Introduction 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE

& ENGINEERING

MME 2501 - Engineering Materials 2

Course Objective...

Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science

& Engineering

You will learn about: material structure

how structure dictates properties

how processing can change structure

This course will help you to: use materials properly

realize new design opportunities with materials

Technological Challenges

Development of sophisticated & specialised materials

Consideration of environmental impact

Nuclear energy radioactive waste

New materials with better properties

New source of energy, renewable & sustainable

Materials plays important role

Conversion of solar energy

Better properties, competitive cost, technologically viable

Green Technology

MME 2501 - Engineering Materials

3
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 4

What is materials science? What is materials engineering? Why should we know about it?

Materials drive our society Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Now?

Silicon Age? Polymer Age? Nanomaterials?

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Metals vs Plastics Dustbin 6

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Example Hip Implant 7

With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.

Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).



Requirements

mechanical strength (many cycles)

good lubricity

biocompatibility


Example Develop New Types of Polymers 11

Commodity plastics large volume ca. $0.50 / lb Ex. Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene etc.

Engineering Resins small volume > $1.00 / lb Ex. Polycarbonate Nylon Polysulfone etc. Can polypropylene be upgraded to properties (and price) near those of engineering resins?


12

Structure, Processing, & Properties

ex: hardness vs structure of steel Properties depend on structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel Processing can change structure

Hard

ness (

BH

N)

Cooling Rate (C/s)

100

2 00

3 00

4 00

5 00

6 00

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(d)

30 mm (c)

4 mm

(b)

30 mm

(a)

30 mm


Types of Materials 13

Metals: Strong, ductile

high thermal & electrical conductivity

opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of es Soft, ductile, low strength, low density

thermal & electrical insulators

Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)

Brittle, glassy, elastic

non-conducting (insulators)


Composites Composites are combinations of materials, which can be as simple as concrete reinforced with steel bars or as leading edge as an ultralight, carbon-fiber bicycle.

Semiconductors One of these materials - silicon - is making it possible for you to read these words right now! That's because silicon is the essential material in an electronic computer chip. "Semiconductor" means a material can conduct electricity with a bit of help in the form of added "impurities." Your CD, DVD player, and telephone - all depend on semiconductors.


14

15

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.

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ELECTRICAL 16

Electrical Resistivity of Copper:

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

T (C) -200 -100 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Resis

tivity,

r

(10

-8 O

hm

-m)

0



THERMAL Space Shuttle Tiles: --Silica fiber insulation

offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity

of Copper: --It decreases when

you add zinc!

Composition (wt% Zinc) T

herm

al C

onductivity

(W/m

-K)

400

300

200

100

0 0 10 20 30 40

100 mm


MAGNETIC Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: --Adding 3 atomic % Si

makes Fe a better

recording medium!

Magnetic Storage: --Recording medium

is magnetized by

recording head.

Magnetic Field M

ag

ne

tiza

tio

n

Fe+3%Si

Fe

19

OPTICAL

Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or

opaque depending on the material structure.

single crystal

polycrystal:

low porosity

polycrystal:

high porosity



DETERIORATIVE

Stress & Saltwater... --causes cracks!

4 mm --material: 7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Heat treatment: slows crack speed in salt water!

held at 160C for 1 hr before testing

increasing load cra

ck s

pe

ed

(m

/s)

as-is

10 -10

10 -8

Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23C


Recap

Use the right material for the job.

Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Mention types of materials along its properties

and application

Activity

Think about modern/advance product

Mountain bike, racing car, boat, Coca-Cola container

Made of: Metal, Ceramic, Polymer, Composite, Semiconductor, Biomaterial, Smart Material

Discuss: properties, structures, example, application


22

Documents

Introduction 1