Introduction to Climate and Environmental Physics HS 2014 Lecture II Christoph Raible, Markus Leuenberger, Fortunat Joos and Thomas Stocker Normalised E = = = 239 Top of atmosphere (TOA) Net Short Wave (W/m2) Top of atmosphere (TOA) Net Long wave (W/m2)Net total (W/m2) At the surface Net short wave (W/m2)Net Long wave (W/m2) Net total (W/m2) Sensible heat flux (W/m2)Latent heat flux (W/m2) Global warming GHG concentrations in the atmosphere trap the long wave outgoing radiation of the surface There is a fast feedback of a warming atmosphere on its water vapor content Feedback of the surface albedo, e.g. sea ice, deforestation, Aerosol concentrations lead to scattering and absorption of incoming radiation and affects the cloud building process Natural changes, e.g., solar activity, volcanos, orbital parameters