ?

Phys-i-ol-ogy Focuses on the functions and vital process of

structures Physi means relationship to nature Ology means the study of

Anatomy or Phsyiology?

The skeletal system A muscle contraction Homeostasis Knee joint The brain

Disease

In 5 words describe what disease is. The word literally means not (dis) at ease Disease is anything that upsets the normal

structure and function of A&P Name common diseases:

Disease terminology

Etiology- cause of the illness Idiopathic-can not determine illness Nosocomial- infectious disease from a medical facility Epidemiology-study of a disease Communicable- spread in a variety of ways like: Person

to person, insect to person, airborne Contagious- only spread person to person Endemic- located in one specific region/location Epidemic- affects large numbers in a region Pandemic- spreads country/nation wide

Review of Medical Terms Abdomin Aden Angio Arthr Cardi Col Cyan Cyt Derm Erythr Gastr Glyc Hemat Hepat

Abdomen Gland Vessel Joint Heart Colon Blue Cell Skin Red Stomach Sugar Blood liver

Medical terms… Hist Hydr Leuk Mamm Nephr Neur Oste Path Phag Phleb Rhin

Tissue Water White Breast Kidney Nerve Bone Disease To swallow Vein nose

Prefixes a/an Acro Brady Dia Dys Electro Endo Epi Hyper Hypo Macro micro Peri Sub tachy

Without Extremities Slow Through Difficult Electric Within Upon Above normal Below normal Large Small Around Below, under fast

Suffixes Al Algia Cyte Ectomy Gram Graphy Ist Itis Megaly Ologist Ology Oma Otomy Ostomy Pathy Penia Phobia Plasty Scope

Pertaining to Pain Cell Surgical removal Actual record Process of recording One who specializes Inflammation Enlargement of One who studies Study of Tumor Cutting into Surgically opening Disease Decrease of lack of Fear of Surgical repair Instrument to view

Abbreviations bid BM BP CA CBC CPR CXR Dx GI ICU IV MI npo po prn q SOB STAT tid ER

Twice a day Bowel movement Blood pressure Cancer Complete blood count Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Chest x ray Diagnosis Gastro intestinal Intensive care unit Intravenous Myocardial infarction Nothing by mouth By mouth As needed Every Shortness of breath Immediately Three times a day Emergency room

Metric System

Based on the power of 10 KHDMDCM

Metabolism

Refers to all chemical operations going on in our bodies

Requires fuel and nutrients to function Produces waste “all the life-sustaining reactions within the

body”

Metabolism subdivided

Anabolism- simpler compounds are built up and used for growth, repair and movement/reproduction

Catabolism- complex substances are broken down into simpler substances. Ex. Breakdown of food into chemical building blocks for energy.

Homeostasis

Is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium. Ex. Heart rate, temperature, BP.

Compare homeostasis to your home thermostat. Needs feedback to determine action This is called negative feedback loop- body

relies on this to sense the internal and external environment.

Feedback

Hypothalamus is the body's thermostatic control.

If it senses cold environments it triggers the body to conserve heat. The body shivers causes muscle activity and generates heat.

It triggers vasoconstriction keeping blood further away from the skin to reduce heat loss

Positive feedback

“vicious cycle” Not a way to regulate the body Continually increases Example- during childbirth the hypothalamus

release oxytocin that triggers uterine contractions. The oxytocin released continues to increase and cause more contractions until the baby is born.

Disease concepts

Signs and symptoms Vital signs A set group of signs and symptoms that may

occur at the same time indicate a SYNDROME.

Chief complaint Diagnosis- an i.d. of the disease Prognosis- a prediction of the diseases

outcome

Body’s Defense System

Pathogenic- microorganisms that cause disease

Skin is first line of defense Immune response- “eat” the pathogens that

penetrated the skin Inflammatory response- occurs when tissues

in your body are injured.

Defense….

Allergic reactions- immune system goes too far and causes damage.

Transmission- vector borne(carried by animal) biological – malaria or mechanical- landing on food Contact- direct -you touch, indirect- not sterilized Common vehicle- consumable goods are

contaminated Airborne- sneezing

Chain of infection- is the complete cycle of a pathogen entering the body and ending in the bloodstream.

Create a real life illustration that compares the idea of positive and negative feedback

Present your creation!

Real Life Comparison

Quiz: Anatomy Physiology Medical terms, abbreviations, etc. Metabolisms Homeostasis Disease concept Response to disease.

Quiz!!!

Reading the MapHuman Body

Anatomical position- erect, face forward, feet parallel with arms hanging at the side, and palms facing forward. Supine- facing upward (on your back) Prone facing downward (on your stomach) Tredelenburg- patient is supine but the head of

the bed is lower than the feet Fowlers-(often used in the hospital) patient is

sitting in the bed with the head of the bed elevated to 45-60 degrees

Body Positions

Body Planes

Are imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections.

Directional terms are created by these planes

There are three main body planes Transverse Midsagittal Frontal

Transverse Plane

Is a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top and bottom half.

The terms superior and inferior are made from this plane.

Superior meaning above other body parts. Inferior meaning below other body parts.

Example the elbow is superior to the wrist and inferior to the shoulder.

Transverse Plane

Cranial and caudal are also related to this plane

Cranial meaning near the head Caudal meaning near the tail.

Midsagittal Plane

Also called the median plane Divides the body into right and left sides Two directional terms are formed from this

plane, medial and lateral. Medial means toward the midline Lateral means away from the midline

Frontal Plane

Also called the coronal plane Divides the body into front and back sections Two directional terms are formed from this

plane Body parts in front of this plane are referred to

as anterior or ventral parts Body parts behind this plane are referred to as

posterior or dorsal parts.

Other Directional Terms

Proximal and Distal Proximal parts are body parts that are close to

the point of reference Distal parts are body parts that are distant

from the point of reference. Example: The knee is proximal to the hip while

the ankle is distal to the hip.

Proximal- refers to being the closest point of reference to your body

Distal- refers to being the farthest point of reference from your body.

Internal- structures inside External-structures outside Superficial- towards the body's surface Deep- away from the body’s surface Ipsilateral- means on the same side Contralateral- means on the opposite side

Additional Directional Terms

Body Planes

Sagittal Plane The Sagittal plane passes through the body front to back, so dividing it into left and

right. Movements in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and extension

Frontal Plane The frontal plane divides the body into front and back. Movements in this plane are

sideways movements, called abduction and adduction Transverse Plane This plane divides the body into top and bottom. Movements in this plane are

rotational in nature, such as internal and external rotation, pronation and supination Anatomical Neutral This is the starting position for describing any movement. It is important that you

know this to be able to understand what is meant by certain movement patterns. It is sometimes also called the anatomical starting position or fundamental starting position.

Anatomical neutral is: Standing upright Legs together and knee straight Toes pointing straight forwards Arms by the side Palms facing forwards

Movements in Planes

Simon Says!!!

Check Point

Remember!!!When you are caring for a patient you will ALWAYS use THEIR left and right. Not yours! This can cause serious problems in surgery and treatment if you tag the wrong body part.

Factoid:-species with a vertebral column are classified as vertebrates and

include fish, amphibians, reptiles birds, and mammals. The various planes of the body are also applied in veterinary medicine with a slight variation in terms. Anterior and posterior terms do not apply to quadrupeds.

- A sigittal plane will divide the body into left and right halves but can divide the body at any point. Only the midsaggital plane divides in the center.

Position me

Now ….. Lets make some MOVES

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that contain the vital organs.

Two main body cavities Dorsal - also called posterior cavity Ventral - also called anterior cavity.

Dorsal Cavity

One long continuous cavity located at the rear of the body.

Divided into two sections Cranial Cavity - contains the brain Spinal Cavity - contains the spinal cord.

Ventral Cavities

Are larger than the dorsal cavities. Located on the front of the body The ventral cavity is separated by the

diaphragm. There are three main ventral cavities

Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic

Thoracic Cavity

Located in the chest Contains major organs including:

Esophagus Trachea Bronchi Lungs Heart Blood vessels

Abdominal Cavity

Is the upper part of the stomach area and contains the following: Stomach Small intestine Most of the large intestine Appendix Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen

Pelvic Cavity

Lower portion of the torso Contains the following

Urinary bladder Reproductive organs Last part of the large intestine

Often times the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are referred to as one unit called the abdomino-pelvic cavity

Other Cavities

Orbital Cavity Contains the eyes

Nasal Cavity Contains the nose structures

Buccal Cavity Contains the teeth and tongue

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions

The abdominal cavity is large so it is divided into regions or sections.

There are two methods of division. Quadrants Regions

Abdominal Quadrants

Abdomen is divided into four sections with the umbilicus being the center point of reference.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)- liver, right kidney, pancreas, gallbladder, colon

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) - colon, small intestines, right femoral artery, and appendix

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, and pancreas

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - colon, small intestines, left femoral artery.

Abdominal Quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Right Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Right Iliac Region Epigastric Region Umbilical region Hypogastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region Left Lumbar Region Left Iliac Region

Abdominal Regions

Quiz Indivually, then help a buddy.

Diagram: Quadrants Cavities Regions

Swap with opponent and grade!

Review

Other Important Body Regions

Antebrachial- forearm Antecubital-front of elbow Axillary- armpit Brachial- underarm Buccal- Cheek Carpal- wrist Cervical- neck Digital- fingers Femoral- upper inner thigh Gluteal- buttocks

Lumbar- lower back Nasal- nose Oral- mouth Orbital- eye Patellar- knee Pedal- foot Plantar- sole of foot Pubic- genital Sternal- breastbone Thoracic-chest

The Spinal Column Cerival 1-7 Thoracic 1-12 Lumbar 1-5 Sacrum

(fused)1-5 Coccyx

Clinial Application Body Regions

Used as diagnotic imaging Xray CT Scan MRI Ultrasound

Radiology

Most common Taken by passing xray beams through specific

areas in the body Depends on the densities Air is least dense / most radiolucent Tissue/fat- depends on thickness. Thicker the

layer the the lighter the image Water is mid ranged in density- more dense

than air and less dense than bone

Xray

Problem is it is only one dimensional Posteroanterior- standard position that

places patient in an up right position with chest in front in front of x-ray film. Beam travels from posterior out the anterior region onto the film.

Anteroposterior- opposite of PA Lateral- done as a compliment of PA to

eliminate interfering organs.

Positioning for Xray

Provides high resolution cross sectional “slices” and creates a 3 d image.

Problem is that it exposes you to high levels of radiation. (like having hundreds of chest xays)

CT/ CAT Scan

Instead of radiation it uses magnetic energy to produce cross sectional imaging.

Imaging is better than a x-ray and CAT scan. Patients must be completely still and are

limited if they have steel prosthetics. Patients who suffer from claustrophobia will

benefit from the creation of open MRI machines

MRI

Also known as sonography Uses sound waves to distinguish structures

in the body. Works like a fish finder Because of this feature we can observe the

action of heart valves, or fetal development. No radiation exposure

Ultrasound

Homeostasis Lab