Introduction and Overview of GIS and Software

8/20/2019 Introduction and Overview of GIS and Software

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Introduction and Overview

of GIS and Software


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How to learn GIS?


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Self Learning


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Learning by Doing


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Introduction

Who use GIS? & what can we do withGIS

How does GIS work?

Geograhy database & tyes of data

!eatures of GIS

Su""ary

#hater Outlines


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We Live in $wo Worlds

Self-Regulating Managed

Natural World Constructed World

. . . These Are Increasingly In Conict


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#onte%t and #ontent

Watersheds #o""unities eighborhoods Districts

'atterns Linkages $rends

Seeing the Whole Managing Places


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(

What is GIS?


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GISs are simultaneously the telescope, themicroscope, the computer, and the Xerox

machine of regional analysis and synthesis

of spatial data. )*on +bler, (-../

What is a GIS?


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Geograhic Infor"ation Syste" )GIS/ is aco"uter0based syste" including software,hardware, eole, and geograhic infor"ation

+ GIS can1create, edit, 2uery, analy3e, and dislay"a infor"ation on the co"uter


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Geograhic 4 .56 of govern"ent data collected is

associated with so"e location in sace

Infor"ation 0 attributes, or thecharacteristics )data/, can be used to sy"boli3e and

rovide further insight into a given location

Syste" 4 a sea"less oeration linking the infor"ation tothe geograhy 4 which re2uires hardware, networks,software, data, and oerational rocedures

7not 8ust software97not 8ust for "aking "as9

Geograhic Infor"ation Syste"


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Geograhic ri"itive

G : f)%, y, 3, t, !/


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Ob8ects and sy"bols


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;a powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving

at will, transforming and displaying spatial

data from the real world for a particular set of purposes;

) =/>

;automated systems for the capture, storage,

retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data>;)#larke, (--, > (@/>

DeAnition (1 + GIS is a toolbo%


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Help us to manage what we know

Make it easy to organize and store, access and

retrieve, manipulate and synthesize, and apply

solution of problems

Examples of Information Systems

+ GIS is an infor"ation syste"

Information Systems


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; An information system that is designed to

work with data referenced by spatial or

geographic coordinates. In other words, a GISis both a database system with speciccapabilities for spatially!referenced data, aswell as a set of operations for working with the

data; )Star and Bstes, (--5, > C/>

DeAnition C1 + GIS is an infor"ationsyste"


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; A geographic information system is a special

case of information systems where the

database consists of observations onspatially distributed features, activities orevents, which are denable in space as

points, lines, or areas. A geographic

information system manipulates data aboutthese points, lines, and areas to retrievedata for ad hoc "ueries and analyses;)Dueker, (--, (5=/>

DuekerEs (-- deAnition )> C5/ hassurvived the test of ti"e>


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+ GIS is Fe%ible enough to be used for ad hoc

2uery and analysis )in sace, about lace/

+ GIS can do analysis, "odeling andrediction

Dueker )ctd/


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Geograhic Infor"ation Science is research

both on and with GIS>

;the generic issues that surround the use of GIStechnology, impede its successfulimplementation, or emerge from anunderstanding of its potential capabilities.;

)Goodchild, (--C/

DeAnition @1 GIS is an aroach toscience


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DeAnition 1

GIS lays a role in society>

'ick &hrisman ()***+ has dened

GIS as #organi%ed activity by which people measure and representgeographic phenomena, and then

transform these representationsinto other forms while interactingwith social structures.


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International organi3ations

J H+

Govern"ent Kinistries of Bnviron"ent, Housing, +griculture, ho"e

aairs etc> Local +uthorities, #ities, Kunicialities, etc> +gencies for 'lanning, 'arks, $ransortation, etc>

on0roAt organi3ationsGOMs World *esources Institute, I#IKOD, etc>

+cade"ic and *esearch Institutions Jniversities, +S$, etc>

Who uses GIS?


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$he ossibilities are unli"ited7

'hysical 'lanning


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Sy"bols and i"ages


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Kas and infor"ation


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Satial and non0satialdata

Part Number Quantity Description

1034161 5 Wheel spoke

1051671 1 Ball bearing

1047623 6 Wheel rim

1021413 2 Tire

1011210 3 Handlebars

Crimes during 2003

Date Location Type

22-Jan 123 James S! "obber#

24-Jan 22 Smih S! B$rglar#10-%eb & 'lm S! (4) )ssa$l

13-%eb 12 %i*h )+en$e Breaking and 'nering

14-%eb 17 ,el la#a ,r$nk and ,isorderl#


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Ka Overlay


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DuekerEs deAnition uses the feature "odel of

geograhic sace>

$he standard feature "odel divides a "aedlandscae u into features, that can be oints, lines,or areas>

Jsing a GIS involves caturing the satial distributionof features by "easure"ent of the world or of "as>

+l"ost all hu"an activity and natural heno"ena aresatially distributed, so can be studied using a GIS>

+ GIS uses "a features to "anage data>

$he !eature Kodel


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G h d


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Geograhy and

Databases + GIS stores infor"ation about the world as a

collection of the"atic layers that can belinked together by geograhy

Polygon 3 Scrub 17 ery !ig! Clay


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GIS rovides Data Integration

ectors

Topology

Net"or#s

Terrain

Sur$eys

%mages

C&D

Dra"ings

&nnotation

&ddresses

27 'ain St(

&ttributes

&)C

107*

3D +b,ects

Dimensions

• Roads

• Land Parcels• Population• Utilities• Land Mines• Hospitals

• Refugee Camps• Wells• Sanitation


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GISMs origins lie in the"atic cartograhy

Kany lanners used the "ethod of "a

overlay using "anual techni2ues Kanual "a overlay as a "ethod was Arst

described co"rehensively by Nac2ueline $yrwhitt in a (-5 lanning te%tbook

HcHarg used blacked out transarent overlaysfor site selection in -esign with 'ature

+


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$yrwhitt1 $own & #ountry 'lanning


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$he (-=5s saw "any new for"s of geograhic data

and "aing software

#o"uter cartograhy develoed the Arst basic GISconcets during the late (-5s and (-=5s

Linked software "odules, rather than stand0alonerogra"s, receded GISs

Barly inFuential data sets were the World Data

+


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GIS was signiAcantly altered by )(/ the '# and

)C/ the workstation

During the (-.5s, new GIS software couldbetter e%loit "ore advanced hardware

Jser Interface develo"ents led to GISEsvastly i"roved ease of use during the (--5s

During the (-.5s, new GIS software couldbetter e%loit "ore advanced hardware

+


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GIS

CAD/CAM

Military Studies

Cartography

Remote Sensing

Spatial Mathematics

Urban Planning

Geography

Computer Science Earth Science

Surveying and Photogrammetry Civil Engineering

Development of GIS


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GIS *esources1 #onferences


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International Nournal of Geograhical

Infor"ation Syste"s

Geograhical Syste"s $ransactions in GIS

Geosatial solutions

Geoworld

Ka8or GIS0Only Nournals


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Geosatial solutions

GIS Law

Geoworld G'S World

Kaing awarenessKaing awareness andGIS in Buroe+sia+frica

'oular Distribution Kaga3ines


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+J$O#+*$O International Sy"osiu" on

+uto"ated #artograhy

GISLIS> Sonsored by ++G, +#SK, +K!K,+S'*S, J*IS+> Held every year, retired in (--.>

International +dvanced Study Sy"osiu" on $oological Data Structures for GeograhicInfor"ation Syste"s

'roceedings International Sy"osiu" on SatialData Handling> IGJ #o""ission on GIS>

SSD +dvances in satial databases

'roceedings of #onferences


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GI$+1 $he Geosatial and Infor"ation $echnolgy

+ssociation )htt1www>gita>org/

++G1 $he +ssociation of +"erican Geograhers>)htt1www>aag>org/

+#SK1 +"erican #ongress on Surveying andKaing )htt1www>acs">net/

+S'*S1 +"erican Society for 'hotogra""etry and*e"ote Sensing )htt1www>asrs>org/

+#IS1 orth +"erican #artograhic Infor"ationSociety )htt1www>nacis>org/

J*IS+1 Jrban and *egional Infor"ation Syste"s+ssociation )htt1www>urisa>org/

'rofessional Organi3ations


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GIS1 #o""ercial websites

WWW *esources1


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WWW *esources1JSGS


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WWW *esources1 $e%tbook 'ages


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e%t $oic1

GISMs *oots in #artograhy


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)eographic data

Te !asic re"uirement for displa#ing tese o!$ects is tat itmust !e possi!le to connect tem to a position%Geograpical positions are descri!ed !# an & co'ordinateand a # co'ordinate tat indicate te position in a t(o'dimensional co'ordinate s#stem%


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Depending on te scale) teo!$ect t#pes can also !ed#namic% *or e&ample) on temap of +frica) te cit# of

,airo!i (ould !erepresented as a point (ileon a map of central -en#a) it(ould !e presented as apol#gon%

continuous sur*aces must berepresented di**erently on amap+

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/faq-index.htmlhttp://www.geographynetwork.com/http://www.gis.com/http://www.giscafe.com/http://www.geoplace.com/


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.ector/ + series of &)# coordinates

/ *or discrete data represented as points) lines) pol#gons

Raster/ Grid and cells

/ *or continuous data suc as elevation) slope) surfaces

+ Des0top GIS sould !e a!le to andle !ott#pes of data effectivel#1

",o *undamental types o* data


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Raster

-ector

Real World

Data Representation


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The Vector Data Model

-eatures o. Spatial +b,ect

Points .'/ample 0 1o2aion o* ho$se3

Lines .'/ample 0 "ail4a#3

Polygons .'/amples 0 %ores area3

The lo2aion o* *ea$res on he earh5s s$r*a2e are

re*erred o map posiions $sing an 67 2oordinae

s#sem .ermed a 8aresian 8oordinae S#sem3!

Point ) Singl# 67 pair

Line Series o* 67 pair

Polygon ) 2losed loop o* 67 2oordinae pairs

ha de*ine he bo$ndar#

riginal map

. Coordinate

-ector representation Coordinate

0001 11

Vector Representation


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12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

/ /

/ / 1 2

7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7

C+L'N

+4

56008

Cell Si9e

esolution

-ile Coordinate

Starting o" Column

:eograp!ic Coordinate

RASTER MODELRASTER MODEL ;


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-ector Data

-ector(andling

-ector %nput

-ector utput

Raster-ector

Conversion

-ectorDisplay

RasterDisplay

-ector3RasterConversion

SpatialAnalysis

Raster Data

Raster(andling

Raster %nput

Raster utput

Spatial Analysis

1+ Computer Cartography0+ Photogrammetry4+ E5isting Data

1+ Remote Sensing0+ )PS4+ Scanner6+ E5isting Data

Integration of Vector and Raster System - y!rid

System


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Reports

Maps

Photographic

Products

Statistics

Data to ther

Digital

Database

Data %nput to Models

Data *rom

Maps

"abular Data

!ield Data

Data *rom

ther Digital

Database

Remote

Sensing

Collection %nput

and Correction

Storage and

Retrieval

Manipulation and Analysis

utput and

Reporting

)eographic %n*ormation System

Database Management

ther )eographic

%n*ormation Systems

E5ternal Statistical

Pac7ages

ther )eographic %n*ormation

Systems

)lobalPositioning

System

"rincipal Components and #$nctions of an Ideal GIS"rincipal Components and #$nctions of an Ideal GIS

Oth f t f


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'roduce good cartograhic roducts )translation: "as/

Generate and "aintain "etadata

Jse and share georocessing "odels

Kanaging data in a geodatabase using data"odels for each sector

Other features of a

GIS


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Documents

Introduction and Overview of GIS and Software