Introduction to ChE

8/3/2019 Introduction to ChE

1/31

What is ChE?


2/31

Who is a Chemical Engineer?

j An engineer who manufactures chemicals?

jA chemist who works in a factory?

jA glorified plumber?

None of the above


3/31

Chemist or Engineer?

jPure Science or Applied Science?

jWhat do engineers do?

Usemathematics and physical science To overcome technical problems in a safe and

economical fashion


4/31

AIChE Definition

Chemical Engineering is defined as the

application of the principles of the physical

sciences, together with the principles ofeconomics and human relations, to fields

that pertain directly to processes and

process equipment in which matter is

treated to affect a change in state, energycontent or composition


5/31

Chemical Engineer is . . .

j Concerned with the chemical processes that turn

rawmaterials intomarketable products

j Skills that encompass all aspects of

Design

Testing

Scale-up operation

Control

Optimization

Requires detailed understanding of the various unit

operations


6/31

Fundamental Areas of ChE

jMaterials/Energy balances

jChemical Reaction/Kinetics

jPhase EquilibriajTransport Phenomena/Processes


7/31

Work of ChE

jProcess Design

jPlant Design

j

Pilot Plant OperationjProcess Engineering/Plant Operation

jR&D/Product Development

jAcademe

jTechnical Sales/Services

jManagement/Administration


8/31

Interdisciplinary Fields

jEnergy Engineering

jBiological-related Fields

Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology

Biomedical Engineering

Bioremediation

jEnvironmental Engineering

jFood Processing/Engineering


9/31

Interdisciplinary Fields

jChemical Reaction Engineering

jProcess and Systems Control

jMaterials Engineering Ceramics

Polymer Chemistry/Engineering

Nanotechnology


10/31

History of ChE


11/31

Early Start

j In the 18th century, Industrial Revolution in

England

jSulfur Acid Production LeadChamber Method since 1749

Air, H2O, SO

2, nitrate, lead chamber

Glover Tower by John Glover in 1859

Mass transfer tower to recover some lost nitrate


12/31

Early Start

jAlkali Industry

Le Blanc Process by Nicholas Le Blanc (1789)

2 NaCl + H2SO4 pNa2SO4 ,Cl

Na2SO4 + CaCO3 + 4C pNa2CO3 + CaS + 4 CO

Solvay Process by Ernst Solvay (1863) for

NaH

CO3productionAmmonium brine contacted with CO2

jAlkali Works Act of 1863 [UK]


13/31

Early Start

j Petroleum Refining

1st Petroleum refinery built (1850s)

Samuel Kier

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1 barrel (159 L) distillation capacity

1st U.S. commercial oil well (1859)

E L Drake

Titusville, Pennsylvania

70foot oil well

Thermal cracking of Petroleum (1913)

Standard Oil Company (Indiana)


14/31

Early Start

j Course in Chemical Technology was offered atUniversity College, London (1882)

j Henry Edward Armstrong (Central College, laterImperial College) offers a course in chemicalengineering (1885)

j 1888 Department of Chemical Engineering at Glasgow and

West of Scotland Technical College offers day and

evening classes Lewis Norton created Course X at MIT

j Rose Polytechnic Institute awards first BSc ChEin the US (1889)


15/31

George Davis

j Alkali Inspector

j In 1880, proposed the formation of Society ofChemical Engineers

j In 1884, became independent consultantj In 1887, conducted 12 lectures on chemical

operations at Manchester Technical School

j In 1904, published Handbook of Chemical

Engineeringj Most responsible for term of chemical

engineering


16/31

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT)j Lewis Mills Norton initiated the 1st 4 year BS

ChE entitled Course X

j Course X offered (1888)

j 1stbatch of 7 BS ChE graduates of Course X(1891)

j Establishment of School of ChemicalEngineering Practice (1916) by William H

Walker & Warren K Lewisj Establishment of Dept of Chemical Engineering

(1920)


17/31

Arthur Dehon Little

jCoined in the term unit operations in

1915

jHeaded AIChEs Committee on Chemical

Engineering Education

j 1922 AIChE report pointed out the need for

standardization


18/31

Developments in ChE

j 1883 Osborne Reynolds defines

dimensionless group for fluid flow

j 1891 MIT awarded 1stbatch of BSc ChE

j 1892 University of Pennsylvania started

offering ChE

j 1894 Tulane University started offering ChE

j 1901 George Davis producesHandbook ofChemical Engineering

j 1905 University of Wisconsin awards 1st

Ph.D. in ChE to Oliver Patterson Watts


19/31

Developments in ChE

j 1908 American Institute of Chemical Engineers(AIChE) was founded

j 1916 Establishment of School of ChemicalEngineering Practice at MIT by William H Walker &

Warren K Lewis

j 1920 Establishment of Department of ChemicalEngineering at MIT

j 19211922Marcel Ponchon and E Savarit

developed/presented the use ofEnthalpyConcentration Diagram to solve distillationscalculations

j 1922 Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) wasfounded [UK]


20/31

Developments in ChE

j 1925

AIChE begins accreditation

WarrenMcCabe and Ernest Thielepresent a

graphical method for computing the number ofequilibrium plates required in a fractionating columnfor binary mixtures

j 1934 Robert Perry's 1st edition of theChemical Engineers Handbookwas published

j 1960 Transport Phenomena was developedRobert Byron Bird, Warren Stewart and EdwinLightfoot


21/31

Historical Events

jWWI

Synthetic Ammonia Production using Haber-

Bosch Process (1910)

jWWII

Synthetic Rubber in tires (1940)

High Octane Gasoline (1940)

Atomic Bomb (1945)


22/31

Historical Events

jPostWar Growth

I. G. Farben dismantling to BASF, Bayer and

Hoechst (1945)

Petroleum Industry


23/31

Specialized Branches of ChE

j 1898 Industrial Chemistry

j 1923 Unit Operations

j 1926 Material/Energy Balances

j 1947 Thermodynamics and Processes

j 1960 Transport Phenomena

Robert Byron Bird

Warren Stewart Edwin Lightfoot

j 1965 Interdisciplinary Technology


24/31

Fundamental Concepts


25/31

Classification of ChE Operations

j Unit Operations

Involves physical changes

Classification

F

luidF

low processes Heat Transfer process

Mass Transfer process

Thermodynamic processes

Mechanical processes

j Unit Processes a.k.a. unit changes or conversion processes

Involves chemical changes


26/31

Fundamental Transport Processes

jMomentum Transfer

Fluid motion or Velocity

jHeat Transfer

Heat or Temperature

jMass Transfer

Mass or Concentration


27/31

Types of Transfer Operation

jUnsteady State

Dependent with time

jSteady State Independent with time


28/31

Transfer Operation

jRate of Transport

Ratio of Driving Force to Resistance

jDriving

Force

Causes change in transport operation

Difference between existing and equilibrium

condition

jResistance

Impedes transport operation


29/31

Terms

jGradient

Ratio of change of specific variable withrespect to change in distance

e.g. velocity gradient means change in velocitywith respect to distance

jUpstream

Source or starting point of a process

jDownstream

Receiver or Ending point of a process


30/31

Terms

jProfile

Plot of a variable with respect to distance

jFlux

Rate of flow with respect to flow path area

e.g. heat flux means amount of heat flow (i.e.

J/s) per flow area


31/31

References

1. Geankoplis. Transport Processes and

Separation Process Principles (Includes:

Unit Operations) 4th ed. New Jersey:

Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.

2. http://www.pafko/history

3. http://www.wikipedia.org

Documents

Introduction to ChE