Intro to x ray

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Introduction to

Automatic X-Ray Inspection

Systems

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Program Overview

•Main Features

•How Does This Technology Work?

•What Can This Technology Do?

•Where Can These Systems Be Installed?

•How Much Do These Systems Cost?

•What Are The Safety Concerns?

•Will X-Rays Degrade or Irradiate My Product?

•What Are The Regulatory Considerations?

•System Specifications

•Utility Requirements

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Main Features Stainless steel cabinet

Light Tower

Tunnel Covers

With Dual Interlocks

Emergency Stop

Conveyor System Which Complies To CFR 1020.40 Standards

Signage Lead curtains

Reject Device

Touch Screen

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Tank

Detector

Product flow X-Ray Beam

Main Features

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Main Features

Touch Screen

VFC

Collimator

Tank

Industrial PC

I-O Board

Detector

X-Gen Board

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How Does This Technology Work?

What is Radiation?

• Radiation is the transmission of energy by means of

particles or waves.

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What are X-Rays?

X-Rays are

• Invisible radiation (energy) capable of penetrating solid

material.

• Useful for seeing inside packages

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1.2 mm SS Sphere

in Hash Brown Potatoes

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How is X-Ray energy measured?

• In Thousand Electron Volt or (KeV).

It is best to select an X-Ray machine that operates at a very

low KeV (from 50-120).

• Lower energy X-rays give you superior sensitivity/resolution

• Reduce heat and increased tube life


Tube

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How are X-Rays generated?

• X-ray Tube generates radiation by acceleration of electrons to target

material (Tungsten) in anode.

Cathode (-)

Emits negatively

charged electrons

(Very High Voltage)

Anode (+)

Electrons strike,

slow down and

convert to X-ray

Photons.

Low Energy X-Ray Photons

How Does This Technology Work ?

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• The X-ray tube is housed within an enclosure that is fan

cooled (known as the Tank).


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Tube is submerged in oil to dissipate heat which

increases life.


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What do we do with the X-rays?

• The X-rays are channeled and contained in the

Collimator into a thin fan beam to inspect the product

on a belt or in a pipeline.


Collimator

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What do we do with the X-rays?

• The collimated fan beam is then directed toward the

Detector (a silicon array of photo-diodes).


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Overview


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Proprietary X-Ray systems group each value of grey level by the number of pixels

of that value (this is called histogramming). This is the technique that Eriez uses

for contaminant detection.


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.5mm SS Metal with a 6 gray value is an anomaly

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Metal in Metal Inspection

1mm SS in canned product

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How X-Rays Detect Atomic Number/Weight

• Food/pharmaceuticals are primarily comprised of C (6), H (1), O(8)

• Detectable contaminants need to have an atomic number higher than the base material.


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Atomic Level

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Glass Shard In Cubed Potatoes

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• Contaminant Detection

• Detect Missing Items

• Mass control

• Product Integrity

• Fill Level

• Confirm Presence Of Leaflets

• Confirm Count

AT THE SAME TIME!

What Can This Technology Do?

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Metal Inspection In Metal Can


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1.2 mm SS

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Whole Golf Ball Detected In

Raw Potato Feed System

Titleist Pro V

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Partial Golf Ball Detected In

Raw Potato Feed System

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Divided Packaging

Integrity Check

•Product fill in each zone

•Pink stick

•Contamination check

for each compartment


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Mass Control and Glass Inspection In Pet

Food

What Can This Technology Do? ® ®

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Confirm Fill Level And Contaminate Inspect

Concurrently

Fill Level Glass Contaminate In Glass Baby Food Jar

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Model FPM Units PM

XR-11 250 200

XR-21 400 800

XR-31 330 600

XR-41 250 450

XR-51 330 750

XR-81 150 50

XR-71 4in pipe = 5000 GPM

3in pipe = 2200 GPM

2.5in pipe = 1500 GPM


System Capacities

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Factors that have traditionally affected metal

detectors such as…..

•Ground Loops

•Foil Packaging

•Liquids

•Conductive Products

•Ambient Noise

Do not effect X-Ray Machines!


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Conveyor Lines

Where Can These Systems Be

Installed?

Pipeline Systems

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Conveyor Package Systems

$41,000-$90,000

How Much Do These Systems

Cost?

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Pipeline Systems

$80,000-$120,000


Cost?

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Case Inspection System

$102,000-$112,000


Cost?

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X-ray emissions are measured in milliroentgen.

Note: 1 milliroentgen of exposure to x-rays will result in approximately 1 millirem of dose.

FDA CFR 1020.4 mandates a maximum exposure limit from

cabinet X-Ray machines at 0.5 milliroentgens/hr @ any point

five centimeters from the external surface.

Safety

(Exposure Limits)

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For comparison….

Cosmic radiation

Flying in a commercial jet at at 35,000 ft (.3-.4 milliroentgens)

Background

Living in geographical regions where heavy elements (Radon)

present.*

*average person receives 360 mrem/year from background radiation

Safety

(Exposure Limits)

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Are the operators of cabinet x-ray systems required to

wear a“radiation badge”?

Personnel monitoring equipment is not required by

Federal regulation for operators of cabinet x-ray systems.

It is possible that some state regulations or the policies of

the operators’ employer require use of personnel

monitoring equipment.

Safety

(Equipment Operators)

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Safety

(Equipment Safeguards)

All cabinet X-Ray machines must comply with FDA

CFR 1020.40 Regulations including...

•Dual circuit interlocks

•Safety relay circuit < 20ms between circuits

•“X-ray on” lamp failure monitoring

•Signage

•Emergency stops

•Appropriate Shielding

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Safety

Eriez X-Ray systems do not contain radioactive materials,

such as Uranium. When the power is shut off, no X-rays

are present or generated.

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Will X-Rays Degrade or Irradiate

My Product?

NO.

The radiation dose typically received by objects scanned by a

cabinet x-ray system is 1 millirad or less.

The minimum dose used in food irradiation for food preservation or

destruction of parasites or pathogens is 30,000 rad.

see Title 21 CFR 179 of FDA guidelines for additional information.

http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=179&showFR=1

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Regulatory Considerations

You will need to:

• Register Equipment according to State and Local

regulations

• Develop Safety Program Audit

• Develop Operating and Emergency Procedures

• Develop Training Program

• Record Retention

• Designate a Radiation Safety Officer*

*only applicable in some states

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Utility Requirements

• Voltage:110/220 60 Hertz Vac single or three phase

• Current: 10 amp

• Wattage: 100-300

• Air Supply: 80-90 psi

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System Specifications

(Detector) Eriez Linear X-Ray detector is an integrated detection

module with a linear diode array up to 1024mm in length. It has the following features :

• Available in diode pitch of 1.6mm, 0.8mm, 0.4mm, 0.2mm

• Data interface RS422 pixel rate of up to 4MHz

• Scan rate from 50 to 4000 scans/sec

• Output resolution of 8 to 12 bits as standard

• Control interface USB 2.0 as standard, RS232 optionally

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(Detector)

• Dual channel radiographic trigger

• Scan rate fixed or synchronous to external clock

• Pixel output normalised by internal DSP processor

• Output translation tables provide gamma law

• All cables exit from end of module for easy connection

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(Required Length)

• XR-11-@60-inches







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(Output Relays)

MOS Relays

• Solid State

• Opto-Isolated

• 24Vdc

• Drive current of 1.5 amps

• Suitable for directly driving valve solenoids, lamps, etc.

• Short circuit protected

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(Detector)

Operational

Ambient temperature

0-40 C

Relative humidity

30-80 % (non condensing)

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(Tank) • The XR high energy tanks are

cooled by circulating oil. They

are powered from 110/240Vac

50/60Hz.

• The XR lower energy tanks are

air cooled by integrated fans.

They are powered from 24Vdc

power supplies (not included).

• The units are controlled by

remote analog inputs or by

RS232 communications.

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(Tank)

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(Tank)

Side-Down Shoot

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(Tank)

Side Shoot

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(Tank)

Top Down

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Summary

• Detection of Contaminants

• Mass control

• Product Integrity

• Fill level

• Insert detection

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Summary

•Real time analysis of product on packaging lines

•Real time inspection of products to confirm mass

•Detection and elimination of foreign bodies including

metal, stone, glass, bone and certain plastics

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Summary

•User friendly

•No frequent calibration

•Automatically analysis and rejection

•Auto Set-up

•Adaptive software algorithms

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Summary

•Windows XP Professional Operating System

•Ethernet interface to high speed wireless network

•Optional wireless network

•External USB connectors

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Summary

• Proprietary X-Ray systems employ low energy X-Rays which is the key to sensitivity, reliability, and efficiency.

• Safe to operate

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Questions?

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Definitions

Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that

strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In

health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of

ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)

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Definitions

Dose means the quantity of radiation or energy absorbed. Dose

may refer to the following:

•absorbed dose, the amount of energy deposited per unit mass.

•equivalent dose, the absorbed dose adjusted for the relative

biological effect of the type of radiation being measured.

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Definitions

Roentgen (R) is a unit of exposure of ionizing radiation and

indicates the strength of the ionizing radiation. One Roentgen is the

amount of x-ray needed to produce ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit

of electrical charge in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard

conditions.

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Definitions

Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is the basic unit of absorbed

radiation dose. A dose of 1 rad to an object means each gram of the

object received 100 ergs of energy or 1 rad = 100 ergs/gram.

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Definitions

Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem) is the basic unit of

equivalent dose, and relates the absorbed dose in human

tissue to the biological effect of the radiation.

Not all radiation has the same biological effect, even for the

same amount of absorbed dose.

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Definitions

Exposure is a term defining the amount of ionizing radiation that

strikes living or inanimate material. (This is a general definition. In

health physics, exposure is specifically defined as a measure of

ionization in air caused by x-ray or gamma radiation only.)

Documents

Intro to x ray