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Introduction to BMP - Analytics
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Donnerstag, 17. November 2016 2 Labor für Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Donnerstag, 17. November 2016 3 Labor für Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Hints – Reactor Handling
• Avoid leaving the incubator door open longer than necessary
• Take your bottles out and measure as quick as possible
• Release gas if necessary (in all reactors of one serie)
• Be careful with the valves
Thursday, 17 November 2016 4 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Pressure measurement Experiment 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20
Pre
ssu
re [
ba
r]
Time [days]
Blank Substrate
You get the final pressure values (per reactor & day) by:
• first sum up the pressures of each reactor
• and then subtracting the mean blank value of each day
Thursday, 17 November 2016 5 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Pressure measurement Experiment 1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pre
ssu
re [
mb
ar]
Time [hours]
B17 real B18 realReactor I Reactor II
How to calculate the BMP starting from here?
You get the final pressure values (per reactor & day) by:
• first sum up the pressures of each reactor
• and then subtracting the mean blank value of each day
Thursday, 17 November 2016 6 Lab for Environmental Engineers
𝑉2 =𝑉1 ∗ 𝑝1 ∗ 𝑇2𝑝2 ∗ 𝑇1
𝑉1 ∗ 𝑝1𝑇1
= 𝑉2 ∗ 𝑝2𝑇2
V1 = [bottle volume (ml) – filling volume (300ml)]/1000 V2 = x (L) p1 = p Sum (mbar) Biogas p2 = 1013 (mbar) T1 = 311 K T2 = 273 K
Reactor BMP
Calculation – conversion into BMP
You end up with a volume. What do you need to do now?
Thursday, 17 November 2016 7 Lab for Environmental Engineers
• Is the threshold value reached?
• Where is the threshold value?
• If it’s not yet reached is there a forecast?
0
200
400
600
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
BM
P [
NL
ga
s /
kg
oT
S]
Time [hours]
Predicted B17 B18Reactor I Reactor II
Calculation – the predicted BMP
How to calculate the theoretical BMP?
Predicted
Calculation – the predicted BMP
Thursday, 17 November 2016 8 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Use the Buswell equation
SOP – Anaerobic Digestion Analysis
Thursday, 17 November 2016 9 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameters:
• TS
• oTS
• Gas quality
Process control parameters:
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Fatty Acids
Two main Parts:
Thursday, 17 November 2016 10 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameter TS – total solids
• Duplicate sampling
• Absolute measure
• Aluminium dish
• 105°C
• Constant weight
Thursday, 17 November 2016 11 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameter oTS – organic total solids
• Duplicate sampling
• Absolute measure
• Aluminium dish
• 550°C !!!
• Constant weight
Follow up analysis from TS
SOP – Anaerobic Digestion Analysis
Thursday, 17 November 2016 12 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameters:
• TS
• oTS
• gas quality
Process control parameters:
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Fatty Acids
Two main Parts:
Homogeneous sampling
Thursday, 17 November 2016 13 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Process control parameters
What do we measure and why?
pH alone is not enough
Thursday, 17 November 2016 14 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Process control parameters Titration
• Titration with H2SO4 0.05 mole/L
• Fix Endpoints at pH: 5, 4.3, 4
Thursday, 17 November 2016 15 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Process control parameters Titration preparation
• Sampling
• Centrifuging
• Filtrating
• Diluting
Thursday, 17 November 2016 16 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Process control parameters Titration The Kapp equation:
𝑨𝒍𝒌 = 𝑨 ∗ 𝑵 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝑽
Alk = Alkalinity (mmol/L) A = Acid used to titrate from initial pH to pH 4.3 (ml) N = Normality (mmol/L) SV = Sample Size (ml)
𝑽𝑭𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝑵 ∗ 𝑩 𝑺𝑽 − 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 ∗ 𝑨𝒍𝒌 − 𝟐𝟓
VFA = Volatile Fatty Acids (mg/L) B = Acid used to titrate from pH 5 to pH 4 (ml)
SOP – Anaerobic Digestion Analysis
Thursday, 17 November 2016 17 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameters:
• TS
• oTS
• gas quality
Process control parameters:
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Fatty Acids
Two main Parts:
Homogeneous sampling Need of a control reactor
Thursday, 17 November 2016 18 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameter Gas quality
Gas quality: ratio between CH4 : CO2
Thursday, 17 November 2016 19 Lab for Environmental Engineers
Mass balance parameter Gas quality preparation
Follow the instructions at the lab to prepare the
samples for gas quality measurements
When do we measure what (in Experiment II)?
Analysis Interval
TS / oTS / of all components Start / End of the experiment
pH 2 times per week
Titration In critical moments (at the beginning)
Gas quality With every discharge of gas from the reactors
Schedule of today’s afternoon
• Quick introduction on the new material at the lab
• Pressure measurements
• Do the titration measurements (sampling reactor)
• Measure the gas quality (in assistance)
• End the TS measurement, that started last week
• Start the 0TS measurement
• Preparing the reactors for experiment II
• Start with the conversion from pressure to BMP