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Introduction to Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave Frequency Control
Products
體聲波及表面聲波頻率控制產品之簡介
May 24, 2006St. John’s University
C.S. [email protected] Corporation
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TXC BriefWhat is a Wave?Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave (BAW and
SAW)EarthquakesWhy Quartz?BAW TechnologySAW TechnologySome
Interesting SAW Applications
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Crystals
Oscillators
SAW Devices
Timing Modules
http://www.txccorp.com
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Peitou HeadquartersTaipei, Taiwan
1,568 Sq. M.(16,900 Sq. Ft.)
Ping Cheng FactoryTaoyuan, Taiwan
10,800 Sq. M.(116,000 Sq. Ft.)
Ningbo FactoryZhejiang, China
56,000 Sq. M.(603,000 Sq. Ft.)
Locations in Taiwan and Mainland China
Ping Cheng New Building
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◆ Factory (2)■ Sales & FAE (8)● Technology Center (1)●
Distributor (8)▲MFG Rep (12)
~1,300 Employees
◆
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▲
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▲
▲
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▲
▲
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Ningbo
Taoyuan
SuzhouShanghai
Los Angeles, CA
Germany
FinlandDenmark
UKNetherlandsSwitzerland
Shenzhen■◆
■
■
▲■
■●Boise, ID
Taipei
New Yokohama
●Norway
Singapore
San Jose, CA ■■
Beijing● Italy
Worldwide Locations
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Established SMD Production Lines in 1997
* Consolidated Revenues- Incl. Taiwan and China Factories
613.5
328.7
284.8
$14.934
$26.992
$106.884$115.98*
2005
$37.516$17.118$11.291$7.608$12.323$15.747$7.412Gross Profit
$20.074$7.651$4.191$2.297$4.813$9.408$2.735Net Profit
476.9
223.8
253.1
$86.414$91.67*
2004
843.7
466.8
376.9
$138.240$150.17*
2006
(forecast)
403.4
189.5
213.9
$63.909
2003
167.8145.5127.082.1Production DIP (M Pcs)
96.473.469.717.7Production SMD (M Pcs)
264.2218.9196.799.8Total Production (M Pcs)
$51.259$56.725$63.547$32.602Operating Revenues
2002200120001999Item / Year
(US$ in M)
Finance
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* Source- iSuppli 2004 (Excluding Dedicated IF and RF SAW
Companies)
10.0%55 New ZealandRakon9
15.9%51SwitzerlandMicrocrystal10
18.1%60 JapanRiver8
53.8%85 JapanTEW7
38.5%92 TaiwanTXC6
10.5%183 USAVectron5
29.2%253 JapanKDS4
1.6%334 JapanKED3
18.3%478JapanNDK2
N/A570JapanEpson-Toyocom1
% Change from 2003
2004 RevenueIn US Million$ CountryCompany Name2006 Rank
Los Angeles, CA (PRWEB) May 18, 2006 -- Frequency Control
Insights (FCI) has released its findings on the crystal and
oscillator market which show the market grew 6.5% in 2005 to $3.1
billion. Growth in 2005 was lower versus the 12.6% growth in 2004,
which can be attributed to lower electronic equipment growth.
However, FCI is forecasting solid market growth for crystals and
oscillators with the market reaching $4.6 billion in 2010. Growth
will be driven by a number of different application areas.
2006 Ranking
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Applications of Crystals and Crystal Oscillators in Taiwan
Telecom Products 通信產品
Network Products 網路產品
IT Products 資訊產品
Consumer Products 消費性電子產品
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Nokia 3310 GSM Handset- Piezoelectric Components
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Wireless Communication
Mobile
Bluetooth
WLAN
Others
Networking
WAN
Others
Automotive
Non-Safety
Safety
Networking
MAN
Long HaulSize ↓
Supply Voltage ↓Reliability ↑
PECL/LVDSJitter ↓
Reliability ↑ ↑
PECL/LVDSJitter ↓↓
Reliability ↑ ↑ ↑
Reliability ↑
IT
Multimedia Devices
Desktop/Laptop
Peripherals
Digital Imaging
Others
Size ↓
Current Automotive Crystal Application Program (ACAP)
Advanced Oscillators and Modules (AOM)
Directions
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體聲波 Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) = Crystal
表面聲波 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
頻率控制產品 Frequency Control Products (FCPs)
Some Terms
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Definition of a Wave
Webster's dictionary defines a wave as "a disturbance or
variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point
in a medium and that may take the form of an elastic deformation or
of a variation of pressure, electric or magnetic intensity,
electric potential, or temperature."
The most important part of this definition is that a wave is a
disturbance or variation which travels through a medium. The medium
through which the wave travels may experience some local
oscillations as the wave passes, but the particles in the medium do
not travel with the wave.
What’s a Wave?
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Body Waves and Surface Waves
Body Waves travel through the interior of the Earth.
P, Primary, or Compressional waves travel the fastest (~6 km/sec
in the upper crust)….
S, Secondary, or Shear waves are somewhat slower (~3.5 km/sec in
the upper crust)….
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/acousticplane.htm
ρ is the density, and µ and λ are the Lamé constants.
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Body Waves and Surface Waves
Surface Waves travel along the Earth's surface. Slower than body
waves. Do the most damages.
Love waves shake the ground side-to-side like an S wave.
Rayleigh waves displace the ground like rolling ocean waves. The
ground rolls forward and up and then down and backwards.
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8/17/1999, Turkey Earthquake (18,000 persons killed about 40,000
injured)
Origin time 00:01:38 UTC/GMT, Latitude 40.64 degrees N,
Longitude 29.83 degrees E
Magnitude: MW 7.8 based on 4 mm 100 sec Rayleigh waves near
Leonard, OK
Depth 10 kilometers
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不考慮地震波動的衰減與幾何擴散
特性那麼在地表所感受到的振動該
是先Ｐ波引起的短週期上下振動，
隨後為由Ｓ波引起的短週期水平振
動，最後是由表面波引起的長週期
振動。
地震站 A , B , C
地震
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The Quartz We Know
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Music Tuning Fork and Quartz Watch Tuning Fork
32,768 Hz = 2**15 Cycles/sec.
Note E 659 Hz
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Key Materials- Quartz
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Why Quartz?
Tij = cijklSkl – ekijEkDi = eijkSjk + εijEj
(壓電特性)
http://www.piezo.com/tech4history.html
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Why Quartz?
O -2
Si +4
O -2
An electric field is applied , the induced electric filed is
generated and force the Oxygen atoms move outward .
The SiO2 is always in the static state of electric neutral .
Y
X
O -2
Si +4
O -2- - - - -+ + + + + +
+ + + + +- - - - - - -
O -2
Si +4
O -2+ + + + +
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
+ + + + + +
An opposite electric field is applied, the induced electric
field is generated and force the Oxygen atoms move closer .
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Different Cuts of Quartz
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Accurate, Precise and Stable?
Precise butnot accurate
Not accurate andnot precise
Accurate butnot precise
Accurate andprecise
Time TimeTimeTime
Stable butnot accurate
Not stable andnot accurate
Accurate butnot stable
Stable andaccurate
0
f fff
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BAW-based (
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32.768 KHz
T 2/3/6/7/8Tuning Fork
type
8x4.5 5x3.2
Seam Seal Glass SealSeamseal
SMD
4.1x1.5
SMD type2.5x27x5 4x256x3.5 5x3.2 3.2x2.5
Seamseal
49S/SMD49S49U UM-1DIP type
Resistance Weld
Crystals
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DIP Type Crystal
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SMD Type Crystal
+ +
=
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Round and Rectangular Quartz Resonators
HC-49/U DIP
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High Frequency Fundamental (HFF) Crystal Resonator
100~200 MHz and higher
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Crystal- and SAW-based Oscillators
7x5 Crystal Oscillator
7x5 SAW Oscillator
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OCXO (AT-Cut / SC-Cut)
CXO 14x9 7x5 5x3.2 3.2x2.5 2.5x2.0
TCXO 5x3.2 3.2x2.5
VCXO 14x9 7x5
Crystal Oscillators
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XO/TCXO/OCXO
TemperatureSensor
TemperatureSensor
CompensationNetwork orComputer
CompensationNetwork orComputer
XOXO
• Temperature Compensated (TCXO)
-450C ff∆
+1 ppm
-1 ppm
+1000CT
OvencontrolOven
controlXOXO
TemperatureSensor
TemperatureSensor
Oven
• Oven Controlled (OCXO)
-450C ff∆
+1 x 10-8
-1 x 10-8+1000CT
VoltageTune
Output
• Crystal Oscillator (XO)
-450C
-10 ppm
+10 ppm250C
T+1000C
ff∆
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XO
TCXO
MCXO
OCXO
Rb
Cs
Abbre.
10-5 to 10-4
10-6
10-8 to 10-7
10-8
10-9
10-12 to 10-11
Accuracy (ppm)
Computer timing, etc.
Mobile phones, tactical radios, etc.
Spread spectrum system clock, etc.
Navigation system clock &frequency standard, radar,
basestations, etc.
Satellite terminals, radar, etc.
Strategic equipment, EW, etc.
Crystal oscillator
Temperature compensated crystal oscillator
Microcomputer compensated crystal oscillator
Oven controlled crystal oscillator
Small atomic frequency standard
High performance atomic standard
Typical ApplicationsOscillator Type
Hierachy of Oscillators
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and Homo Sapien (Modern Man)
Stop oscillation
TCXO, OCXO, etc.
Aging- long term stability
Jitter- short term instability
Pullability
Frequency- sub-KHz to MHz and above
Input- supply current
Other active/passive components
Package
ASIC
Crystal- pumps and regulates current flow
Voltage
Current
Crystal Oscillator (XO)
Death
Person with more stable emotions
Aging- long term stability
Anger- short term instability
Can work long hours if needed
Frequency- 1 Hz per 24 hours
Input- food
Other organs
Body
Brain
Heart- pumps and regulates blood flow
Blood Pressure
Blood
Homo Sapien (HS)
Crystal Oscillator
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Water Wave and Surface Acoustic Wave
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/water.gif
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/rayleigh.gif
Water.gif
Rayleigh.gif
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Many Types of SAW
SAWRayleigh WaveLamb WaveLove WaveSSBWSTWLSAWPSAWHVPSAWBGS
WaveStoneley WaveSezawa Wave……
X
Z
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Bleustein-Gulyaev-Shimizu (BGS) Wave(Piezoelectric SH-Wave)
SAW and Heavy Motor Cycles? 表面聲波與重型機車 ?
Dr. Jeffrey Bleustein, Former CEO of Harley Davidson
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Interdigital Transducer (IDT)
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SAW Filter (Transversal)
(Electrical/Mechanical/Electrical Conversions)
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λ
Of the same λ, higher V substrates give higher f = Achieving
higher f with the same λ
Of the same f, lower V substrates give lower λ= Achieving
smaller chip size of the same f
V= f λ
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Vf (m/s) SAW Velocity
∆v/v Electromechanical Coupling Constant k2 = -(∆v/v)
TCD (ppm/C) Temp. Coefficient of Delay
Leakage For LSAW and HVPSAW
Selecting SAW Substrates
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Established (3”~4”)
Quartz (SiO2)Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3)
Lithium Tetraborate (Li2B4O7)ZnO/Glass
Available but Limited Supply (2~4”)
Bismuth Germanium Oxide (Bi12GeO20)Langasite
(La3Ga5SiO14)ZnO/DiamondGallium Phosphate (GaPO4)
At R&D Stage
Potassium Niobate (KNbO3)ZnO/SapphireAlN/SapphireSiO2/LiNbO3
SAW Substrates
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FBAR with Polycrystalline AlN Film (Agilent)
Electrode
Electrode
Silicon Substrate
Polycrystalline AlN Film
Air Gap
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What? Level? How to Achieve?
Frequency Higher SAW, high frequency fundamental (HFF) blank,
analog multiplier, phase lock loop (PLL), film bulk acoustic
resonator (FBAR), ….
Activity Dip Absence Better crystal design tools.
Drive Level Dependence Low Cleaner process.
Stability Better HFF, new BAW/SAW cuts and materials, (Long
& Short Term) compensated, cleaner processes, ….
Functions More PLL, multipliers, dividers, programmable, ….
Power Lower LVPECL, LVDS, 3.3V, 2.5V and lower….
Cost Lower Lower materials & labor cost, better yield,
….
Size Smaller ASIC, innovative packaging techniques-low
temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC),chip scale package (CSP),
flipchip, ….
What the FCP Market Wants?
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Some Interesting SAW Applications
SAW Touch Screen
AOTF
SAW RFID Tags
SAW Sensors
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SAW Touch Screen
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DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 高密度波分复用系统
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer 光塞取多工器/光分插复用器
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Acousto-Optical Interactions
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Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter 声光可调滤波器
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Dropping Wavelengths with AOTFs
Fujitsu 2000
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SAW RFID Tags
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SAW Sensors
Photomicrograph of a monolithically integrated GaAs SAW sensor
showing the SAW device and oscillator amplifier, This sensor
operates at 470 MHz. Changes in the SAW velocity produce changes in
the oscillator frequency (Sandia Labs)
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Q&A
