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Lecture outline:• Definition of Anatomy
– Importance – Branches of Anatomy
• What are we going to study in this course?– Difficulties you may face in studying Anatomy
• Variations • Anatomical position • Anatomical planes • Anatomical terms • Terms of movements • Body regions & cavities• Human body systems
Definition of Anatomy
• Is the study of the structure of the human body at different levels.
• This includes the gross, microscopic (cellular) and developmental (embryonic) levels.
• Importance:– To be able to understand the effects of the
disease.– To be able to intervene when necessary
Branches of Anatomy:
• Gross Anatomy: the study of the body structure by the naked eye.– Regional (topographical) study.– Systemic study.
• Histology: the study of the body tissues with aid of the microscope.
• Surface Anatomy: the study of the relationship between the deep structures and the relatively constant surface features.
Branches of Anatomy;• Radiological Anatomy:
the study of the body structure by the use of radiological techniques.
• Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): the study of the developmental events of the embryo.
• Neuro-anatomy: the study of the structure of the parts of the nervous system.
What are we going to study in this semester?
Difficulties you may face in studying Anatomy:- No logical beginning → wait!- A lot to memorize → attend dissection - Strange terminology → try to find the meaning
• Introduction to Anatomy• Histology: general and
systemic • GIT, respiratory and
cardiovascular systems
Variation
• Humans show different aspects of variation • Least in CNS and most in the venous system• Don’t get confused!!
Anatomical position
• Is a reference for the anatomical description in which the individual is:– Standing in the erect position– Face & eyes directed forward– Hands by the sides with palms
facing forward – Heels together with big toes
pointing forward
• Median or sagittal plane: is the vertical plane which divides the body into left and right halves.
• Any plane parallel to the median is called parasagittal or paramedian.
• Coronal plane: a vertical plane at right angle to the median plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
• Transverse (horizontal) plane: lies at right angles to both coronal and median.
• Oblique plane.
Anatomical terms Back Rear
Front
Nearer to the head
Nearer to the feet
Closer to midline
Further from the midline
Comparative and embryological terms
Comparative or embryological terms
Descriptive terms
Ventral Anterior
Dorsal Posterior
Rostral, cranial or cephalic Superior
Caudal Inferior
Terms for limbs
Near and far
from the trunk (in case of limbspreaxial
Postaxial
The lateral border
The medial border
Flexor and extensor side?
Other terms:
• Inside, interior, internal X exterior, external • Invagination X evagination • Superficial X deep• Ipsilateral X contralateral • Bilateral X unilateral
Body regions & cavities
• Regions: – Head (cephalic)– Neck )cervical)– Thorax (chest)– Abdomen (+ pelvis)– Upper & lower limbs– Back
• Cavities:– Cranial – Thoracic – Abdominopelvic